H. P. GRICE E J. L. SPERANZA G H I J L
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gaetani: la ragione
conversazionale e ’implicatura convesazionale di Catullo -- APVD NEAPOLIM. Salvatore
Gaetani (Martano, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e ’implicatura
convesazionale di Catullo -- APVD NEAPOLIM. A productive way of
comparing Grice and Salvatore Gaetani in relation to reason-governed
conversational meaning is to see Grice as offering a formal, analytical
reconstruction of what Gaetani approaches historically and philologically
through classical texts. Grice’s theory of conversational implicature famously
distinguishes between what is said and what is meant, grounding meaning in a
cooperative rationality governed by maxims of quantity, quality, relevance, and
manner, where departures from literal clarity are themselves intelligible
because interlocutors presume rational cooperation. Gaetani, working within a
Crocean framework and through close engagement with Catullus, Villon, and
nineteenth‑century culture “apud Neapolim,” treats conversational reason less
as an abstract logical apparatus and more as an historically sedimented
practice, in which meaning emerges from shared cultural forms, literary
allusion, and stylistic implication. Where Grice theorizes implicature as a
cancellable, context-sensitive inference licensed by general principles of
rational exchange, Gaetani reads something like conversational implicature in
Catullus as inseparable from poetic tradition, genre, and the ethical–aesthetic
horizon of the Ottocento as read by Novecento eyes. In short, Grice supplies
the universal pragmatics of conversational reason, while Gaetani exemplifies
how such reason is always already inflected by history, literature, and
cultivated style; the former articulates the logic of implicature, the latter
shows how that logic lives, and sometimes playfully misbehaves, in classical
and modern conversation alike. Grice: “I like G., for one, he is a duke – and
kept beautiful gardens at Martano – he philosophised on the ‘ottocento’, as any
philosopher from the Novecento would!” Si dedica alla FILOSOFIA. segue lo schema tracciato da CROCE, Villon
(Napoli); “Un carteggio inedito di F. Bozzelli (G.), L'Aquila, Masseria,
Martano Un bilancio letterario” (Roma); “Per onorare un maestro: il Torraca,
Napoli); “Catullo” L'Ottocento” (Napoli); “La bancarotta del rosso: commedia in
tre atti (Lecce); “Per la venuta del Duce” (Lecce); “Bernardo Bellincioni,
Galatina Il benedettino-cistercense d. Mauro cassoni nel Tempio, nella scuola,
negli studi Ricordi di Croce” (Napoli); Vicende tipi e figure del Casino
dell'Unione” Napoli ieri e oggi: passeggiate e ricordi” (Milano-Napoli); “Apud
Neapolim” Fonti storiche e letterarie intorno ai Studi Paolo Fedeli,
Introduzione a Catullo, Roma-Bari, Laterza, Ferguson, Catullus, Oxford,
Schimdt, Catull, Hidelberg, . F. Della Corte, Due studi catulliani, Genova,
Neduling, A Prosopography to Catullus, Oxford, Braga, Catullo e i poeti greci,
Messina-Firenze, Hezel, Catull und das griechische Epigramm, Stuttgart, Newman,
Roman Catullus and the Modification of the Alexandrian Sensibility, Hildesheim,
Wheeler, Catullus and the Tradition of Ancient Poetry, Londra-Berkeley,
Moellendorff, Catullus hellenistische Gedichte. in Hellenistische Dichtung in
der Zeit des Kallimachos, II, Berlino, Rapisardi, Catullo e Lesbia. Studi,
Firenze, Succ. Lemonnier, Marmorale, L'ultimo Catullo. Napoli, 1952 Giancarlo
Pontiggia, Maria Cristina Grandi, Letteratura latina. Storia e testi. Vol. 2,
Milano, Principato, Kaggelaris, Wedding Cry: Sappho (Fr. LP, Fr. 104a LP)- Catullus
- modern Greek folk songs, in E. Avdikos e B. Koziou-Kolofotia (a cura di),
Modern Greek folk songs and history. Catullo, APVD NEAPOLIM, l’implicatura di
croce. Croce, Catullo. Grice:
Caro Gaetani, ho letto che hai filosofato sull’Ottocento tra i giardini del tuo
Martano. Dimmi, ma Catullo preferisce passeggiare tra le rose o scrivere versi
tra i cactus? Gaetani:
Grice, se Catullo avesse visto i miei giardini, avrebbe scritto un epigramma
sulle lumache più che sulle rose! E ti dirò: tra Croce e Catullo, l’implicatura
è sempre nascosta sotto le foglie. Grice: Ah, le lumache! Da noi in Inghilterra
si usano per la filosofia lenta, ma voi italiani sapete dare più sprint anche
al trivio latino. Catullo sarebbe felice di sapere che il suo amore resiste
come un cespuglio sempreverde. Gaetani: Grice, a Napoli il latino si mescola
col dialetto, e il cactus diventa metafora per le passioni pungenti.
D’altronde, meglio una spina di Catullo che una bancarotta di implicature!
Gaetani, Salvatore (1921). Villon. Napoli: Ricciardi.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gagliardi: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Domenico Gagliardi (Marino,
Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. In
Grice’s theory, conversational meaning is explained through a rational,
explicitly articulated framework: speakers are understood as reasoning agents
who cooperate by following, and at times exploiting, general principles of
rational conduct in conversation, so that implicatures arise from recognizably
reason-governed departures from what is strictly said, justified by shared
assumptions about rationality and mutual understanding. Gagliardi’s treatment
of conversation and implicature-like phenomena, by contrast, is embedded in a
moral–educational and empirical context rather than in an abstract theory of
rational inference: he treats discourse, especially in medical and pedagogical
settings, as governed by habits of moral upbringing, parental instruction, and
socially inculcated practices, where saying more than is said is less a matter
of calculated inference than of character formation and accepted norms of
conduct. Where Grice asks the distinctively philosophical question of why
conversational principles ought to be followed and answers it by distinguishing
between empirical adherence and deeper rational justification, Gagliardi
largely remains at the level of the “is”: he shows that communicative and moral
norms are in fact learned early, enforced through education and professional
practice, and sustained by warnings against deception and charlatanism. Thus,
while both converge on the idea that meaning in conversation is not exhausted
by literal content, Grice theorizes implicature as a product of practical
reason operating under a cooperative ideal, whereas Gagliardi treats the same
surplus of meaning as arising from morally informed social practice, where
rationality is inseparable from ethical formation and lived custom. Grice: “I
like G.; I spent some time with medics at Richmond, talking Greek! Anyhow, G.
shows why the Angles prefer physician – since ‘medicare’ is such a trick!
Philosophically interesting bit is that Gagliardi applies ‘medico’ and
qualifies it with ‘morale’! I like G. In honest prose, he manages to write a
treatise for the week: the first giornata and so forth: an empirical ethical
treatise along Lizio lines of the type I classify as ‘is’ rather than ‘ought’.
Recall that the fundamental question I pose for pragmatics is why the principle
ought to be followed rather than being, as it is, mainly and caeteris paribus
followed! My answer to that is in three stages. The first answer, dull and
empirical, is that the principle IS, as a matter of EMPIRICAL fact, followed.
This far G. goes, and succeeds! He philosophises extensively, knowing British
parents, how a father must take care of his son, or at least find him a good
tutor! A dull, f at a certain level adequate, answer to the fundamental
question about the conversational categoric imperative; mos educazione “We
learn not to tell lies from our parents” Hardie, Ethica Nichomachaea,
formazione del carattere. “Empirical fact we’ve learned since childhood
and it would be difficult to diverge from the practice. This is a dull empirical fact.” educazione morale. Da anche ammonimenti
contro i guaritori ciarlatani e fornì alcuni suggerimenti
deontologici.L'infermo istruito nelle scuole, Consigli preventivi e curativi in
tempo di contagio dati in forma di dialogo, L'educazione morale” Grice: “Live,
and let live, if not necessarily amongst me!”. “è legato dire altro intorno al
morale? Sem. Non altro certamente intorno a questo, e credo di avere
udito tanto, che se me ne approfitterò saprò scegliere la noglie approposito,
ed allevare nel buon costume anche i miei figliuoli, che nasceranno. Mi rimane
solamente di sentire dal dottore, quali vantaggi potrebbe apportare
all'educazione la filosofia, e specialmente in quei figliuoli, che ricalcitrano
nello approfittarfi de buoni documenti morali. FIL. Di questo ne
tratteremo domani. – “I have a train to catch.” Grice: Caro Gagliardi, mi colpisce come tu
riesca a rendere la medicina una questione morale. Da noi, “medicare” è un vero
rebus, ma tu metti ordine persino tra i medici e i moralisti! Gagliardi: Grice, è vero!
In Italia il medico non cura solo il corpo, ma educa anche lo spirito: tra
consigli empirici e precetti morali, spesso si rischia di confondere la terapia
con la filosofia. Del resto, se non impariamo dai genitori a non mentire, chi
ci salva dai ciarlatani? Grice: Giusto! Da bambino, ho imparato a dire
la verità più per paura che per virtù. E confesso: tra un empirico e un
moralista, preferisco quello che mi prescrive una cura, anche se la filosofia a
volte serve più della medicina! Gagliardi: Grice, allora la prossima volta ti
prescrivo una giornata di buon umore e una dose di dialogo: se non guarisci,
almeno avrai educato il carattere... e, magari, trovato il tempo per prendere
il treno! Gagliardi, Domenico (1688). De structura glandularum
conglobatarum. Roma: Mascardi.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gaio: la ragione
conversazionale e l’accademia a Roma Gaio (Roma, Lazio): la ragione
conversazionale e l’accademia a Roma. In comparing Grice with Gaio, the
contrast turns on how reason governs conversational meaning in an institutional
versus a theoretical register. Grice’s account of conversational meaning is
explicitly analytical: implicature arises because speakers are rational agents
who reason about one another’s intentions under shared conversational
principles, and meaning beyond what is said is recovered through structured
inference grounded in cooperation and practical rationality. Gaio, by contrast,
appears as a figure of the Roman Academy for whom conversational reason is
inseparable from scholarly ethos and institutional practice rather than from a
formal theory. His near-invisibility, the mediation of his Platonic
commentaries by a pupil, and the emphasis on tacit authority suggest a model in
which meaning circulates through academic transmission, restraint, and
pedagogical hierarchy, rather than through overt maxims and calculable
inference. Where Grice problematizes why conversational norms ought to be
followed and isolates the reasoning that makes implicature intelligible, Gaio
exemplifies a setting in which conversational reason is already normalized
within the Academy, embedded in shared philosophical commitments and
disciplinary continuity. Thus, Grice theorizes reason-governed conversation as
an object of philosophical explanation, while Gaio represents a historically
earlier mode in which conversational meaning is governed by reason as an
academic virtue, manifested in silence, commentary, and collective stewardship
of doctrine rather than in explicit principles of conversational logic. A
member of the Accademy. Although he appears to have enjoyed a significant
reputation, next to nothing is known about him. Porfirio mentions commentaries
on Plato by G. that may have been edited by his pupil Albino. GRICEVS:
Salve, Caie; audio te in Academia floruisse, sed de te paene nihil sciri—tam
clarus ut invisibilis fias. CAIVS: Salve, Grice. Fama mea adeo pura est ut ne
biographum quidem contaminaverit; hoc est summum invidia carere. GRICEVS: At
Porphyrius te commemorat commentarios in Platonem scripsisse—an vera gloria est
librum scribere quem discipulus emendat? CAIVS: Certe;
Albino emendavit, ego tacui: sic uterque victor est—ille textum servavit, ego
modestiam. Gaio (a. u. c. CMXIV). Institutiones. Roma: Typis
Publicis.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Galba: la ragione
conversazionale e il principe filosofo -- Roma – filosofia italiana (Roma).
Filosofo italiano. Mussonio: deportato da Nerone, pardonato da Galba –
Deportato da Vespasiano, pardonato da Tito. Galba (Roma,
Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e il principe filosofo -- Roma – In Grice’s
theory of reason-governed conversational meaning, conversation is explained as
a rational, cooperative activity structured by shared intentions and implicit
norms, where what speakers mean often exceeds what they literally say through
calculable implicatures grounded in a presumption of rational cooperation; by
contrast, the Galba figure in the passage stages conversational reason not as a
formal, intention-based mechanism but as a historically and politically
embedded virtue, where dialogue reflects the tension between philosophical
learning and imperial power, and reason appears as something imperfectly
cultivated under conditions of authority rather than as an abstract cooperative
ideal. While Grice models conversation as a system whose intelligibility
depends on mutual recognition of rational principles such as relevance,
truthfulness, and sufficiency, Galba’s exchanges suggest a more ironic,
wear-resistant conception of conversational reason, one shaped by exile,
pardon, and the recurring failures of Roman political life, where philosophy
survives less as a regulative theory of meaning than as a fragile practice
tested by power. In this sense, Grice theorizes the conditions under which
meaning can be inferred through rational alignment, whereas Galba dramatizes
how conversational reason persists even when such alignment is strained by
history, authority, and the repeated disruption of intellectual life. filosofia
italiana (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Mussonio: deportato da Nerone,
pardonato da Galba – Deportato da Vespasiano, pardonato da
Tito. GRICEVS: Salve, Galba; miror te principis nomine tanto
philosophum vocari: num litterae ipsae imperant, an imperium litteris? GALBA:
Salve, Grice. Ego discere conor ut imperem; sed Roma docet ut plerumque
imperium ipsum discat nolle doceri. GRICEVS: Audivi de Mussonio: a Nerone
deportatus, a te remissus; dein a Vespasiano iterum deportatus, a Tito iterum
remissus. Vir vere itinerarius, sed sine deliciis. GALBA: Ita est. Illi
deportatio fuit quasi schola; illi venia quasi vacatio. Si philosophus tam saepe redire potest, fortasse exilium Romae est sola res
semper recurrens. Galba (a. u. c. DCCCXXX). De vita sua. Roma: Officina
Galbana.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Galetti: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- Roma – filosofia italiana
(Roma). Filosofo italiano. Filosofo. Emporium. Galetti. In
Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning, communication is
understood as a rational, cooperative activity in which speakers and hearers
implicitly rely on shared principles to infer meanings that go beyond what is
explicitly said, with order emerging not from rigid rules but from the rational
expectation that contributions will be relevant, informative, truthful, and
clear. When this framework is set beside Galetti’s pedagogical stance in
Elementi di filosofia, a contrast yet partial harmony appears: Galetti treats
rational order as something that must be explicitly imposed in advance to
prevent intellectual confusion, especially in an instructional setting, whereas
Grice locates order within the dynamic practice of conversation itself, where
apparent disorder or indirection is often meaningful because it invites
inference. The imagined exchange highlights this difference: Galetti writes to
clarify and stabilize reason through systematic exposition, while Grice speaks
to suggest, relying on the interlocutor’s capacity to reconstruct meaning
through rational cooperation. Both, however, assume that reason is operative
even amid indirection or simplification—Galetti at the level of didactic
structure, Grice at the level of conversational practice—so that understanding
ultimately depends not on explicit rules alone, but on shared rational
competencies that make both philosophy manuals and everyday talk intelligible. GRICE: Caro Galetti, nei tuoi Elementi di filosofia tutto è così
ordinato che mi chiedo se la ragione segua le regole o se siano le regole a
rincorrere la ragione. GALETTI: Amico Grice, io ho messo ordine per
disperazione didattica, perché lo studente confuso è più pericoloso del
filosofo astratto. GRICE: Comprendo benissimo, del resto anche in conversazione
si coopera soprattutto per evitare il caos, non per amore della verità
assoluta. GALETTI: Allora siamo d’accordo: io scrivo per chiarire, tu parli per
alludere, e insieme facciamo impazzire i lettori con metodo. Galetti (1842).
Elementi di filosofia. Modena: Società Tipografica Modenese.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e
Galli: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale Celestino
Galli (Carru, Cuneo, Piemnote): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura
conversazionale -- In Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning,
understanding arises from the rational assumption that participants are
cooperating according to shared principles, so that even irony, understatement,
or indirectness can be meaningfully interpreted through conversational
implicature. When this framework is placed alongside the conversational
sensibility attributed to Celestino Galli, a revealing contrast emerges: Grice
conceptualizes conversational order as an abstract rational structure that
operates beneath the surface of everyday talk, while Galli treats conversation
itself as an embodied, social practice in which meaning is co‑created through
shared wit, tone, and cultural habit. The imagined exchange portrays Galli as
emphasizing the communal and affective dimensions of dialogue, where irony and
humor are not deviations from rationality but its natural vehicles, especially
in informal settings. Grice, by comparison, abstracts these same phenomena into
a theoretical account, explaining how rational inference allows interlocutors
to move from what is said to what is meant. Both perspectives converge on the
idea that conversation is not chaotic but intelligible because of reason, yet
they diverge in emphasis: Grice formalizes conversational reason as a set of
inferential expectations, while Galli embodies it as a lived, shared activity
in which understanding is achieved as much through social rhythm and irony as
through logical inference. Interesting
philosopher. Not to be confused with Galli. Grice: Caro Galli, ogni volta che penso alla
ragione conversazionale, mi chiedo se in Italia non sia più un gioco che una
teoria. Dalle tue parti, si discute filosoficamente anche al bar? Galli: Grice, hai colto
nel segno! Da noi la filosofia è come il caffè: se non la condividi, perde
sapore. Anche il più semplice dialogo può diventare una ricerca del vero,
soprattutto quando si parla con ironia. Grice: Ben detto! Forse dovrei importare la
tua implicatura conversazionale a Oxford: almeno lì, ogni discorso sarebbe meno
“implicito” e più “espresso”, magari con meno formalità e più risate. Galli: Grice, non c’è
dubbio! In Italia, la conversazione è una danza: a volte si inciampa, altre
volte si ride, ma alla fine, se il pensiero non si muove, è il cuore che rimane
fermo. E come diceva mia nonna: “Meglio una battuta che una verità troppo
seria!” Galli, Celestino (1829). Favole in prosa ed in verso. Paris: Librairie
des Langues Étrangères.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Galli: la
ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’amore. Gallo
Galli (Montecarotto, Ancona, Marche): la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’amore. Grice’s
theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning and Gallo Galli’s
philosophical treatment of love converge on a shared conviction that
rationality is not opposed to affectivity but articulated through structured,
intelligible practices, while differing sharply in method and level of
abstraction: for Grice, conversational meaning is governed by principles of
rational cooperation, where implicatures arise because speakers are taken to be
reasonable agents oriented toward mutual understanding, and even domains such
as love can be accommodated within philosophical psychology as instances where
intentions, recognition, and responsiveness are normatively ordered; for Galli,
by contrast, love is treated within a speculative, metaphysical
framework—explicitly drawing on Plato’s Phaedrus, Bruno’s One and the Many, and
Rosminian and idealist traditions—where sentiment is not merely compatible with
reason but is itself a formative exercise of the spirit, a disciplined and
sometimes agonistic education of the self that binds feeling and reflexivity in
a dialectic exceeding empirical psychology; thus, while Grice explains the
intelligibility of love‑talk by embedding it in the same reason‑governed
conversational economy that underwrites ordinary communication, Galli elevates
love to a metaphysical and ethical principle, one that tests unity and
multiplicity, sacrifice and self‑mastery, in a way analogous to but far more
ontologically ambitious than Grice’s pragmatic account of implicature, so that
their apparent affinity—the idea of a “conversational reason” hospitable to
love—marks less a shared doctrine than a productive contrast between analytic
pragmatics and Italian speculative idealism. Grice: “Like G.’s, my method in
philosophical psychology has room for love!” Si laurea a Roma sotto Varisco e Barzellotti con SERBATI. Insegna a
Bologna. G. esordisce con una ricerca sullo sviluppo della filosofia di
SERBATI. Studia BRUNO L'uno e i molti certifica la teoria. Gli procura
l'interesse di larga parte del mondo filosofico italiano per le conclusioni sui
rapporti tra il sentimento e la reflessivita. Ampie le discussioni, e talora
vivacissime, su autori contemporanei, dai quali esige rigore, chiarezza e
intransigenza speculativa. La filosofia teoretica dei manuali, dimostrazione
dell'esistenza del mondo esterno e il valore pratico delle qualità sensibili La
legge del numero, 'esistenza di Dio, La dottrina del metodo, Dall'essere alla
coscienza, sofisti, Socrate, Carlini da Talete al Menone accademia; concreto
immanentismo, lizio Da Talete al menone di Platone, pensiero ed esperienza,
persona, su Dio e sull'immortalità, Socrate dialoghi accademia Apologia,
Convito, Lachete, Eutifrone, Liside, Jone, a lotta educazione guerriera ha un
contenuto superior a quello della fisica; accentare agli sports, in quanto non
svirtuosismo, o abilita tecniche e capacita fisiche prese fine a se stesse, ma
si dispongano nel quadro stimolo allo sviluppo dell’uomo. Sono il naturale
sbocco dell’educazione fisica, l’educazione fisica nella pienezza della sua
attuazione; accentuano il momento del rischio e del dominio di se. Non bisogna
esagerare riguardo al valore degli sports in ordine all’educazione guerriera.
Questa ha il suo fondamento in un mondo ideale che a quelli e compiutamente
estraneo; e si riferisce ad una condizione di cose in cui ben altro sir ischia
che non qualche slogatura ed ammaccatura, e in cui l’eroe non attende il plauso
ma si vota sereno e deciso al sacrifizio che anche, rimane oscuro. Fedro
metafisica dell’amore fisiologia dell’amore dialoghi dell’amore dialoghi
sull’amore bello l’uno e i molti aporia Pears, Universals in Flew ermetico,
BONAIUTO idealismo critico dialettica dello spirito educazione guerriera,
Sparta dorio guerriero sacrifizio. Grice: Caro Galli, la tua filosofia dell’amore mi ricorda la metafisica di
Fedro: tra uno e i molti, il sentimento diventa quasi un esercizio fisico...
come una partita di rugby tra filosofi, ma senza rischio di slogature! Galli: Grice, in effetti,
se l’amore è un esercizio, allora la lotta guerriera dello spirito serve più a
domare i cuori che i muscoli! D’altronde, anche il sacrificio, a volte, resta
oscuro... tranne quando il cuore si storta come un ginocchio! Grice: Ecco, proprio come
nei dialoghi di Platone, dove l’amore è bello ma anche una vera aporia! Forse
la vera educazione del filosofo è imparare a non prendere troppo sul serio le
slogature sentimentali… magari con una buona dose di ironia. Galli: Hai ragione, caro
Grice! L’importante è mantenere il rigore speculativo, senza perdere il
sorriso: che sia un amore guerriero, un amore aporico o semplicemente una
partita a carte filosofica, l’essenziale è non rinunciare mai a qualche battuta
(e magari a un buon caffè)! Galli, Gallo (1905).
Teoria della conoscenza. Milano: Società Editrice Libraria.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e
Gallio: la ragione conversazionale a Roma antica Lucio Giunio
Gallio (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale a Roma antica -- Lucio
Giunio Gallio – In the imagined exchange, Gallio represents a Roman,
rhetorically trained conception of verbal rationality in which conversational
skill is measured by one’s ability to redescribe, redirect, or ingeniously
exploit a topic—verum dicere difficilius—so that even rem alienam can be turned
to strategic advantage, whereas Grice’s theory of reason‑governed
conversational meaning starts from the opposite valuation: that conversation is
intelligible only against a shared background of cooperative rational
expectations that constrain such ingenuity. For Gallio, conversational success
lies in the orator’s mastery over occasion and audience, and rationality is
practical, situational, and compatible with irony, indirection, and self‑serving
wit; adoption, motives, and speech acts alike may be multiply justified without
threatening intelligibility. Grice, by contrast, treats these very rhetorical
liberties as parasitic upon a prior framework of rational norms—truthfulness,
relevance, sufficiency—whose systematic flouting generates implicature only
because interlocutors presuppose their general observance. Thus where Gallio
exemplifies a Roman model of conversational reason as cultivated versatility
within social life, Grice theorizes conversational meaning as governed by
abstract, reason‑based principles that make such versatility interpretable at
all; Roman conversational brilliance flourishes inside practice, Gricean
pragmatics reconstructs the rational conditions that make that flourishing
possible. An orator with a reputation for his knowledge of philosophy. He
adopts Lucio Anneo Novato, the elder brother of Seneca. GRICEVS: O
GALLIVE—Roma multas leges habet, sed unam tantum in cena: aut ad rem loquere,
aut garum trade. GALLIVS: Ad rem loqui facile est; verum dicere difficilius.
Praeterea orator sum: etiam rem alienam in consilium vertere possum. GRICEVS:
Ergo hic florebis. Dic mihi: cum Lucium Annaeum Novatum, fratrem maiorem
Senecae, adoptaveris—idne caritate, consilio, an (quod verisimilius) inopia
nepotum fecisti? GALLIVS: Omnibus tribus. Caritate illi, consilio mihi;
nam de nepotibus—Roma celerius nepotes quam philosophos parit. Gallio, Lucio
Giunio (a. u. c. DCCCVI). Epistulae ad Senecam. Roma: Typis Senecanis.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Galluppi: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Pasquale Galluppi (Tropea,
Vibo Valentia, Calabria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura
conversazionale. In the comparison between Grice and
Pasquale Galluppi, the contrast turns on how each understands the relation
between signs, reason, and communicative cooperation. Galluppi, working within
an Enlightenment semiotic framework, treats language as an extension of natural
and instituted signs, moving genealogically from gesture, cry, and pain to
conventional and finally arbitrary signs, with communicative success resting on
shared habits of sign use and a gradual stabilization of meaning within social
practice; conversational understanding, on this view, emerges from a minimal
taxonomy of signs and from the mutual recognition that certain expressions have
come to stand for certain thoughts or situations. Grice, by contrast, relocates
the explanatory burden from signs themselves to the rational structure of
conversational activity: meaning and implicature do not arise merely because
expressions are instituted or arbitrary, but because speakers and hearers treat
one another as reason‑governed agents who aim, ceteris paribus, at
truthfulness, relevance, and intelligibility. Where Galluppi emphasizes
semiotic genesis and the parola as segno del pensiero, Grice emphasizes the
motivational rationale behind utterances, explaining communicative phenomena
through intentions and shared rational expectations rather than through an
inventory of sign types. Thus Galluppi offers a historically sensitive
semiotics of communication, while Grice provides a normative pragmatics in
which conversational meaning is anchored in rational cooperation rather than in
the taxonomy or origin of signs themselves. Grice: “There was I at Brighton,
preparing for the lecture, and came across G., so I thougt to myself: Great
tribute! meaning, segno, di padre siciliano, G. is a great one; and much can be
philosophised about his philosophy of the ‘parola come segno del pensiero. On
top, he was a Baron! Eessential Italian philosopher!” Si laurea a Napoli sotto
Conforti. sintesi ed analisi. Insegna a
Napoli. Critica. Le Lettere filosofiche sono definite il primo saggio in Italia
di una storia della filosofia. Memoria apologetica” (Napoli, Vincenzo
Mozzola-Vocola); “Grice, ovvero, Sull'analisi e motivational rationale – a
‘semantic’ freedom – or ‘prammatica’ as he would say. Since he
is an illuminista, he is only concerned about this in terms of a minimal
taxonomy of signs. So between the signs used in communication he distinguishes
three types: the imitative, the indicative (different criteria) and the figured
sign – not figurative – ‘segno figurato’ – when a lot of pantomime takes place.
It is only THEN that he explores the arbitrariness: one loses one’s compagno,
and utters, “Where are you?” – so since this worked, they agree that ‘Where are
you’ will mean, “I lost you – where are you?” --. And then we have a full lingo
– or semiosis. He rightly thinks that his is an improvement over
Lucrezio!” gesto, grido, gemito, moto del
ditto, dolore, causa del dolore, circustanza, segno naturale, segno istituito,
segno commune (istituito per la comprensione mutua), segno arbitrario, segno
artificiale, segno imitative, segno indicatore, segno figurato, segno
analogico, segno figurativo -- gesto della mano, lo sguardo, communicare,
sentire, volere, Gentile, il canone nella storiografia filosofica italiana,
Gentile su Galluppi. Corpus, Mchaelmas 1930. After a
tete-a-tete-a-tete. Shropshire: You
look as if Hardie has just tutored you in silence again. Grice: He hasn’t tutored me in silence. He
has tutored me in yawns. Silence would have been an improvement. Shropshire: Yet you return as if you have
been fed. Grice: I have been fed, in
the Oxford way. With a problem and no dessert.
Shropshire: Then you need a diversion.
Grice: You need a diversion. I need a definition. Shropshire: I have one. Italian. Grice: Italian at Corpus is always a symptom.
What is the book. Shropshire:
Galluppi. Grice: South of Italy. Shropshire: Tropea. Grice: Different world. Different weather.
Different fathers. Shropshire: You
don’t know his father. Grice: I know
the type. The biographer always gives you a father when he wants to explain a
philosopher’s itinerary. Shropshire: It
says he goes to Naples. Grice: How
far. Shropshire: Four hundred and
something kilometres. Grice: In miles,
then, for our sins. Shropshire: About
two hundred and fifty. Grice: Two
hundred and sixty if you want to sound more heroic. Shropshire: He goes for law. Grice: Giurisprudenza. Shropshire: Not Lit. Hum. Grice: Wrong faculty. Shropshire: Wrong by whose lights. Grice: By mine. I am permitted to be
provincial. Shropshire: He is trained
before Naples. Grice: By his father,
you said. Shropshire: No. By four men.
Ruffa, Barone, Ragno, Santacolomba.
Grice: Four is already a committee.
Shropshire: I like the names. They sound like an opera. Grice: They sound like four ways of saying
do as you are told. Shropshire: You are
implying that they were all priests.
Grice: I am implying nothing. I am guessing, which is worse. Shropshire: Then Naples, law, and then he
comes back. Grice: Returns to
Tropea. Shropshire: 1794. Grice: He anchors himself in his own town
and then causes trouble. Shropshire:
Tropea has an academy. Grice: With a
ridiculous name. Shropshire: Accademia
degli Affatigati. Grice: The
fatigued. Shropshire: He reads a dissertation. Grice: On the virtues of pagans. Shropshire: And then apologises. Grice: Memoria apologetica. A defence brief
masquerading as philosophy. Shropshire:
You see, it is like us. Grice: Like us.
Not really. We do not get denounced to the Holy Office. We get denounced to the
Dean. Shropshire: Yet the mechanism is
the same. A young man speaks, an authority disapproves. Grice: And the young man writes an apology.
In Oxford it is called a revised essay.
Shropshire: You are enjoying the Catholic machinery. Grice: I am enjoying the clarity of the
machinery. England hides its machinery under politeness. Shropshire: You mean fathers. Grice: I mean fathers too. The Italian
biography gives you fathers and institutions with a frankness our biographies
lack. Shropshire: You keep saying
father as if you had one advantage.
Grice: I had an advantage. My father taught me to take rationalism
seriously. Shropshire: Your father
taught you Herbert Spencer. Grice:
Among other sins. Shropshire: My father
taught me nothing of the kind. Grice:
Your father taught you to be Shropshire, which is already a philosophy. Shropshire: Then why did you come to Lit.
Hum. Grice: Scholarship. Shropshire: That is your Midlands
boast. Grice: It is not boast. It is
arithmetic. I came because someone paid for it. Shropshire: And I did not. Grice: Exactly. You came because you were
already destined to. Shropshire:
Destined by whom. Grice: By the
invisible committee that produced you: schooling, accent, expectation, and the
quiet belief that Oxford is where you belong.
Shropshire: That is not clever.
Grice: It is not meant to be clever. It is meant to be true. Shropshire: Galluppi’s four names then,
Ruffa, Barone, Ragno, Santacolomba, are his committee. Grice: Yes. Four local instillers. Shropshire: Instillers. Grice: They pour a habit into him before
Naples pours a degree into him.
Shropshire: And yet he goes to Naples for law. Grice: Because fathers like law. Law looks
safe. Philosophy looks like weather.
Shropshire: And he returns to Tropea and reads theology to his
friends. Grice: Or reads it to
scandalise them. Either way it becomes biography. Shropshire: You call it divertimento. Grice: You called it divertimento. I call it
risky. A divertimento does not summon the Inquisition. Shropshire: He was twenty-four when he
returned, twenty-five when he spoke.
Grice: And already old enough to be held responsible for his
sentences. Shropshire: That is the
point. You like responsibility. Grice:
I like it in others. Shropshire: Hardie
likes it in nobody. Grice: Hardie likes
it in Aristotle, and even there with reservations. Shropshire: So what is Galluppi, really.
Philosopher of sorts. Grice:
Philosopher of sorts is the correct English category. It saves us from
admiration. Shropshire: Yet he becomes
a canon. Grice: Italians have a taste
for canons. We have a taste for footnotes.
Shropshire: You are jealous of Tropea.
Grice: I am jealous of the biography. It has better props. An academy
called the Affatigati is more interesting than a College meeting. Shropshire: You would prefer to be
denounced. Grice: No. I would prefer to
be taken seriously by the right people and ignored by the wrong ones. Shropshire: And you think Galluppi was. Grice: He was taken seriously enough to be
denounced. That is a kind of recognition.
Shropshire: You keep coming back to fathers. Grice: Because fathers are the first
institutions. And institutions are what make a man travel. Shropshire: So Galluppi’s father sends him
to Naples. Grice: Perhaps. Or perhaps
Naples is the father in another costume.
Shropshire: And your father sends you to Corpus. Grice: My father paid for me to go, which is
a quieter kind of sending. Shropshire:
And Hardie sends us nowhere. Grice:
Hardie sends us back to our essays, which is worse. Shropshire: Then what is the moral of
Galluppi for us. Grice: That a philosopher
can be made by local men with operatic surnames, by a distant faculty with the
wrong subject, and by an academy with a ridiculous name. Shropshire: And that he can still become a
philosopher. Grice: Yes. Even if he
starts as a jurist. Even if his first public act is an apology. Shropshire: And the four names again. Grice: Ruffa, Barone, Ragno,
Santacolomba. Shropshire: You remembered. Grice: I remember because I am fastidious.
And by that I imply that I am easily amused by lists. Shropshire: You are implying we should have
four mentors. Grice: No. I am implying
that we already do: Hardie, the syllabus, our fathers, and Oxford itself. Shropshire: That is five. Grice: Oxford always overdoes it. Shropshire: And Galluppi goes to Naples for
the love of it. Grice: Less love than
parental pressure, if you want a father in the picture. Shropshire: You can’t
help yourself. Grice: No. Fathers are
my favourite explanatory device, after implication.Grice: Caro Galluppi, ogni volta che cerco di
capire i segni, mi perdo tra gesti, grida e moti del dito. Dimmi: la parola è
davvero un segno del pensiero, o a volte è solo un modo per sfuggire al dolore
di un esame a Brighton? Galluppi: Grice, credimi, il mio segno
preferito è il gesto della mano quando l’alunno non capisce nulla! Ma tra segni
imitativi, indicatori e figurati, l’unica cosa certa è che ci serve un po’ di
pantomima per sopravvivere a una lezione a Napoli. Grice: Ah, la pantomima!
Da noi in Inghilterra, si rischia che il segno diventi una domanda filosofica e
che nessuno trovi il compagno… “Where are you?” diventa una metafora
esistenziale e l’aula si trasforma in teatro! Galluppi: Grice, alla
fine, il vero segno comune è quello che ci fa ridere insieme, anche se abbiamo
perso il compagno e il senso. Meglio un gemito condiviso che una definizione
troppo seria. Come diceva mia nonna: “Se il segno è arbitrario, almeno che sia
divertente!” Galluppi, Pasquale (1794). Giurisprudenza. Napoli.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Galvano: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’arte naturale. Albino
Galvano (Torino, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura
conversazionale dell’arte naturale. In comparing Grice
with Albino Galvano, the contrast concerns how conversational meaning is
grounded either in rational norms or in the expressive power of gesture and
nature–artifice continuities. Galvano’s aesthetics and philosophy of art treat
gesto as a privileged bridge between the concrete and the abstract: a
meaningful act that reveals spirit through material form, whether in natural
expression, artistic making, or culturally sedimented signs, so that
communicative force often resides in the expressive gesture itself and in its
capacity to embody meaning without discursive articulation. Grice, by contrast,
abstracts gesture into a special case of non‑linguistic communication and
explains its significance through the same reason‑governed framework that
applies to speech: by performing a gesture, the agent means that p insofar as
she intends the audience to recognize that intention and reason from it. Where
Galvano emphasizes the quasi‑aesthetic immediacy of gesture and the continuity
between nature, artifice, and understanding, Grice insists that even the most
concrete or “natural” gesture derives its communicative content from rationally
structured intentions and shared expectations. Thus Galvano’s conversational
reason is expressive and interpretive, rooted in lived, aesthetic disclosure,
while Grice’s conversational meaning is normative and teleological, locating
implicature not in the sensuous force of the gesture itself but in the rational
cooperation that makes that force intelligible as meaning. Grice: “I often use
‘gesto’ when I want to explain communication teleologically, and so did Cicero!
I like Galvano; he has philosophised on aesthetics, on ‘spirit and blood,’ and
on polytheism, citing Sallustio! I don’t see why Italians are obsessed with
art, but Speranza is Italian, so let it be. Speranza thinks conceptual artists
are the only ones – such as Arnatt – worth analysing. In his more snobbish
ways, he thinks to mould the male body was Pliny’s idea of art – bronze
statuary of the ‘nudo maschile’ – Painting comes only second or third, and only
because of the desegno – i.e . the line of beauty, which is – as shape, where
‘kallon’ resided for the Greeks!” --” il lavoro svolto per ricordare l'artista
torinese G. è stato importante. La Fondazione
Amendola ha ritenuto opportuno offrire alla città di Torino e non solo,
la possibilità di accedere gratuitamente all'incontro con l’opera
artistica e intellettuale di una delle figure di spicco del panorama
artistico italiano della seconda metà del novecento. L'iniziativa, di
rilievo nazionale, ha permesso di raccogliere artisti e intellettuali di
tutta Italia che hanno collaborato con G. e che tuttora ricoprono un
ruolo fondamentale nella produzione culturale del nostro Paese. Cerabona
Presidente della Fondazione Amendola Studi, Convegni, Ricerche della
Fondazione Amendola e dell’Associazione Lucana Levi Presidente
Fotografie delle opere PROSPERO CERABONA CORONGI Curatore mostra e
catalogo Direttore Responsabile MANTOVANI CERABONA Scritti di
Redazione MANTOVANI, MOTTO, BOTTA, ADRIANO OLIVIERI DOMENICO CERABONA,
FERRARI Progetto ed allestimento MANTOVANI MOTTO, IL RINNOVAMENTO
olio su tela 80x80 cm arte naturale, Gallupi, Peirce, Grice. By
uttering x (gestus), U means that p” gesto, gestus, Grice’s use of gesture. il
concreto, l’astratto, Sraffa’s gesture. Il gesto di Sraffa, l’implicatura di Sraffa. implicatura concreta. Grice:
Galvano, sai, ogni volta che rifletto sulla distinzione tra “naturale” e
“non-naturale”, mi accorgo che il tuo modo di parlare di “natura” e “artifizio”
ha una eleganza tutta italiana. Lo trovo assai più chiaro e meno arzigogolato
delle mie definizioni inglesi! Galvano: Caro Grice, è vero: in Italia, l’arte,
che sia natura o artifizio, è sempre vista come un gesto che svela qualcosa di
profondo. Da Sallustio a Plinio, ci piace pensare che il bello nasca
dall’incontro fra ciò che è dato e ciò che è creato! Grice: Mi affascina il
modo in cui il tuo concetto di “gesto” riesce a legare il concreto e
l’astratto: è quasi una implicatura viva. In Inghilterra, non ci fermiamo
abbastanza a percepire il gesto, e perdiamo la sua forza comunicativa. Galvano:
Grice, ciò che hai detto mi lusinga. Credo che arte naturale e artifizio siano
due facce della stessa medaglia: il gesto, come dicevi tu, è un ponte tra idee
e materia. E se il gesto di Sraffa può diventare filosofia, allora la
conversazione tra natura e artifizio sarà sempre aperta! Galvano, Albino
(1940). Arte e conoscenza. Torino: Edizioni di Filosofia.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gamba: la ragione
conversazionale. Bartolomeo Gamba (Bassano del Grappa, Veneto): la ragione
conversazionale. In comparing Grice with Bartolomeo Gamba, the contrast
again lies in the shift from a rhetorically embodied conception of
conversational reason to a normatively articulated one. Gamba, through his
recovery and republication of Guidotto da Bologna’s Fiore di rettorica and the
vernacular Rhetorica ad Herennium tradition, understands conversational
rationality as inseparable from the art of proffering: meaning is conveyed
through voice quality, bodily movement, facial expression, and gesture, all
governed by classical virtues such as prudence, justice, fortitude, and
measure, and oriented toward advising, praising, or blaming effectively within
civic life. On this view, the handwave that stops a cart, the furrowed brow, or
the firm voice are not ancillary to meaning but constitutive of it, since
rational persuasion is transmitted through a calibrated fusion of verbal and
non‑verbal signs. Grice shares Gamba’s attention to gesture and bodily movement
but reinterprets them within a more abstract framework: a handwave or frown
counts as meaningful only insofar as it is embedded in a structure of
recognized intentions and rational expectations between speaker and audience.
Where Gamba’s conversational reason is grounded in the rhetorical tradition’s
practical arts of counsel and display, Grice’s theory of conversational meaning
explains even those arts by appeal to reason‑governed cooperation, treating
gestures and tones as vehicles whose communicative force ultimately derives
from implicature and shared norms rather than from rhetorical tradition itself.
Grice: “I love G.! Profferere “My ‘utter’! movimenti del corpo My
handwave, the policeman stopping a car with it, e della deva del voltoL My
frown, my cutting soomeone in thre street!” Il Fiore di rettorica: Guidotto da
Bologna’s most famous and only credited work. a vernacular Italian adaptation
of classical rhetorical theory. re-discovered and republished by G. His
primary source is the Rhetorica ad Herennium, a manual of rhetoric attributed
to CICERONE in the context of other contemporary Italian volgarizzamenti, such
as those by LATINI. a landmark publication revitalised interest in Italian
vernacular rhetoric. rescues a foundational text of the Italian rhetorical
tradition from obscurity. It serves as a primary resource scholars studying the
development of the Italian language and the art of speaking effectively. a
significant contribution to the knowledge base of Italian civilization, making
a formerly rare artifact accessible to the public. While G.'s edition is
a breakthrough, that by SPERONI -- highlight that G. relies on a
specific branch of the tradition that differs from other manuscripts, allowing
researchers to trace how Guidotto’s adaptation of pseudo- CICERONE’s’Rhetorica
ad Herennium evolves. Utterer: profferitore
voci voce ferma molle quelle cose che fanno bisogno al consigliatore di sapere
quanti modi sono da consigliare e quali in che modo si trova la cagione della
cosa di che si consiglia come si conosce l’utilità della cosa di che si
consiglia quando l’utilità della cosa, sopra alla quale si piglia consiglio, è
che sia più sicura come si può consigliare quando l’utilità della cosa sopra la
quale si piglia consiglio è che stia bene e dirittamente, per quante vie si può
consigliare per quanti modi si consiglia per via di prudenzia giustizia
fortezza misura quando l’utilità della cosa sopra alla quale si piglia
consiglio j è che sia lodata dalle genti come si può consigliare per quante vie
e modi si può dire bene e male di alcuna persona di che può essere alcuno
lodato di prudenzia per quanti modi si può lodare di giustizia per via di
fortezza misura. Grice: Caro Gamba, ogni
volta che vedo un vigile sventolare la mano, mi domando se stia profferendo una
teoria o solo cercando di salvare la giornata! In Inghilterra, per fermare una
macchina basta un cenno… ma nessuno capisce mai se è un gesto filosofico o solo
disperazione. Gamba:
Ah, Grice, in Italia il movimento del corpo è come il condimento sulla pasta:
senza, manca il sapore! Noi adoriamo profferire, sia con la voce sia con la
fronte aggrottata – Guidotto da Bologna ci insegna che un buon consiglio parte
sempre da un gesto deciso (ma mai troppo teatrale, altrimenti si rischia il
carnevale!). Grice:
Gamba, mi piace il tuo stile! Da noi, la retorica si studia a tavolino, ma voi
italiani la fate anche col movimento delle sopracciglia. Forse dovrei
aggiungere una massima: “Non c’è implicatura senza almeno un pizzico di
mimica!” Gamba:
Grice, hai colto il punto! In Italia, la conversazione è come una partita a
carte: prudenza, giustizia, fortezza e misura... ma se non sorridi almeno una
volta, perdi anche il jolly. E poi, diciamolo, tra una implicatura e un
consiglio, ci scappa sempre una battuta! Gamba,
Bartolomeo (1805). Della letteratura italiana. Venezia: Albrizzi.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gangale: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del dia-letto e la dia-lettica
– Giuseppe Tommaso Saverio Domenico Gangale (Cirò Marina, Crotone,
Calabria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del
dia-letto e la dia-lettica. In comparing Grice with Giuseppe Gangale,
the contrast centers on the locus of conversational rationality: for Gangale it
is distributed across dialects, idiolects, and ethnolects within a
semiotic–dialectical field, whereas for Grice it resides in the normative
structure of rational cooperation that underwrites mutual understanding across
such variations. Gangale, drawing on Hjelmslevian glossematics and a richly
stratified semiotics, treats meaning as emerging from systematic
oppositions—expression versus content, system versus process, denotative versus
connotative—situated within concrete linguistic communities, so that
implicature and understanding are deeply shaped by dialectal shifts, cultural
identity, and the movement from idiolect to dialect. Grice does not deny this
plurality of linguistic forms, but he abstracts from it: dialectal variation
and shifts of code affect interpretation only because interlocutors assume a
shared, reason-governed framework in which speakers select utterances to be
intelligible, relevant, and purposive to others. Where Gangale’s conversational
reason foregrounds the socio-semiotic dynamics of language varieties and their
dialectical interrelations, Grice’s theory explains how implicature survives
such variability by appeal to intentions and rational expectations that
transcend particular dialects. Thus Gangale situates conversational meaning
within a layered semiotics of linguistic life, while Grice offers a unifying
pragmatic account of how reason governs conversation across differences of
dia-letto and dia-lettica alike. Grice: “I distinguish three brands of
dialectic in Athens – Socrates’s, Plato’s, and Aristotle’s – never mind that it
all originates in what Italians call ‘Velia,’ south of Rome! I like G.;
the fact that I taught for years in front of the martyrs memorial helps! I like
G. Of course, the Italians adore him because he gets Danish citizenship, and
because he understands Hjemlslev as nobody does! G. is practical; he is into
his ethnic minority. He forms good philosophical bond with Gobetti, against
Croce and Gentile. It is obvious that those who know the G. of the Albanian
studies won’t make a connection with his fight for protetantism and his
adventures with Italian philosophy, with Doxa and Conscientia, but he got his
doctorate and was able to immerse in Hjelmslev’s glottology like nobody else
does!” Si laurea a Firenze colla probabilita rivoluzione
protestante protestantesimo dio straniero Marca utopia. semiotics a
hierarchy split into dichotomies expression-content, system-process,
denotative/non-denotative, metasemiotics/connotative-semiotics. Semiotics,
a field of study in which we formulate a method for analysing a signifying
phenomenon, comprehensive synchronic panchronic cultural connotators for a
comprehensive linguistic analysis. These two perspectives are compatible in
glossematics and are even seen to be complementary, to the benefit of
semiotics. il dia-letto e la dia-lettica, idiolect, dialect, ethno-lect,
idio-letto, dia-letto, ethno-letto, dall’idioletto al dia-letto. Grice: Caro Gangale, quando sento parlare di
dia-lettica e dia-letto, mi viene in mente Oxford nelle giornate di pioggia:
ogni professore ha il suo accento, e se non capisci il dialetto rischi di
prendere il tè con la persona sbagliata! Gangale: Ah, Grice, in Italia il dialetto è
come il parmigiano sulla pasta: se non lo usi, ti accusano di essere
forestiero. Tra idioletto, etnoletto e dia-letto, mi sento a volte come un
turista in casa propria! Grice: Gangale, tu che hai studiato Hjelmslev
meglio di chiunque, dimmi: se cambi dialetto a metà frase, l’implicatura
diventa come la pizza con l’ananas? Cioè, tutti sorridono, ma nessuno la
digerisce davvero! Gangale:
Grice, proprio così! In Calabria diciamo che la lingua è come il vino: più
varia, più si ride. Ma attenzione, che tra dia-lettica e dia-letto, rischiamo
di finire in una discussione infinita, come quei pranzi domenicali dove si
parla di tutto… tranne che del dessert! Gangale,
Giuseppe Tommaso Saverio Domenico (1910). Il pensiero filosofico in Calabria.
Catanzaro: Tipografia Municipale.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Garbo: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale e la fisiologia dell’amore Aldobrandino del Garbo (Firenze,
Toscana): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale e la
fisiologia dell’amore. In comparing Grice with Aldobrandino del
Garbo, the contrast lies between a medieval-Aristotelian integration of reason,
passion, and physiology and a modern pragmatic reconstruction of meaning as
rationally governed interaction. Garbo, trained in Bologna’s
medical–philosophical milieu, explains love, friendship, and desire through the
interplay of appetitus sensitivus and reason, treating speech, poetry, and
interpersonal recognition as expressions of embodied passions that move the
will and shape understanding; conversational meaning here is inseparable from
the physiological and affective conditions of human life, and implicature often
arises from what is felt, suffered, or desired rather than from what is coolly
intended. Grice, while deeply attentive to the historical and literary richness
of talk about love and friendship, deliberately brackets physiology and passion
in his theory of conversation: implicature is not grounded in eros or appetite
but in the rational expectations speakers and hearers bring to cooperative
exchange. Where Garbo sees love-talk as a site where reason negotiates with
passion, illness, and bodily disposition, Grice treats such talk as
intelligible only insofar as interlocutors can recognize intentions and reason
about what is meant beyond what is said. Thus Garbo’s conversational reason is
thick, historically embedded, and affect-laden, while Grice’s reason‑governed
conversational meaning is thin, normative, and abstract, explaining even
discourse about love and friendship not by physiology but by the rational
structure that makes mutual understanding possible. Grice: “Aristotle found
friendship a puzzle, and so do I! love, amore, amicizia. I like G.; for
one I like Firenze, for another I like a Renaissance man – I’m one! G. is
extremely interesting at a time when physis did mean ‘nature’ – the physicist
and the physician were the natural philosophers! At Oxford Transnatural philosophy
was created against Natural Philosophy, G. made the greatest comment on “Love
unrequited” by G&S – by focusing on a ditty by Cavalcanti – Boccaccio loved
the pretentious prose by G. on ‘eros,’ ‘amore,’ and ‘cupidus’! So here is
charming Cavalcanti and his charaming love lyrics, Donna mi preigha, and G, in
his worst lizio jargon destroying it. I deal with Blake, love that never told
can be, and the best thing is to leave poetry to poets, Austin rebuffing
Nowell-Smith’s inability to understand Donne. The physiology of love is beyond
philosophy. But in philosophy, unlike any other discipline, we respect history,
and the longitudinal history of philosophy ensures that every philosopher will
be familiar with the idiocies Plato makes Socrates says in Convito about
cupido, cupidine, amore, eros, erote, anterote, and Marte, qua symbol of
maleness. In Italy they are concerned about astrology. Since the future queen
of Naples had been born under the House of Marte, she will possibly be a
whore!” Si laurea a Bologna sotto Alderotti. Insegna a Bologna.
Saltuariamente si recasse a Bologna nonostante la scomunica. commento su una
parte felt, an interpretation which develops the potential in the understanding
of the role of the will. A transition seems to take place in the
years of the Decameron. Grice: appetitus,
appetitus sensitivo spiegatura dell’amore in termine aristotelichi amare
sentire patico fornicazione latino/volgare Boccaccio Petrarca Alighieri
Cavalcanti de militia complexionis diversae eros amore malattia lizio passione
ragione appetite sensitive amore re-cognosenza da parte dell’amato dell’amore
dell’amante via senso? Marte self-love other-love amore proprio amore a se
stesso amore all’altro passione. Grice: Garbo, sai, ogni volta che rifletto
sull’amore e l’amicizia, mi trovo in un labirinto filosofico degno di
Aristotele! Eppure, la tua prospettiva sulla fisiologia dell’amore mi
incuriosisce molto: in Inghilterra ne parliamo poco, mentre voi italiani lo
intrecciate con la storia, la poesia e persino l’astrologia! Garbo: Caro Grice,
è vero: da noi, amore e amicizia sono più che concetti filosofici, sono
esperienze che attraversano la carne e lo spirito. Da Cavalcanti a Boccaccio,
abbiamo sempre pensato che il sentimento sia un ponte tra appetito sensitivo e
ragione, e che la passione – talvolta malattia, talvolta virtù – abbia un ruolo
centrale nella nostra vita. Grice: Mi affascina il modo in cui la vostra
tradizione riesce a dare dignità filosofica persino alla fisiologia dell’amore.
Da noi spesso ci fermiamo alla teoria, ma la vostra capacità di intrecciare
storia, poesia e sentimento rende il discorso sull’amore davvero ricco. Forse
dovremmo imparare a dare più spazio al pathos, non solo al logos! Garbo: Hai
ragione, Grice. In Italia, lasciamo che il sentimento illumini la riflessione.
La filosofia, soprattutto quella sull’amore, deve essere dialogo tra passione e
ragione. E se qualche volta siamo troppo lirici o astrologici, pazienza! Come
si dice da noi: “Amore non è bello se non è litigarello.” Garbo, Aldobrandino
del (1300). De decoratione. Firenze: Officina Medicea.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gargani: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale d’Eurialo e Niso; ovvero,
dell’empatia. Aldo Giorgio Gargani (Genova, Liguria): la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale d’Eurialo e Niso; ovvero,
dell’empatia. Grice’s
account of reason‑governed conversational meaning and Gargani’s development of
“ragione conversazionale” converge on the idea that understanding in dialogue
exceeds what is explicitly said, but they differ in emphasis and philosophical
temperament: for Grice, implicature is primarily a rational, intention‑based
mechanism grounded in cooperation, shared expectations, and the recognition of
communicative intentions, so that conversation is governed by principles that
make it possible to mean more than one says without abandoning clarity or
normativity; Gargani, shaped by his Pisa training and his sustained engagement
with Wittgenstein, Pears, and the philosophy of complexity, reorients this
Gricean framework toward empathy, shared organization, and lived experience,
reading implicature not merely as an inferential product of maxims but as an
expression of a deeper, narrative and ethical coordination among speakers,
exemplified by the figure of Eurialus and Nisus as a paradigm of mutual
understanding without full explicitness; where Grice stresses rational
accountability, cancellability, and the discipline of intention (summed up, as
he liked to say, by Cicero’s condivisio), Gargani foregrounds the role of
contingency, rare events, and the constructive power of dialogue in shaping
common sense and collective meaning, thus extending implicature from a theory
of communicative reasoning to a broader philosophy of shared life and
intellectual courage in which saying, not saying, and understanding are bound
together by empathy as much as by reason. Grice: “Some – especially a Taffy At
Queen’s and his tutee – like Vitters, but Moore ain’t my Main either!” --
Grice: “There is a word that Cicero uses that quite summarises my views on conversation:
condivisio! I like G.; many of his essays are pretty interesting:
he’s written on the ‘sense’ of ‘true,’ and on la frasse infinita – which
according to Griceian principles, must rely on implicature, since it involves a
communicational impossibility!” -- «È un fatto che gli uomini hanno prodotto
assai più cose di quanto siano propensi ad ammettere; ma ciò che essi hanno
eretto nella forma di costruzioni concettuali elevate e sublimi, come se
fossero separate dal caso e dal disordine, corrisponde ad un uso che essi hanno
fatto della propria vita.” Si laurea a PISA sotto BARONE. Studia Pears.
filosofia della lingua, estetica, epistemologia scrittura filosofica narrativa,
come in Sguardo e destino L'altra storia Il testo del tempo” Esperienza Il
sapere senza fondamenti. La condotta intellettuale come strutturazione
dell'esperienza commune” (Lo stupore e il caso” (Il coraggio di
essere Stili di analisi” “L'organizzazione condivisa. Comunicazione,
invenzione, etica” (Guerini, Milano); “Il pensiero raccontato” “Una donna a
presente e invenzione del futuro/Il ruolo della diversità e degli eventi rari
Conclusione Possibilità e realtà tra fisica e biologia di Angelo Marinucci
Introduzione/Fisica classica La meccanica quantistica La biologia Scienza e
filosofia della complessità: Studi in memoria di G., a cura di: Marinucci,
Salvia, Bellotti, Carocci, Roma, Il volume raccoglie i contributi, ampiamente
elaborati, presentati al convegno Possibilità al di là della determinazione.
Matematica, fisica e filosofia della complessità, tenutosi all’Università di
Pisa in memoria di G.. Del filosofo sono ben noti gli interessi filosofici per
la questione, nata nella fisica moderna e in altri saperi, dell’emergere – in
sistemi complessi – di possibilità che vanno, irriducibilmente, al di là della
determinazione. Eurialo e Niso; ovvero, dell’empatia, scambio, organisazzione
condivisa communicazione implicatura come condivisa empatia pears Mcguinness
ragione Treccani. Vitters. St John’s SCR, Michaelmas 1966. A
conversation. Hacker: Mr Grice. Grice: If you insist on it. The College
insists on it more than I do. Hacker:
I’ve just come from town. I brought you something to look at. Grice: A bill, I take it. Or worse, a
book. Hacker: A book. Gargani.
Wittgenstein. Grice: Ah. Vitters, then. Hacker: I beg your pardon. Grice: Austin pronounced it that way, and I
have never recovered. Hacker: You don’t
sound as if you approve. Grice: I
approve of many things. I merely have a small allergy to canonisation. Hacker: It’s from Firenze. La Nuova Italia.
1966. Grice: La Nuova Italia. That
sounds like a newspaper and behaves like a publishing house. Hacker: Gargani is not a newspaper. He’s
serious. Grice: I’m told newspapers are
sometimes serious too, if you catch them on the wrong day. Hacker: You don’t like Wittgenstein. Grice: That is too explicit. If you are
implying that, why say it. Hacker: Then
let me imply it differently. You list him with Bosanquet and Wollaston. Grice: I list many people. Lists are not
tribunals. Hacker: They look like
tribunals to the listed. Grice: And by
that I imply that the listed are vain.
Hacker: Gargani treats him as central. He reads him as the hinge for a
new sort of philosophical writing.
Grice: A new sort. Oxford has always preferred the old sort: numbered
propositions and boys who can be made to defend them. Hacker: Gargani isn’t doing numbered
propositions. Grice: No. He is doing
what Italians do when they get bored with numbers: they tell a story and call
it method. Hacker: You’re being
unfair. Grice: I’m being English. There
is a difference. Hacker: He ties
Wittgenstein to experience, empathy, forms of life, shared organisation. Grice: Empathy is what people invoke when
they don’t want to specify an inference.
Hacker: You think he is avoiding the hard work. Grice: I think he is relocating it. He is
doing ethics by talking about language, which is not the worst trick. Hacker: He also engages Pears. Grice: Pears is always being engaged. It is
his natural state. Hacker: He studied
at Pisa under Barone. Grice: Pisa. That
is already a different weather system from Oxford. Hacker: You keep making Italy into
weather. Grice: It is safer than making
it into metaphysics. Hacker: He writes
about Eurialus and Nisus as a paradigm of mutual understanding. Grice: That is a Virgilian way of doing
pragmatics. Hacker: And you
object. Grice: I don’t object. I merely
note that Oxford would rather have Marmaduke Bloggs than Nisus. Hacker: You say this to provoke. Grice: I say it to see whether you notice
I’ve said it. Hacker: I’ve noticed. I
still like Wittgenstein. Grice: I can
see that you do. It’s in the way you hold the book, as if it were a
passport. Hacker: Perhaps it is. Grice: You have lived in too many places,
then. Passports become philosophy if you let them. Hacker: I lived in Haifa for a time. Grice: Haifa. That will do it. Hacker: It makes Wittgenstein feel less
exotic. Austrian, religious, foreign, yet oddly at home in English. Grice: Ah. The old romance of the foreigner
who becomes more English than the English.
Hacker: Like your own conversion of Anscombe into an Englishwoman, you
mean. Grice: That is a cheap shot. Hacker: It’s a fair one. Grice: She did do the hard work of
translating him into our idiom, yes. And she is Professor, if the University is
being sensible. Hacker: Gargani,
though, isn’t Austrian. Grice: Exactly.
So your Haifa explanation will not quite do.
Hacker: Then why do I like him.
Grice: Because he is offering you a way of reading Wittgenstein that
feels like a life rather than a set of reminders. Hacker: And you think that is a
weakness. Grice: I think it is a
temptation. Temptations are not always weaknesses. Sometimes they are your
curriculum. Hacker: Then why your
resistance. Grice: Because I have
watched the enemies I was trained to resist become the canon with a
vengeance. Hacker: Enemies. Grice: That is also too explicit. If you are
implying that, why say it. Hacker: Then
I’ll say it less explicitly. You’re worried you’re becoming a reactionary. Grice: I’m worried I’m becoming a
footnote. Hacker: Gargani makes
Wittgenstein central. You make conversation central. Grice: I make rational accountability
central. Conversation is only the habitat.
Hacker: Gargani says conversation is also empathy. Grice: Empathy may be the background
condition, but it isn’t the mechanism. That is my fussiness. Hacker: You called yourself fastidious
earlier. Grice: I know I can be
fastidious. And by that I imply that I may be wrong. Hacker: What do you want me to do, then. Not
read him. Grice: Read him. I am not a
censor. I am merely a nuisance. Hacker:
You are also the senior tutor. Grice:
Senior only by age, not by virtue.
Hacker: We should discuss the division of labour. Grice: Yes. Mabbott has left you his moral
and political territory like a small kingdom.
Hacker: And you keep the lower divisions. Grice: I keep the boys who think “logic” is
a kind of gymnasium. Hacker: And the
pastoral duties. Grice: Yes. The
College has discovered that philosophers are cheap chaplains. Hacker: Two tutors now. Division of
labour. Grice: The division is simple.
You will do the whole thing. Hacker:
And you. Grice: I shall relieve you of
the burden by offering comments.
Hacker: That is not relieving.
Grice: It is Oxford relief. We relieve by adding. Hacker: Will you lecture less. Grice: I will lecture as much as the
University insists and as little as my conscience permits. Hacker: And what about Wittgenstein on the
reading list. Grice: Put him on. But do
not let him swallow the rest. Hacker:
He will. Grice: Only if you feed
him. Hacker: You keep calling him
Vitters. Grice: It is a small refusal
to be reverent. Hacker: You do it to
protect yourself. Grice: Naturally.
Reverence is expensive. Hacker: And
Gargani. Grice: Gargani can stay too.
Let the Italians have their way of being serious. It may even teach us
something. Hacker: Such as. Grice: That what is not said may be
understood not only by inference but by sympathy. Hacker: That sounds like a concession. Grice: It is a concession with conditions.
And by that I imply that it is not a full concession. Hacker: You’re worried the canon is
changing. Grice: The canon always
changes. I’m worried I’m staying still.
Hacker: Then walk. Grice: I do.
It is the only exercise Oxford approves, apart from rowing and
disapproval. Hacker: Shall we plan the
term. Grice: Yes. You take Vitters.
I’ll take the boys who think Aristotle is a brand of cigarette. Hacker: And if someone brings you Gargani
and asks why empathy matters. Grice: I
will say the weather has been lovely for this time of year. Hacker: That’s evasion. Grice: That’s charity. Hacker: You are implying something. Grice: Of
course. Hacker: And you won’t say
it. Grice: If I said it, it wouldn’t be
an implicature.Grice: Caro Gargani, ti
confesso che ogni volta che penso all’implicatura, mi viene in mente il
coraggio di Eurialo e Niso: comunicare senza dire tutto, ma capirsi lo stesso.
In fondo, la vera conversazione non è sempre anche un po’ avventura? Gargani: Grice, hai colto
nel segno! La conversazione è un ponte sospeso tra due rive: ci si lancia,
magari si traballa, ma senza un po’ di empatia si casca giù come certi filosofi
alle prime armi. E come diceva tua nonna, meglio una parola condivisa che cento
taciute! Grice:
Appunto! Eppure, in Inghilterra, tanti preferiscono il silenzio, come se
parlare troppo facesse spuntare le ortiche in salotto. Invece voi italiani fate
delle parole un’arte, e persino il caso diventa un’occasione di festa. Forse
dovrei importare un po’ della vostra “organizzazione condivisa” anche a Oxford! Gargani: Caro Grice,
sarebbe un colpo di teatro! Ma non temere: basta una buona conversazione, un
pizzico di umorismo e magari un caffè, e anche la filosofia più astratta si
trasforma in esperienza vissuta. Come direbbe il mio barista: parlare è umano,
fraintendere è filosofico! – Gargani, Aldo Giorgio (1966). Wittgenstein.
Firenze: La Nuova Italia.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Garin: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del rinascimento. Eugenio
Antonio Garin (Rieti, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura
conversazionale del rinascimento. Grice’s theory of
reason‑governed conversational meaning and Garin’s historical account of
Renaissance intellectual culture meet on the idea that conversation is a
rational, normative practice, but they diverge sharply in method, scope, and
philosophical intent: Grice develops implicature as a formal-pragmatic
mechanism internal to communication itself, governed by shared intentions,
cooperation, and rational accountability among speakers conceived as persons,
where meaning emerges from what is mutually recognized as said and meant within
a conversational exchange; Garin, by contrast, approaches what may be called
conversational reason genealogically and culturally, reading Renaissance
humanism as a long, civil conversation among rhetoricians, philosophers,
scientists, and moralists, in which meaning, persuasion, and implication are
embedded in historical practices of eloquence, civic life, and humanist
education rather than articulated as explicit rules or maxims, so that
implicature appears not as a technical device but as the lived operation of
rhetoric, allusion, and shared intellectual horizons; where Grice abstracts
from history to secure a universal account of rational communication, Garin
insists on the longitudinal unity of Italian thought, seeing reason as
cultivated through humanistic discourse, Ciceronian rhetoric, and the humus of
culture that shapes how humans, as Homo sapiens before becoming philosophically
“persons,” understand one another; in this sense, Grice’s conversational
rationality can be read as a modern, analytic humanism of communicative norms,
while Garin’s Renaissance-oriented work shows how such norms historically arose
within concrete traditions of learning and civic speech, making Gricean
implicature appear, retrospectively, as the formal echo of a much older
humanist practice of meaning beyond what is strictly said. Grice: “I only knew,
and I only formed an interest, in one short period in the history of
philosophy: post-war Oxford philosophy. G.’s interests have a wider scope! storia della filosofia. G. is a
serious student of what we may call the longitudinal, rather than latitudinal,
unity of Italian philosophy! If ever there is one! Don’t expect philosophical
insight from G.. He is at most an amanuensis. But like Gentile, it is is
helpful, if you are into minor philosophers, or minor figures, to go through
the indexes of his many compilations. As with Gentile’s Storia della filosofia
italiana, G.’s is just as boring. G. makes it more difficult in that he uses
two or three words which we don’t use at Oxford: ‘pensiero’ for philosophy,
‘intellectual’ (‘intelletuali italiani del novecento’) and ‘culture’ (cultura
italiana del ottocento’). By these monickers, he is attempting to include as
philosophers people who we should not!” La cultura filosofica del rinascimento italiano.” L’umanesimo italiano”
Grice is Lit. Hum. Oxon, so I know. Si laurea a Firenze sotto Limentani.
Insegna a Firenze. Pico: vita e dottrina”; “Gl’illuministi Moralisti; “Il
rinascimento ITALIANO”; “L'Umanesimo ITALIANO”; “Cronache di FILOSOFIA
ITALIANA”; “La filosofia nel Rinascimento ITALIANO”; “La cultura ITALIANA”;
“Scienza e vita civile nel Rinascimento ITALIANO”; “Storia della FILOSOFIA
ITALIANA”; “FILOSOFI ITALIANI”; “ “L’Ermetismo del Rinascimento”; “Gli editori
ITALIANI”; “La cultura del Rinascimento”. lincei cicerone umanista retorica
castelli le griceianisme est un humanisme!” humus umano homo sapiens sapiens
umano vs. person sapientia. Grice: Ah, Garin, sai, ogni tanto mi sorprendo a
pensare che Oxford — Vadum Boum, come la chiamano i latinisti — avrebbe bisogno
di un vero storico della filosofia, proprio come Firenze ha avuto te! In
Italia, e specialmente in Toscana, la tradizione filosofica è viva,
stratificata e raccontata con una profondità che noi, a Oxford, spesso ci sogniamo.
Garin: Caro Grice, mi lusinga sentire queste tue parole! In effetti, la storia
della filosofia italiana è un mosaico ricco di voci, pensieri e umanità. Ho
sempre creduto che raccontare il pensiero dei nostri filosofi sia come
coltivare un humus umano per le generazioni future. Grice: Già, il vostro
"humus umano" è qualcosa che invidio! Mi piacerebbe che anche a
Oxford si potesse parlare di “pensiero” e “cultura” con la stessa ampiezza,
includendo figure minori e intelletuali come fai tu. Il vostro modo di vedere
la filosofia è molto più inclusivo e, se posso dirlo, più umano. Garin: Hai
ragione, Grice. Forse il segreto sta proprio nel guardare la filosofia come una
lunga conversazione tra uomini e idee, dove anche i dettagli minori possono
illuminare un’epoca. Sarebbe bello vedere Oxford abbracciare questa visione,
perché alla fine la storia della filosofia è storia della vita civile. Garin,
Eugenio Antonio (1937). Medioevo e Rinascimento. Bari: Laterza.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Garroni: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di Pinocchio. Emilio
Garroni (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura
conversazionale di Pinocchio. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed
conversational meaning and Emilio Garroni’s readings of language, lying, and
sense—most vividly crystallized in Garroni’s analyses of Pinocchio—intersect on
the idea that meaning arises from rational norms rather than from mere semantic
content, yet they diverge in philosophical register and aim: for Grice,
conversational implicature is a calculable, intention‑based product of
speakers’ rational cooperation, where maxims such as sincerity can be flouted
in systematic ways that listeners are expected to recognize, as when
Pinocchio’s lies violate the maxim of quality while remaining communicatively
intelligible; Garroni adopts this Gricean insight but reworks it within a
broader semiotic, aesthetic, and epistemological horizon, treating Pinocchio
not simply as a case of maxim‑flouting but as an emblem of semantic crisis,
indeterminacy, and paradox inherent in all linguistic use, where lying exposes
the structural openness of meaning rather than a local pragmatic maneuver;
while Grice seeks to preserve rational control and accountability in
conversation despite indeterminacy, Garroni emphasizes that such indeterminacy
is not a defect but a constitutive feature of sense itself, grounded in
perception, imagination, and judgment, so that implicature becomes inseparable
from the aesthetic–noetic dimension of experience; in this way, Garroni extends
Gricean conversational reason beyond analytic pragmatics into a philosophy of
sense in which saying, meaning, misleading, and understanding form a dynamic
continuum, and Pinocchio’s lies reveal not only how we communicate rationally,
but how language, ethics, and imagination jointly construct our horizon of
sense. Grice: “Pinocchio flouts the maxim of sincerity!” conversational maxim.
I like G.; he writes very Griceianly: on lying, on Pinocchio, on semiotics, on
Kant – ‘quasi-Kant’ --, and on sense perception (‘senso e paradosso’,
‘immagine, figura, communicazione!” Insegna a Roma.
La crisi semantica. Croce, Critica della facoltà di giudizio (l’estetico) ed
epistemologiche (il noetico). Cura Mannoni, Brandi,.Cura Benedetto,
Bottari, Melis, Fieschi, Vacchi, Greco L’estetica è una filosofia
non speciale il cui compito non si limita allo studio dell’espressione
artistica, bello, arte, natura, ma ad una costruzione del mondo sull'esperienza
del senso sensibile, sentire, sensate. Ciò che va rivendicata è la portata
iudicativa e non solo volitiva della critica, che trascende lo stato empirico e
vivono operanti nel meglio degl’indirizzi inconsapevoli. L’orizzonte di senso.
Il mito negativo Semiotica ed estetica. L'eterogeneo della lingua e la lingua
cinematografica uno e bino Estetica epistemologia. lingua Senso e paradosso
estetica, filosofia non speciale Uno sguardo-attraverso” mentare e mentire
altro dall'arte. Senso e storia dell'estetica: Interpretare Il testo Istruzioni
per l'uso, Critica della facoltà di giudizio” Immagine e figura” pubblicati
negativo, nell’esclusione che principi e metodi possano essere qualcosa
di assoluto e unilaterale, si ispirino poi alla indeterminatezza Ciò pare
plausibile se essa fa emergere più nettamente la coscienza implicita che
ogni nostro uso della lingua non è solo un uso particolare ma contiene
una componente di indeterminatezza che lo fa essere paradossalmente proprio
quell’uso e permette di descriverlo proprio come
quell’uso determinato nello stesso uso effettivo, in tutti i sensi.
contributo etico e politico, L’indeterminatezza INDETERMINACY OF IMPLICATURE
semantica implicatura di Pinocchio Sinn *not* via Latin cognate sentire senso
Do not multiply senses mentire mentare meinen mean messagio message semiotic
sender recipientemittente mittente, recipiente emission utterance emitire utter
out ex-press Lorenzini. Grice:
Garroni, ogni volta che penso a Pinocchio e alla sua abilità di “sgusciare”
fuori dalla verità, mi chiedo se Lorenzini abbia letto la mia massima di
sincerità! In fondo, Pinocchio è il re dell’implicatura conversazionale: dice
una cosa, ne intende un’altra, e nel mezzo ci cresce il naso. Garroni: Caro Grice,
Pinocchio è una metafora perfetta per la crisi semantica: ogni bugia è un
piccolo paradosso della lingua! D’altronde, chi non ha mai mentito almeno una
volta per salvarsi dalla fata o dalla scuola? Grice: Se avessi avuto
Pinocchio nei miei seminari a Oxford, sarebbe stato il caso studio ideale.
Avrebbe confuso Strawson e fatto ridere Austin… Ma forse avrebbe anche
insegnato a tutti che l’uso della lingua è sempre un po’ indeterminato: tra il
“mentire” e il “mentare”, c’è tanto spazio per il senso. Garroni: Grice, dici bene!
Pinocchio ci ricorda che ogni comunicazione è una danza tra emittente e
destinatario: a volte il messaggio arriva dritto, altre volte si perde tra le
bugie e il paradosso. Ma senza un po’ di indeterminatezza, la conversazione sarebbe
piatta come un pezzo di legno… e Pinocchio non sarebbe mai diventato un vero
bambino! Garroni, Emilio (1964). La crisi semantica delle arti.
Roma: Officina Edizioni.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Garrucci: sul ‘stress’
a Roma ed Oxford. Raffaele Garrucci (Napoli, Campania): sul
‘stress’ a Roma ed Oxford. Grice and Garrucci converge on a
strikingly similar insight about meaning as something governed by rational
uptake rather than mechanical rule-following, but they approach it from
different scholarly traditions: Garrucci as a philologist and epigrapher attentive
to how accentual marks and stress-functioning signs in Roman inscriptions
mediate understanding beyond literal letters, and Grice as a philosopher of
language analyzing how conversational meaning arises from intentional yet
non-codifiable features such as stress, accent, and prosody. For Garrucci,
ancient inscriptions that appear to carry accentual or stress marks show that
Romans already exploited phonetic emphasis as a meaningful cue without treating
words themselves as signs; rather, it is the accentual modification that does
the communicative work within a historically grounded rational practice of reading.
Grice generalizes this phenomenon into his theory of reason-governed
conversational meaning by arguing that particularized implicatures depend
precisely on such non-rule-governed but intelligible deviations—like designed
stress—that rational hearers are expected to recognize as intentional. Both
resist a semiotic model in which meaning is reducible to fixed signs: Garrucci
insists on parsimony with written markers and attention to exemplary usage in
antiquity, while Grice insists that implicature cannot be rule-bound without
collapsing its very function. In this convergence, accent and stress emerge as
rational instruments of meaning that operate neither by convention alone nor by
brute causality, but by a shared background of linguistic competence and historically
sedimented expectations, from Roman bronze inscriptions to Oxford seminar
rooms. Grice: “In my seminars at Oxford, I introduced the ‘accent’ to explore
what I meant by implicature of the conversational, particularized type. There
cannot be a RULE for it, since it’s a spontaneous stressing – but when DESIGNED
to stress, the implicature IS communicated. More formally, the very idea of a
phoneme relies on its realisations as allophones, and the Italians have been
fighting with this since, well, Roman times!” accento, stress, implicatura. Chi scrive N E/ACVLÀ sembra certo che l'
abbia voluta dedurre questa voce da quella radice ove la lettera “a” è lunga,
wtne ; chi LU3ER , intende [IMPLICATES – Grice] certamente di ricordare che
anticamente si scrive LEIBER come in un frammento assai arcaico di bronzo del
museo kircheriano. Cosi scrivendo “FVTIVS” si accenna alla radice FVTVM, in
VTIVS ad OITI, OlTILE, in ORNAMENTA ad venustà, in VEKTI 1 al più antico VEITI
se vale il YEITVRIVS cosi scritto nella lamina di bronzo sui confini tra i
genuati e i veturii -- Orelli. Generalmente si fard assai bene ad esser parchi
e seguendo come G. dice i migliori esemplari. Con ciò G. pone fine alla sua
discussione, nella quale esamina l’iscrizioni latine che PORTANO DEI SEGNI –
Grice: “Words are not signs, but accents are” – STRESS -- creduti comunemente
d’accentuazione. MARINI crede questo un esempio del sicìlico di
Mario Vittorino, allegando che questa voce trovasi ancora scritto VETTI [Ari.).
IMPRIMATUR Butlaoni 0. P. S. P. A. Magister. IMPRIMATUR Fr. Aut. Ligi Bussi
Archiep. Icon. Vicesgcrcns. C. Grice: Caro Garrucci, ti confesso che all’Oxford quando parliamo di
“accento” rischiamo sempre di scatenare discussioni più accese di una partita
di rugby tra college rivali! Ma in fondo, l’accento è come il sale sulla zuppa:
basta un pizzico e tutto cambia sapore. Garrucci: Hai ragione, Grice! A Roma diciamo
che chi sbaglia l’accento può passare in un attimo da filosofo a comico
involontario. E poi, le iscrizioni antiche ci insegnano che persino i bronzi
avevano il loro modo di farsi capire: un segno qui, uno stress là, e la storia
prende una piega tutta nuova. Grice: Proprio così, caro! Da noi l’accento
non segue regole ferree, è più come un colpo di scena: se lo metti dove serve,
illumini la frase; se lo sbagli, rischi di ottenere implicature degne di un
romanzo giallo. Gli italiani però lottano con gli allofoni fin dai tempi degli
antichi Romani, quasi fosse uno sport nazionale! Garrucci: Eh già, Grice!
Come diceva mia nonna: “Meglio essere parsimoniosi con gli accenti, che
generosi con i segni.” In fondo, la vera filosofia è capire quando un accento
diventa un messaggio, e quando invece è solo un modo per non prendere troppo sul
serio la conversazione. Così, tra un sorriso e una battuta, anche il latino
diventa compagnia! Garrucci, Raffaele (1844). Antiquitatum salernitanarum
disquisitiones. Napoli.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gatti: la ragione
conversazionale dell’implicatura conversazioale. Pasquale Gatti (Milano,
Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale dell’implicatura conversazioale. Grice
and Pasquale Gatti converge on a conception of meaning that is fundamentally
governed by reason as it operates within lived linguistic practice, yet they
articulate this convergence from complementary directions. Gatti, writing from
the Italian philosophical tradition shaped by Vico and in polemical tension
with Croce, insists that language cannot be split into two autonomous
systems—one of feeling and one of intellect—because even when language is
imaginative and aesthetic, it remains subject to law and concept, and thus to
rational structure; for him, the enigma of language is precisely how expression
is at once fantasia and intelletto, intuition and concept, within a single act
of consciousness. Grice’s theory of conversational meaning radicalizes this
insight by relocating rationality from abstract linguistic form into the
practices of speakers, showing that meaning is not exhausted by what is said
but is completed by what a rational hearer is entitled to infer under shared
expectations of cooperation. Where Gatti argues that language is never merely
poetry nor merely logic, Grice explains how this duality is enacted moment by
moment through implicature, which depends on the speaker’s reasoned
exploitation of linguistic norms and the hearer’s equally reasoned recognition
of that exploitation. Both therefore reject a purely expressive or purely
formal account of language: Gatti by defending the law‑governed, conceptual
dimension of language against Croce’s aesthetic reduction, and Grice by showing
that even the “non‑said” in conversation is regulated by rational principles
rather than psychological spontaneity. In this sense, Grice’s conversational
implicature can be read as the analytic counterpart to Gatti’s philosophical
intuition: reason is not external to language, but immanent in its use, binding
imagination and intellect together in dialogue. Grice: “I love G.!” lingua. SAGGIO SULL’ORIGINE, ESSENZA, E SVILUPPO
DELLA LINGUA. La grandezza delle statue diminuisce
allontanandosene, quella degl’uomini avvicinandoci ad essi. Quale
necessità di DUE DIVERSE LINGUE, l'una del sentimento e l’altra dell’inteletto,
per esprimere il COMUNE CONTENUTO della coscienza? Altro è LA LINGUA COME
LINGUA, come fatto estetico, afferma CROCE, e altro LA LINGUA COME
ESPRESSIONE logica, nel quale caso rimane bensì sempre lingua soggetto
alla legge, la tesì che noi opponiamo a quella di CROCE con VICO,
siamo stati costretti a mostrare, altresì come CROCE non è
riuscito a comprendere affatto affatto quel pensiero nell’intimo, suo
significato. Onde, ad un tempo, ed è ciò che a noi essenzialmente preme,
l’ abbagliante fascio di luce, che, sprigionandosi della dottrina di VICO,
riesce ad illuminarla,, A più che lingua. Ora, delle due, l'una: o esso,
rimanendo sempre lingua e soggetto alla legge, non può, per ciò stesso,
non rimanere sempre ed unicamente intuizione e immaginazione, e, quindi,
sola fantasia e poesia; ovvero è, anche, che lingua, e cioè
concetto, e, allora, come dirlo, più, sola fantasia e poesia, e non anche
d' intelletto. Il scoppio di dello spirito come spiegare che nel mondo egli é
ritenuto, intanto, addirittura della classe più alta dei filosofi; e cioè
filosofo di natura e vocazione, ragione per cui le sue opere, e
l’estetica proprio più di ogni altra. Questa disfatta del pensiero di CROCE s'è
visto, ex ore suo stesso per essersi immesso in una via senza uscita, bene
può dirsiuna disfatta in gloria, più superba di tanti trionfi, in quanto
coll’ammonirci che ogni tentativo di ricalcare quelle orme sarebbe non
altro che un vano sacrilegio, sia pur da parte di gente inconscia, ci fa
ritenere esecrabile e sacra quella via. Tale, almeno, essa rimane per noi,
che da essa la via che abbiam preso a seguire, coll’intento di
raggiungere quel segreto connesso col più oscuro, insieme, dei selle
eriomi della vita universa, l’enigma concernente l’origine del pensiero,
lingua. Grice: Caro Gatti, ogni volta che mi immergo nei tuoi scritti rimango
colpito dalla tua acutissima capacità di cogliere le sfumature più profonde
della comunicazione. La tua riflessione sulla doppia natura della lingua –
sentimento e intelletto – è davvero illuminante! Gatti: Che onore, Grice! Ma
vedi, sono proprio le tue teorie sull’implicatura conversazionale ad avermi
ispirato. Penso che la lingua sia sempre sospesa tra immaginazione e concetto,
e che solo nel dialogo si riveli la sua vera essenza. Grice: Proprio così, caro
amico. Ammiro la tua capacità di riconoscere quanto ogni parola sia, insieme,
regola e creazione. Saper vedere nell’espressione linguistica sia poesia che
logica è segno di rara sensibilità filosofica! Gatti: Grazie, Grice. Credo che
solo chi, come te, analizza con attenzione il “non detto”, possa comprendere il
mistero della lingua. In fondo, la comunicazione è quell’enigma che ci
avvicina, e ci spinge sempre a cercare nuove vie di senso. Gatti, Pasquale (1906). Esposizione del
sistema filosofico di Leopardi.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gatti: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale poetica. Stanislao
Gatti (Napoli, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura
conversazionale poetica. Grice and Stanislao Gatti converge on a
view of meaning as governed by reason, but they articulate this convergence at
different levels and with different emphases: Gatti, formed in Naples under
Puoti and working within the Italian idealist horizon shaped by Vico, Hegel,
and aesthetics, conceives reason as a universal law that simultaneously governs
the development of individual consciousness and the historical unfolding of
culture, so that language, art, and philosophy are modes through which rational
spirit manifests itself within concrete history; hence his idea of a poetic
conversational implicature, where meaning exceeds literal statement because art
and discourse imitate not empirical nature but the supersensible, noetic idea,
allowing truth to emerge indirectly and belatedly, as in Vico’s own fate of
unrecognized glory. Grice, by contrast, strips this metaphysical picture down
to a rational mechanics of use: conversational meaning is governed by reason
not because it expresses an objective historical spirit, but because speakers
and hearers orient themselves to shared norms of rational cooperation,
exploiting and recognizing departures from literal content to convey what is
meant rather than merely said. Where Gatti reads poetic, aesthetic, and
historical distance as intrinsic to how reason communicates itself—often
through polemic, irony, grading of predecessors, and a cultivated literary
voice—Grice provides a minimal, analytic account in which implicature arises
from rational expectations about relevance, quantity, and intelligibility in
dialogue. Yet the affinity is real: both reject a view of language as mere
mimesis or neutral medium, both insist that meaning is inseparable from
rational activity, and both understand implication as something earned rather
than encoded, whether through the historical-poetic circuit of Gatti’s Vichian
aesthetics or through the situational logic of Grice’s conversational practice.
Grice: “When Hampshire wrote an essay on Vico we thought he had lost his
reason! At Oxford, G. is mainly associated with a music-hall that was once
popular at London! I like G.. G. is a good’un. For one, he philosophises on
Aristotle’s Poetics, something we hardly do at Oxford! And many other things,
too!! G. is a difficult one to catalogue, not at Oxford! He is a man of letters
and action, by man of letters we mean Lit. Hum. And G., being the snob he is,
would rather be seen dead than referred to as merely a ‘philosoopher.’ He edits
the Museo di FILOSOFIA e letterature – and his passion, if he has one, is VICO,
and more, to criticse others. He would not speak of ‘italian philosophy,’ but
of ‘philosophy in Italia’! He philosophises on Rovere, and other philosophers,
and is always ready to grade them: ‘GENOVESI, infinitely inferior to VICO’.
Incredibly that this philosopher is talking the same lingo as Machiavelli or
Alighieri! His exegesis of VICO is good, he refers to the BRUNO,
CAMPANELLA, and TELESIO as the celebrated triunvirato, and there are references
to some obscure philosophers in his prose, about whom he writes little to
enthusiase his reader!” Si laurea a Napoli
sotto Puoti. Idealista. lo sviluppo della coscienza e l'evolversi della storia
provengono entrambe d’un principio comune: la legge universale della ragione,
attuabile solo all'interno della realtà storica in quanto è la scienza generale
di tutto l'esistente. Si indirizza verso l'estetismo e critica la dottrina
lizia dell'arte come riproduzione e mimesi della natura, contrapponendole
l’idealismo che ritiene l'arte riproduzione mimesi del sovra-sensibile,
dell’idea, del noetico, l’estetico, mimesi del noetico. VICO autore di un
sistema che i suoi contemporanei non poteano intendere come quello che dovea
esse re la scienza di un'altra età, e il frullo di nuovi germogliamenti dello
spirito, non avea per questa ragione potuto raccogliere in vita il premio di
quella gloria implicatura. Grice: Caro Gatti, ti confesso che a Oxford, parlare di poetica è come
proporre una partita di calcio in un convento. Ma tu, con quella passione per
Vico e Aristotele, sembri sempre pronto a scardinare qualche regola! Gatti: Grice, a Napoli ci
insegnano che la ragione è come la pizza: ognuno la fa a modo suo, e la poesia
è il pomodoro sopra. L’arte non è solo imitazione, ma il frullo dello spirito,
come diceva Vico… e pure il pizzaiolo sotto casa! Grice: Vico e la pizza,
che combinazione! Da noi, quando qualcuno cita la mimesi, si pensa subito a
Shakespeare che sbaglia scena. Tu invece sostieni che l’arte deve imitare il
sovra-sensibile. Sarebbe come dire che una poesia può essere più vera di un
manuale d’istruzioni! Gatti: Esatto, Grice! E poi, la filosofia in
Italia non è mai solo filosofia… è conversazione, critica, e ogni tanto una
bella polemica. Ma se mi paragoni a Machiavelli, ti offro un caffè: almeno
così, nella conversazione, siamo entrambi più svegli! Gatti, Stanislao (1838).
Di una risposta di Cousin ad alcuni dubbi intorno alla sua filosofia. Il
progresso delle scienze, delle lettere e delle arti. Napoli.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gaudenzio: la ragione
conversazionale e il filosofo musicista – Roma – Gaudenzio (Brescia, Lombardia) -- la
ragione conversazionale e il portico romano. A fruitful
comparison between H. P. Grice and Gaudentius of Brescia turns on their shared
commitment to reason as a normative, action-guiding faculty, even though they
operate in very different idioms and institutional contexts. Gaudentius, bishop
of Brescia at the end of the fourth century, consciously retrieves the Stoic
legacy of the Porch in his treatment of lex naturae and moral obligation,
arguing that through the proper exercise of reason any person can come to know
what is required of them morally; obligation is not imposed externally by fiat,
but becomes intelligible as something epistemically accessible to rational
agents, a point emphasized in modern scholarship by Carlo Truzzi’s study of
northern Italian Christian thinkers, which situates Gaudentius as a Stoic
without pomp or dogmatic rigidity, reactivating the Portico rather than
abandoning it after the advent of Christianity. Grice’s theory of
reason-governed conversational meaning echoes this Stoic posture at a different
level: where Gaudentius holds that desire, when brought under the scrutiny of
reason, yields knowledge of duty, Grice maintains that utterer’s meaning and
conversational obligation arise from rational norms governing what it is to
intend, infer, and cooperate in talk. In both cases, reason does not override
human desire but disciplines and interprets it: Gaudentius rejects a crude “I
want, therefore I must” in favor of “I want, therefore I ask what I ought to
do,” grounding obligation in rational reflection; Grice likewise resists
psychologism by insisting that conversational meaning is constituted by
rationally recognizable intentions operating within shared norms. Seen this
way, Grice’s conversational rationality can be read as a modern, secular
analogue of Gaudentius’s resuscitated Portico: both treat reason as a public,
norm-giving power that survives historical discontinuities and continues to
regulate obligation—moral in Gaudentius, communicative in Grice—without appeal
to mere authority or brute convention. Grice: “People tend to think that after
the birth of Christ, The Porch became relevance-less: Truzzi proves the
opposite in his apt study of Gaudenzio (Brescia, Lombardia). a
rationalist in the best tradition of the porch, in his analysis of ‘lex
naturae’ and ‘moral obligation’ as ‘epistemically’ derivable from desires!”
Keywords: porch. Filosofo italiano. The philosophical interest of G.s essays
lies in his discussion of natural law – lex naturae --, for which he borrows
from the Porch. G. argues that through the use of reason anyone can come to a
knowledge of his moral obligations. GRICEVS: Gaudenti, aiunt
Porticum post Christum natum iam nihil ad rem pertinere; tu autem eam
resuscitas quasi fumum thuris in foro. Quid agis? GAUDENTIVS: Ago hoc: ostendo
Porticum non esse “relevance-less,” sed relevantiorem; Truzzi enim probat me
Stoicum esse sine superciliis. GRICEVS: At tu dicis lex naturae et officium
morale ex desideriis “epistemice” deduci. Nonne hoc est: “Volo, ergo debeo”?
GAUDENTIVS: Minime: “Volo, ergo cogito quid debeam”; et si quis me rogat unde
obligatio, respondeo: ex ratione—quae, ut Porticus docet, numquam natalicia
Christi oblita est. Gaudenzio (387). Sermo ad
episcopos in ordinatione sua. Brescia.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gaudenzio: la ragione
conversazionale e il portico romano – Gaudenzio (Brescia, Lombardia) --
la ragione conversazionale e il portico romano. A fruitful
comparison between H. P. Grice and Gaudentius of Brescia turns on their shared
commitment to reason as a normative, action-guiding faculty, even though they
operate in very different idioms and institutional contexts. Gaudentius, bishop
of Brescia at the end of the fourth century, consciously retrieves the Stoic
legacy of the Porch in his treatment of lex naturae and moral obligation,
arguing that through the proper exercise of reason any person can come to know
what is required of them morally; obligation is not imposed externally by fiat,
but becomes intelligible as something epistemically accessible to rational
agents, a point emphasized in modern scholarship by Carlo Truzzi’s study of
northern Italian Christian thinkers, which situates Gaudentius as a Stoic
without pomp or dogmatic rigidity, reactivating the Portico rather than
abandoning it after the advent of Christianity. Grice’s theory of
reason-governed conversational meaning echoes this Stoic posture at a different
level: where Gaudentius holds that desire, when brought under the scrutiny of
reason, yields knowledge of duty, Grice maintains that utterer’s meaning and
conversational obligation arise from rational norms governing what it is to
intend, infer, and cooperate in talk. In both cases, reason does not override
human desire but disciplines and interprets it: Gaudentius rejects a crude “I
want, therefore I must” in favor of “I want, therefore I ask what I ought to
do,” grounding obligation in rational reflection; Grice likewise resists
psychologism by insisting that conversational meaning is constituted by rationally
recognizable intentions operating within shared norms. Seen this way, Grice’s
conversational rationality can be read as a modern, secular analogue of
Gaudentius’s resuscitated Portico: both treat reason as a public, norm-giving
power that survives historical discontinuities and continues to regulate
obligation—moral in Gaudentius, communicative in Grice—without appeal to mere
authority or brute convention. Grice: “People tend to think that after the
birth of Christ, The Porch became relevance-less: Truzzi proves the opposite in
his apt study of Gaudenzio (Brescia, Lombardia). a rationalist in the
best tradition of the porch, in his analysis of ‘lex naturae’ and ‘moral
obligation’ as ‘epistemically’ derivable from desires!” Keywords: porch.
Filosofo italiano. The philosophical interest of G.s essays lies in his
discussion of natural law – lex naturae --, for which he borrows from the
Porch. G. argues that through the use of reason anyone can come to a knowledge
of his moral obligations. GRICEVS: Gaudenti, aiunt Porticum post
Christum natum iam nihil ad rem pertinere; tu autem eam resuscitas quasi fumum
thuris in foro. Quid agis? GAUDENTIVS: Ago hoc: ostendo Porticum non esse
“relevance-less,” sed relevantiorem; Truzzi enim probat me Stoicum esse sine
superciliis. GRICEVS: At tu dicis lex naturae et officium morale ex desideriis
“epistemice” deduci. Nonne hoc est: “Volo, ergo debeo”? GAUDENTIVS: Minime:
“Volo, ergo cogito quid debeam”; et si quis me rogat unde obligatio, respondeo:
ex ratione—quae, ut Porticus docet, numquam natalicia Christi oblita est. Gaudenzio (387). Sermo ad episcopos in ordinatione sua. Brescia.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gauro: la ragione
conversazionale a Roma antica Gauro: la ragione conversazionale a Roma
antica -- Roma – filosofia italiana – (Roma). Both
Gauro and Grice treat reason as something exercised in and through public
linguistic practice rather than as a purely private faculty, but they situate
this insight in very different historical idioms. In the Gauro–Porphyry
setting, conversational reason is explicitly Roman in its audience and social
uptake: although Porphyry is Hellenic in doctrine, his categories are heard,
judged, and accepted in a Roman forum where philosophical terms must “wear the
toga,” functioning as instruments of shared understanding and civic recognition
even when full technical mastery is absent. Gauro’s stance foregrounds this
pragmatic accommodation: concepts like categoria succeed because they are
intelligible, or at least respectfully acknowledged, within Roman norms of
discourse. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning abstracts
this same phenomenon into a general account: meaning is not guaranteed by
semantic form alone but by speakers’ rational intentions operating under
publicly recognizable norms that guide inference, uptake, and cooperation.
Where Gauro emphasizes cultural translation and audience—Greek philosophy
becoming Roman sense—Grice systematizes the mechanism itself, explaining how
conversational reason governs what is said, what is meant, and what is inferred
across contexts. The continuity lies in the shared claim that philosophy lives
or dies in conversation; the difference is that Gauro locates this claim
historically in Rome’s linguistic life, while Grice renders it a universal
principle of rational discourse. Grice: “We seem to consider Porfirio an
Hellenic, but his audience was Roman to the backbone!” Keywords: categoria.
Filosofo italiano. He appears to have been a pupil of Porfirio, who may have
dedicated one of his essays to him. GRICEVS: Gauro, audivi te
Porphyrio studuisse; sed dic mihi, Romanusne eras an Graecus? GAVRVS:
Discipulus fui, sed auditor meus Romanus usque ad ossa; Graece lego, Latine
rideo. GRICEVS: Ita ergo: Porphyrius Hellenicus videtur, sed in
foro Romano “categoria” melius sonat quam in schola. GAVRVS: Recte; apud
Romanos etiam categoria togam induit—et si quis non intellegit, saltem
reverenter nutat. Gauro (a. u. c.
MXXIII). Categoriae. Roma.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gedalio: la ragione
conversazionale a Roma antica Gedalio: la ragione conversazionale a Roma
antica -- Roma – filosofia italiana – (Roma). Gedalio
and Grice converge on the idea that philosophical meaning is governed by reason
as it is exercised in lived conversational practice, but they articulate this
insight from markedly different standpoints. In the Roman context invoked by
Gedalio, conversational reason is embedded in gift, dedication, and audience:
Porphyry’s commentary on Aristotle’s Categories, far from being a gratuitous
gloss on a “transparent” tract, becomes intelligible as a rational act directed
to a specific interlocutor, Gedalio, and to a Roman public for whom
philosophical categories acquire authority through social circulation. Reason
here is not merely analytic but relational, sustained by motives, expectations,
and the recognizability of concepts within a shared civic culture. Grice
abstracts this historically situated phenomenon into a general theory of reason‑governed
conversational meaning: what is meant depends on rationally ordered intentions
and on the public norms that make those intentions inferable in talk. His
Oxford seminars on Categories—formal with Austin, exploratory with
Strawson—reenact, in a modern key, the same dynamic Gedalio embodies: rules are
often implicit, motivations partially opaque, yet participants can still “win
the game” because conversational reason supplies coherence before explicit
theory does. The difference is thus one of level rather than substance: Gedalio
exemplifies conversational reason as practiced in ancient Rome; Grice explains
why such practices succeed, even when the rules are not yet fully articulated.
Grice: “We often forget of motivations. What led Porphyry to comment on such a
transparent little tract as Aristotle’s ‘Categories’. Now we now: it was a gift
from Porphyry to Gedalio!” Keywords: category. Filosofo italiano. Grice: “I
would give two sorts of seminars on the categories at Oxford. The first-class ones
were the ones I gave with Austin – him being my senior, he did most of the
teaching. The syllabus included actually a commentary on De Interpretatione.
Ackrill attended them. The other were a more informal set of seminars with
Strawson, entitled ‘Categories’. Our purpose was not just to discuss Aristotle
– since Strawson’s Greek left a lot to be desired – but include a bit of Kant
into the bargain!” I recall a pupil attended and being asked by another: “What
is going on here?” “I have no idea. I don’t know the rules of the game, but it
seems Grice and Strawson are winning!” – This was in response to an ad lib
interruption by O. P. Wood, who shouldn’t have been there in the first place!
Quinton witnessed it all and later told me. Our seminars on ‘Categories’ with
Strawson extended over a number of terms.” A pupil of Porfirio, who dedicates
his commentary on Aristotle’s Categories to him. Keywords: category.
GRICEVS: Salve, GEDALIVE; dic mihi, cur Porphyrius tam perspicuas Aristotelis
Categorias commentatus est? GEDALIVS: Quia donum erat, GRICEVE: libellus tam
“clarus” ut etiam discipulus intellegat—ergo magistri eum ornate obscurant.
GRICEVS: Apud Oxoniam duas habui scholas: cum Austino “primae classis” (ipse
plus docebat), et cum Strawsono “informales”; Graeca illius tam debilis erat ut
Kantium nobis necesse esset adhibere quasi baculum. GEDALIVS: Itaque discipulus
recte dixit: “regulas nescio, sed vincitis”; vos enim in ludo semper vincitis,
etiam cum ipsae regulae nondum inventae sunt. Gedalio (a.u.c. MXXIII), Dicta, Roma.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gelli: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della difficultà di mettere in
regole la nostra lingua, sentientia gricei. Giovan Battista Gelli (Firenze,
Toscana): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della
difficultà di mettere in regole la nostra lingua, sentientia gricei. Both
Gelli and Grice converge on the idea that conversational meaning is
fundamentally reason‑governed yet resistant to rigid codification, though they
arrive there from very different historical and philosophical directions.
Gelli, writing in the Florentine Renaissance context, treats lingua as a
living, dialogic medium whose primary function is to allow one person to
manifest needs, intentions, and sensibilities to another; his reflections on
the difficulty of putting language into rules, his emphasis on dialogic forms,
and his distinction between the sweetness or materiality of expression and its
formal content anticipate what later becomes the problem of implicature, namely
how meaning exceeds explicit form. Grice, by contrast, offers a systematic
philosophical account of how speakers’ reasons, intentions, and shared rational
norms generate conversational meaning, articulating this through his notion of
sentientia as a value‑laden, utterance‑level unit governed by standards of
correctness and rational cooperation. Where Gelli stresses historical language,
dialectal plurality, translation, and the cultural myth of origins (from Tuscan
sweetness to the Adamic tongue) to show why language cannot be fully rule‑bound,
Grice abstracts from particular languages to model how conversational
implicatures arise because rational agents assume one another’s cooperation.
The comparison reveals Gelli as an early, practice‑oriented thinker of
conversational reason and linguistic indeterminacy, and Grice as the theorist
who formalizes that same intuition into a general, reason‑based account of
meaning in conversation. Grice: “I have rather sloppily used ‘sentence’ for
what Cicero calls ‘sentientia’. I argue that ‘sentientia’ is a value-oriented
paradeigmatic concept: a ill-formed sentientia is just not a sentientia. I also
use ‘sentientia’ as the third level of articulation, my focus having been on
‘word,’ or utterance-part, and sentientia, utterance-whole. I like G.; he is a
difficult philosopher, in a typical Italian fashion, mixing semiotics,
philosophy, philology, and literature! His reflections on la lingua d’Adamo (lingua
adamitica) is genial, and he proposes a distinction, which I often ignore,
between lingua dolce, qua expression, or materia, and content, forma. The issue
is central for Italians: Tuscan Italian being THE lingua because the sweetest,
at least to Florence-born G.’s ears!” Calzolaio filosofo da amateur, Gioccatore di cricket amateur e filosofo
profesionale, Discepolo di Francini, Verini, e Ficino, i romani, never i
latini, with who is he contrasting them? With the
fioreusciti fiorentini like himself, the flourished Florentines, but he prefers
lingua toscana; lingua napoletana quite a different thing, he himself cares to
translate from napoletana to toscana; into Toschani, thus spelled. And here
comes the evangelist myth: Etruria as the cradle of Tuscany, and Hebrew and
lingua d’Adamo as lingua primigenia. G. is clear about the nature of lingua,
made for ‘uno possa manifestare all’altro i suoi bisogni.’ Accademic, he revels
in the dialogic form, of a cooper with his own soul, what about Annici and
Cicerone, he asks. They are different. CICERONE makes ‘piu ricca’ the lingua he
thought is the ‘piu bella del mondo.’ Annici the same, but the Toschani are not
Romani, and so the cooper can do as he wishes!” sulla difficultà di mettere in regole la nostra lingua, lingua, lingua,
Grice on English, idiolect, dialect, Language, Noe origine della lingua lingua
fiorentina accademia agl’orti oricellar, la lingua dei romani regole nella
PROSA di Cesare nel tempio di Ennio Glauco Svetonio Tacito Virgilio Alighieri.
Grice: Caro Gelli, ho spesso riflettuto sul significato di “sententia”, che, mi
perdonerai, tendo a confondere con il termine inglese “sentence”. Ma sento che
tu, più di chiunque altro, sai quanto sia difficile mettere in regole la nostra
lingua: la sua dolcezza, la sua materia, la sua forma… Tutto sembra sfuggire a
ogni schema rigido! Gelli: Ah, caro
Grice, la lingua è come il pane caldo: ognuno vuole darle una forma, ma alla
fine segue il suo profumo! In Toscana crediamo che la nostra sia la più dolce,
ma sappiamo bene che ogni dialetto ha la sua musica. E tradurre dal napoletano
al toscano è quasi come cercare la lingua d’Adamo… Grice: Che immagine splendida, Gelli! In
Inghilterra amiamo le regole, ma in fondo anch’io penso che la lingua nasca
dalla necessità di manifestare i propri bisogni agli altri, come sostieni tu. E
forse proprio la difficoltà di fissare regole rende la nostra conversazione più
viva, più vera. Gelli: Ben detto, amico
mio! La lingua, come la vita, cresce nel dialogo. Anche Cicerone cercava di
abbellirla, Annici voleva innovare, ma il vero segreto sta nell’ascoltare
l’altro e lasciare che ogni parola trovi il suo posto, come fanno i fiorentini
nei vicoli di Firenze. In fondo, ogni lingua è un po’ un fiore selvatico!
Gelli, Giovan Battista (1549). La Circe, Firenze: Lorenzo Torrentino.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gellio: la
ragione conversazionale e il portico romano -- Roma – filosofia italiana Lucio Gellio
(Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e il portico romano. The
comparison between Grice and Lucio Gellio brings into relief two complementary
ways of understanding reason‑governed conversational meaning, one analytical
and one emblematic. Gellio, situated in the Roman intellectual world and
drawing on the Stoic image of the portico, conceives conversational reason as
something essentially situated: thinking, arguing, and speaking well require a
protected but public space in which not everything is said indiscriminately,
and where context, audience, and circumstance govern what is appropriate to
utter. His stress on the portico as a place of listening, selective disclosure,
and moderated exchange anticipates the idea that meaning in conversation
depends on shared norms and tacit expectations rather than explicit rules
alone. Grice, by contrast, abstracts this intuition into a general
philosophical theory: conversational meaning is generated by rational
cooperation, where speakers assume that utterances are produced for reasons and
can therefore convey more than they literally say through implicatures. What
Gellio figures metaphorically as the discipline of speaking under the
portico—where reason shapes when and how one speaks—Grice formalizes as
principles governing conversational conduct. The continuity lies in the shared
recognition that conversation is not mere verbal output but a rational
practice, structured by norms of relevance, restraint, and mutual
intelligibility, even when those norms are not codified in law or grammar.
Grice: “At Oxford, ‘stoic’ is in the lips of every historian of philosophy –
but few use that lovely Roman metaphor: porch, which is what ‘stoa’ literally
means!” Portico. Filosofo italiano. Arriano dedicated the discourses of
Epitteto to G., who presumably takes at least an interest in the Porch.
GRICEVS: Salve, GELLIVS; Oxoniae “Stoicum” omnes in ore habent, sed pauci
meminerunt stoa esse porticum: apud nos, nisi pluat, nemo philosophatur sub
dio, ne sub porticu quidem. GELLIVS: Salve, GRICEVS; Roma vero porticibus
cogitat, quia sine porticu nihil cogitare licet: et si quis te roget quid sit
stoa, responde “tectum ad disputandum” — sic etiam pluvia fit argumentum.
GRICEVS: Pulchre; sed miror quod Arrianus Epicteti sermones tibi dicavit:
scilicet putavit te porticum amare, non quia Stoicus es, sed quia sub porticu
melius auditur — et nemo potest dicere te non fuisse auditor, saltem tectus.
GELLIVS: Ita est: ego porticum colo ut tu conversationem; utrumque enim docet
hoc unum—non omnia dicenda sunt in foro: quaedam sub porticu, quaedam
subridentibus amicis, et quaedam tantum cum ventus tacet. Gellio, Lucio (a. u. c. DCLXXXII). Dicta. Roma.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gemmis: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del console. . Ferrante de
Gemmis (Terlizzi, Puglia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura
conversazionale del console. The comparison between Grice and
Ferrante de Gemmis highlights two distinct but compatible conceptions of how
reason governs conversational meaning, one analytic and one historically
situated. De Gemmis, formed within the Italian Enlightenment and steeped in
philosophy of history, treats ragione as a guiding light that operates across
biography, prejudice, opinion, and historical circumstance; conversation, for
him, is implicitly embedded in social roles such as that of the “console,”
where what is said carries meanings shaped by authority, context, and shared
cultural horizons. This makes conversational implication inseparable from
historical and practical reason: utterances convey more than their literal
content because speakers and hearers reason together within a web of
expectations, traditions, and lived experience. Grice, by contrast, brackets
historical narrative and social rank to offer a general theory of conversational
meaning grounded in rational agency itself, explaining implicature through
cooperative principles and speaker intentions rather than through explicit
attention to history. Yet the affinity is clear: where de Gemmis sees reason
cultivated collectively around a table, through dialogue that negotiates
prejudices and viewpoints, Grice formalizes the same phenomenon as the
inferential process by which hearers recover what speakers mean beyond what
they strictly say. De Gemmis thus anticipates, in an Enlightenment key, Grice’s
insight that conversational meaning is not encoded but inferred, and that
reason operates socially, not mechanically, in everyday communication. Grice:
“We don’t do philosophy of history at Oxford, since being a ‘philosopher of X’
is considered a term of abuse here!” storia, filosofia della storia. I love G.
G. is a good example of how an Italian philosopher differs from a philosophy
don at Oxford: ‘don’ is derogatory; whereas de’ Gemmis is a barone! – And he
writes about ‘reason,’ ‘ragione’ – with Abate GENOVESI --; unlike a ‘don’ at
Oxford who would over-do reason to keep a post at his college! In them days,
Italian illuminists take reason very seriously, and possibly ‘light,’
too!” Si laurea a Napoli sotto GENOVESI. Istituì un
gruppo di gioco. Tavola di Storia della Filosofia” Ne scrive la biografia
Bisceglia pubblicata nel "Dizionario degli uomini illustri del
Regno". Muore a Terlizzi, largamente stimato, ed e sepolto nella cappella
nobiliare de G. di Terlizzi. il console, tavola cronologica della storia
universal, vita e opinione, prejudici e predilezioni. Grice: Caro de Gemmis, mi
ha sempre incuriosito la tua passione per la filosofia della storia.
All’Oxford, la storia come disciplina filosofica suscita diffidenza, mentre vedo
che per voi illuministi italiani la “ragione” è davvero qualcosa di serio,
quasi un ideale da inseguire con tutta l’anima! Gemmis: Grazie, Grice! In
Italia, si respira ancora lo spirito dell’Illuminismo: la ragione non è solo
uno strumento, ma una luce che ci guida tra i pregiudizi della storia. Forse
sarà il sole di Napoli, o il peso delle nostre tradizioni, ma sentiamo il
bisogno di riflettere anche sul perché e sul come delle vicende storiche.
Grice: Che meraviglia, Gemmis! In Inghilterra, essere chiamato “filosofo di
qualcosa” è quasi un’offesa, mentre da voi, essere “barone” della ragione
sembra un titolo d’orgoglio. Mi colpisce anche il vostro legame fra filosofia e
vita quotidiana, come la tua amicizia con Genovesi e la creazione di circoli di
discussione. Da noi, si preferisce disquisire nei corridoi dei college! Gemmis:
Forse la differenza sta tutta lì, caro Grice: qui la filosofia vuole essere
fatta attorno a una tavola, con pane, vino e buoni amici. La ragione si coltiva
insieme, tra biografie, cronache e opinioni diverse. In fondo, come diceva
Genovesi, “ragionando insieme si cresce più che soli”. Gemmis, Ferrante de
(1766). Lettera sopra la poesia tragica, Napoli: Simoni.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e
Gennadio: la ragione cnversazionale e il divino – Roma Gennadio
(Marsiglia):
la ragione cnversazionale e il divino -- In the contrast staged between Grice
and Gennadio, Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning is
resolutely methodological and immanent to communicative practice, whereas
Gennadio’s appeal to “conversational reason” remains metaphysically expansive
and explicitly theological: for Grice, what governs conversation is not the
nature of the soul or its ontological status but shared rational expectations
among interlocutors, articulated through intentions, psychological concepts,
and norms of cooperation that make meaning inferable without invoking any
doctrine of anima, animus, or pneuma. Accordingly, Grice treats talk of the
soul as a misplaced metaphysical surplus—something Italians may cherish
diachronically, but which does no explanatory work in philosophical
psychology—while Gennadio insists that conversation itself gestures toward the
divine, understood as the only truly incorporeal being against a background in
which souls and even angels remain subtly material. The difference is thus not
merely terminological but structural: where Gennadio reads rational
conversation as continuous with ancient debates about animus, anima, and
pneuma, linking communicative reason to cosmology and theology, Grice
deliberately brackets such questions, grounding conversational meaning in
ordinary rational agency and leaving “the soul” untranslated, unnamed, and theoretically
idle within his account of how interlocutors mean, imply, and understand one
another. Grice: “Unlike the English, most of whom know very little about the
etymology of ‘soul,’ the Italians take diachrony very seriously. As they point
out, the masculine form, ‘animus’, is strictly more correct than the femine
form ‘anima’ and then there’s ‘pneuma.’ In my Method in philosophical
psychology, while I focus on a PSYCHO-logical theory, and PSYCHO-logical
concepts – notably psychological verbs – I do not consider the very question of
the ‘soul’ itself!” Keywords: soul, animus, anima, pneuma. G. argues
that what he calls ‘the divine’ is the only incorporeal being, but that every
soul -- and indeed every angel -- is material. animus, anima, pneuma.
GRICEVS: Salve, GENNADIVS; audivi te de “ratione conversazionali” et “divino”
loqui: Romae philosopharis, Massiliae tamen sapis; utrum animus an anima? an
pneuma, quod etiam barbari spirant? GENNADIVS: Salve,
GRICEVS; si anima femina est, cur tot viri eam tam anxie definiunt? Ego dico:
divinum solum incorporeum; animae autem, et angeli quoque, corpuscula
habent—tenuia, sed non nihila. GRICEVS: O dii! Ego in Methodo psychologiae
philosophicae verba psychologica persequor, non ipsam “animam”; Itali vero
diachroniam colunt ut vinum vetus, et me docent animus esse “correctior”—quasi
grammatica salvabit metaphysicam. GENNADIVS: At tu, GRICEVS, salva
conversatione salvasti philosophiam: si de anima nimis loquamur, ipsa effugiat;
si de animis, omnes irascantur; de pneuma autem—bene: saltem aliquid spiramus
dum disputamus. Gennadio (a. u. c. MCC). Dicta. Roma.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Genovesi: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della logica. Antonio Genovesi
(Castiglione del Genovese, Salerno, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e
l’implicatura conversazionale della logica. In comparing Grice
with Antonio Genovesi, what stands out is that both conceive of rationality as
essentially embedded in social exchange, yet they operate at different levels
of analysis and with different aims: Genovesi, writing in the mid‑eighteenth
century, treats conversazione as a foundational civic practice in which reason,
trust, and cooperation are jointly constructed, so that logic, rhetoric,
economics, and moral philosophy converge in a theory of communicative exchange
governed by natural law, confidence, and calculable reason, where signs mediate
between ideas and things and where much of what is communicated depends on
shared expectations and implicit understandings within commercial and political
life. Grice, by contrast, abstracts from this broader civil and economic
framework to articulate a formally precise account of how conversational
meaning is reason‑governed through speaker intentions, cooperative norms, and
inferential principles, introducing the modern notion of implicature to explain
how what is meant systematically exceeds what is said without appeal to
metaphysical or civic theories of trust. Where Genovesi views conversational
rationality as a lived, normative practice sustaining social order and mutual
recognition among “civil” agents, Grice reconceives it as a structure of
rational accountability internal to discourse itself, replacing rhetoric and
moral pedagogy with a minimally psychological, quasi‑logical model of
inference, while nonetheless converging with Genovesi in the core idea that
communication is intelligible only against a background of shared reason,
cooperation, and expectations that are not explicitly stated but tacitly relied
upon in every genuine exchange. Grice: “It’s difficult to read G., because he
tends to be so consdescending towards his audience – as if he were LECTURING to
them! scambio conversazionale. I like G.. G. is a good’un – he reminds me of
Oxford – his treatise on logic he called ‘per gli giovenetti,’ which is, as
Piaget would say, as it would. G. reminds me of Strawson, or rather of myself
teaching logic to Strawson back in that infamous term of 1938! I like G.; I
don’t think Socrates taught logic to Alcebiades; he couldn’t teach since the
‘dialogue’ is hardly the way to do it; and then Socrates did not teach logic to
Plato; Plato did not teach logic to Aristotle, since the dialogue is not the
way to go – so it is possibly Aristotle who first ‘taught’ logic to Alexander –
this would indicate that he felt the need to change the form from silly
dialogical exchanges to actual propositions that Alexander could swallow –
“Sign” is what stands for something – a word is the sign of an idea – the idea
is the sign for a thing.” – and so on. “Some things imply others; others
IMPLICATE others. G. has an interesting bunch of things to say about logic, but
then any writer of a ‘tractatulus’ in logic would: so he explores the
natural/conventional distinction as applied to signs, and then the affirmation
and negation, and pragmatic concerns with obscurity and ambiguity – and
sophismata – and complex ‘causal’ propositions, -- quite a genius – and if a
palaeo-Griceian, if I may myself say so!” Si laurea a Bucino sotto Abbamonte. Studia Catone e Varrone. Insegna a
Salerno. Rettorica. Conosce Doti, VICO. Elementa Metaphysicae” language of
commerce languages of political theory tra l'uomo "civile" e la
natura: alcuni problemi di "police" in G. Natura e sensibilità
fiducia Le strategie della fiducia. Indagini sulla razionalità della
co-operazione, Legge di natura e calcolo della ragione L'universo comunicativo
logica critica della ragione economica, scambio conversazionale. Merton, 1936. On Falling in love.
Willowby: You look as if you’ve mislaid your skull. Grice: Only the one. I keep the other for
tutorials. Willowby: Hamlet, then.
What’s the soliloquy today. Grice:
Genovesi. Biography. The sort that treats a philosopher as if he were a
character in a romance. Willowby: I
thought you disliked romance. Grice: I
dislike being made to feel it. There’s a difference. Willowby: What’s the scandal. Grice: He falls in love, and his father
sends him to Buccino to continue his studies.
Willowby: Continue. That word does a lot of work. Grice: It does enough work to make everyone
else lazy. Willowby: Was he at a
seminary when he fell in love. Grice:
Nobody says. The biography merely gives you the blush and then the
geography. Willowby: Geography is the
respectable way to talk about sex.
Grice: And by that I imply that you are an Oxford man. Willowby: Is this a Catholic thing. Grice: Dunno. It’s a father thing.
Catholicism may be mere scenery.
Willowby: You’re confident.
Grice: I’m cautious. I’m trying not to let one adjective do the whole
causal explanation. Willowby: Ambitious
father, you said. Grice: The
implication is that the father preferred orders to ardour. He interrupts the
romance, and calls it education.
Willowby: Is that fair. Grice:
Fair is not the operative category in paternal governance. The operative
category is permitted. Willowby: You
mean patria potestas. Grice: Exactly.
The Roman bit survives in Italy in the form of paternal movement rights. Willowby: Movement rights. Grice: He relocates the boy as if the boy
were a proposition that had begun to entail trouble. Willowby: You have turned a romance into
logic. Grice: I have turned it into
what it already is: a conflict of authorities.
Willowby: And the authority wins by distance. Grice: Middle of nowhere, as the biographer
wants you to feel it. Buccino is made to sound like a moral exile. Willowby: Does it work. Does he stop
loving. Grice: The biography doesn’t
care. The biography cares that he had the nerve to fall in love at all while in
minor orders. Willowby: That’s the
Italian historian’s taste, then. Your hero must show he had the balls. Grice: Quite. It gives him a pulse before it
gives him a chair. Willowby: And then
it reassures the reader that the whole episode was bullocks. Grice: Not bullocks. Bullocky, perhaps. A
warm-up before seriousness. Willowby:
But you’re not going to dwell on whether the exile produced philosophy. Grice: No. I’m dwelling on the father. The
father is the mechanism. He cuts the thing short. Willowby: You’re thinking of your father. Grice: I’m thinking of fathers as a class.
My father had his own ways. He did not send me to Buccino. Willowby: Where would he have sent you. Grice: To a table. To a piano. To Clifton.
Different instruments of discipline.
Willowby: And your mother.
Grice: My mother could move people without moving them. She could turn a
room into a school and call it home.
Willowby: You’re suggesting she had patria potestas. Grice: She had something better. She had
domestic omniscience. She didn’t need a carriage. Willowby: And your Aunt Matilda. Grice: I hope never never never by resident
Catholic convert aunt Matilda. But she would have enjoyed the story, which is
already bad. Willowby: Because it’s
Catholic. Grice: Because it’s
theatrical. Catholics are not the only ones who like theatre. Oxford likes it
too, but disguised as ritual. Willowby:
Like your own orders. Grice: My orders
are paper orders. The only vows at Merton are to prose. Willowby: You could have fallen in love at
Rossall, you know. Grice: I could have,
yes. There were girls, and there was sea air, and there was the convenient
fiction of being independent from Oxford.
Willowby: And yet. Grice: And
yet I did not. Possibly I lacked the Italian historian’s requirements for
heroism. Willowby: Or you had English
requirements. Grice: English
requirements are to feel deeply and behave shallowly. Willowby: That’s cruel. Grice: It’s accurate. And by that I imply it
is a compliment. Willowby: But Genovesi
is a cleric. He can’t marry. Grice: He
is in the clerical track. Whether he is yet bound in the full way is precisely
what the biography refuses to say.
Willowby: Anglican can marry.
Grice: Anglican can marry and still be very unromantic about it. That is
our special talent. Willowby:
Dodgson. Grice: Dodgson is an
instructive case, if you mean that Oxford can remain celibate while remaining
entirely non-Catholic about it.
Willowby: So the moral is not Catholicism but Oxford. Grice: The moral is that institutions always
have a way of treating love as a scheduling conflict. Willowby: And the father is the institution
in miniature. Grice: Precisely. In
Italy the father performs the institution. In Oxford the institution performs
the father. Willowby: That’s too
neat. Grice: Most morals are. The
difficulty is living them without sounding as if you’ve written them. Willowby: So what do you do with
Genovesi. Grice: I treat him as a case
of interruption. Love interrupts study, father interrupts love, biography
interrupts everything by making it all sound like Providence. Willowby: And you. Grice: I try to write philosophy without
letting the biography do the thinking.
Willowby: You’re still Hamlet.
Grice: Hamlet had a ghost. I have a father, a mother, and a paragraph in
Italian. Willowby: And which is worse.
Grice: The paragraph. It keeps insisting it is relevant.Grice: Caro
Genovesi, devo confessarti la mia ammirazione per il modo in cui affronti la
comunicazione e la logica: il tuo approccio sembra davvero illuminante! Qui a
Oxford, ahimè, ci arrivano solo le onde più turbolente dell’empirismo e del
sensismo, e spesso ci dimentichiamo del valore della conversazione autentica. Genovesi: Grazie, Grice! Per me, il dialogo è
alla base del pensiero: la logica non è solo un insieme di regole, ma un
esercizio di fiducia e cooperazione tra uomini. Ogni scambio conversazionale è
una piccola avventura verso la verità comune, e la ragione si costruisce
insieme, non in solitudine. Grice: Hai
ragione, caro amico! Mi affascina la tua distinzione tra naturale e
convenzionale nei segni, e come tu sappia trattare ambiguità e sfumature senza
condiscendenza. Da noi, inseguendo solo i fatti e le sensazioni, spesso
perdiamo il gusto della sottigliezza e della complessità. Genovesi: È proprio questa complessità che
rende la logica viva, Grice! La conversazione è fatta non solo di affermazioni
e negazioni, ma anche di implicature, di fiducia e di strategie sottili; e
forse, come diceva Vico, la vera ragione non sta nei numeri, ma nella parola
condivisa tra amici. Genovesi, Antonio (1735). Scuola. Salerno
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gentile: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale d’Enea all’inferno Bartolomeo Fallamonica Gentile (Taggia,
Imperia, Liguria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale
d’Enea all’inferno. In comparing Grice with Bartolomeo Fallamonica
Gentile, the contrast is between a modern, analytically explicit theory of
reason‑governed conversational meaning and a late‑humanist, poetic
dramatization of rational communication as a philosophical journey:
Fallamonica, deeply shaped by Dante and Lullo, figures reason as something
enacted through narrative descent and ascent, where implicature is not a
technical notion but a literary effect produced by allusion, parody, and
allegorical excess, as in his Virgilian Eneas who understands more than is said
while moving through infernal scenes populated by Aristotle and the great chain
of philosophical transmission. For Gentile, conversazione belongs to the
continuum of ars and natura: art refines natural reason, but does not replace
it, just as ars amandi presupposes instincts already at work, and the reader’s
understanding depends on shared cultural knowledge rather than formal rules.
Grice, by contrast, strips conversational reason of its cosmological and poetic
setting and redescribes it as a system of rational expectations governing
ordinary talk, where implicatures arise from the hearer’s recognition of
cooperative intentions and maxims rather than from mythic descent or rhetorical
spectacle. Yet the affinity is real: both assume that meaning systematically
exceeds what is explicitly said, that rational communication relies on what
interlocutors can be trusted to infer, and that conversational understanding is
an achievement of practical reason; the difference lies in form and ambition,
with Gentile presenting implicature as a comic‑philosophical experience staged
through catabasis and allegory, and Grice translating that same surplus of
meaning into a post‑natural, rule‑governed account of how reasoning agents make
sense of one another in everyday conversation. Grice: “Surely a squirrel does
not need to learn the ‘arns amandi’ – many things that the Italians call
‘artificial’ I merely call post-natural!” ars/natura, ars amandi. It seems
every philosopher has a catabasis – as Eneas did! G. spends a ‘stagione’ in
hell, too! I do like G.– the way he makes ‘Aristoteil’ rhyme! “E vidi alfin colui, che fra’ mortali / più degno par di tutto quell
Collegio, / levarsi contra tutti, e batter l’ali; / dico Aristotil. F. is
interesting: there is Socrates teaching Alcibiades, and Socrates teaching
Plato, and Plato teaching Aristotle, and Aristotle teaching Alexander!” It is, all’ALIGHIERI, a fun philosophical comedy!: Tale è l'analisi che ci
ha data del poema del Falamonica Spatorno. Non poteva questa essere più ampia
dovendo costituire parte di un articolo della sua Opera. Ma egli ha lasciato
maggior desiderio del medesimo, poi chè pare anoi, che altri passi, e forse più
felici, dovrebb'esso contenere, se, come dicegli, questo poema dopo la Commedia
di Dante, e prima dell'Orlando furioso dee tenersi per la migliore composizione
poetica che in quel l'intervallo l'Italia abbia avuta. Noi speriamo che il
signor di Negro lo comunicherà al Pubblico colle stampe. E vidi alfin colui che
fra’ mortali più degno par di tutto quell collegio levarsi contra tutti e
batter l’ali. Dico Aristotil posto in sì gran pregio di lor filosofanti un lume
acceso E pur dal ciel si trova dato in spregio si ch’io restai fra me tutto
sospeso con l’alma or. Enea all’inferno, parodies of the Divine Comedy,
Raimondo Lullo, Bruno e Lullo, il libro dell’amante e dell’amato, ars amativa.
Commedia filosofica. Grice: Caro Gentile, mi affascina il modo in
cui tu intrecci la ragione conversazionale con le imprese di Enea all’Inferno.
Credi davvero che ogni filosofo debba attraversare la propria “stagione
infernale”, come l’eroe virgiliano? Gentile: Grice, hai colto nel segno! La
traversata dell’inferno, per chi riflette, è quasi un rito di passaggio. In
fondo, come diceva Dante, anche i grandi filosofi devono affrontare il buio per
scorgere il lume della ragione. La “commedia filosofica” non è altro che il
viaggio tra ombra e luce, tra dubbio e chiarezza. Grice: Che bella immagine,
Gentile! E a proposito, trovo irresistibile quella tua ironia sull’ars amandi:
forse, come dici tu, la natura e l’arte si fondono, e anche gli animali sanno
amare senza lezioni. Ma secondo te, la conversazione è più arte o più natura?
Gentile: Ah, caro Grice, la conversazione è il ponte fra l’arte e la natura! Ci
vuole istinto, ma anche la grazia dell’ascolto e della parola scelta. Un po’
come Aristotele che, con la sua saggezza, “batte le ali” tra i mortali e
illumina il cammino di chi cerca verità. In fondo, ogni dialogo è una piccola
catabasi: si scende nel profondo per poi risalire più ricchi. Gentile,
Bartolomeo Fallamonica (1514). Canti. Genova.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gentile: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Marino Gentile (Trieste,
Friuli Venezia Giuli): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura
conversazionale. In comparing Grice with Marino Gentile,
the difference emerges between an analytically formal theory of conversational
reason and a classical, humanistic conception of philosophy as an ongoing
practice of radical questioning: Gentile understands rationality less as a set
of rules governing discourse than as problematicità pura, a permanent openness
that defines philosophical life itself and that finds expression in dialogue,
education, and the historically continuous use of classical categories such as
number in Plato and the unmoved mover in Aristotle. For Gentile, conversational
reason is inseparable from paideia, from the cultivation of the whole person
through questioning that resists definitive closure, so that what might be
called “conversational implicature” takes the form of what is always left
unsaid, suspended between one question and the next, rather than something
codified or derived by rule. Grice, by contrast, seeks to explain how everyday
speakers successfully communicate despite this indeterminacy by articulating
principles of rational cooperation and implicature that make implicit meaning
systematically recoverable within ordinary language use. Yet the affinity is
striking: both reject philosophy as a closed system, both see reason as
something enacted in shared practices rather than imposed from outside, and
both take Aristotle seriously as a guide to the structure of thought; where
Gentile elevates questioning itself to the core of classical rationality, Grice
translates that same commitment to rational accountability into a post-natural
theory of how interlocutors mean more than they say by relying on shared norms
of reasoning within conversation. Grice: “There is such a slight difference
between the Greek words ‘philosophos’ and ‘sophista’ that I have decided to
replace every occurrence of ‘sophista’ by ‘philosophista’ and see what happens!
sophist, philosopher. I love G.; like me, he is interested in Aristotle’s
immotum motor, and the idea of number in Plato – but he extends his views to
all the rest of philosophy of language; if Vitters wrote a ‘trattato,’ so did
G.!” Si laurea a Pisa sotto Carlini. Insegna a Trieste. idee
numeri lizio G. occupa sicuramente un posto importante nella storia della filosofia del secolo scorso, ma – se fin dall’inizio
non vogliamo avanzare discorsi di carattere celebrativo o commemorativo, quanto
innanzitutto teoretico forse dovremmo dire che egli occupa un posto importante
nella storia della filosofia. La ragione per cui vale la pena di rinnovare, anche in questa sede, la
riflessione sul maestro patavino, è che egli ci rimette davanti alla struttura
essenziale del filosofare. La sua concezione della filosofia come problematicità pura si di-mostra infatti quale dice di essere,
veramente classica, in quanto, evidenziando in tale problematicità quella che
non può non essere considerata la caratteristica del filosofare, mostra di possedere essa stessa un valore permanente ed ricerca
di classicità, si attua come paideia, cioè come sforzo di realizzare nelle
più diverse situazioni storiche l’essenza dell’uomo, non un sistema compiuto,
ma una sollecitazione a riprendere la ricerca sulla verità della persona,
espressione di quel domandare radicale in cui si traduce ogni impegno filosofico. Considerando l’essere umano nella sua integralità, l’umanesimo, anziché
contrapporsi, si possa intrecciare anche in ambito scolastico. L’indicazione è
di preziosa attualità e ci fornisce un’altra conferma della potenza del
domandare filosofico. Il domandare vigorosamente rinnovarsi.. In un scambio di ruoli,
persiste a interrogarci. storia della filosofia period antico – filosofia
romana, la preghiera segno dei romani itali antici pre-sofistica pre-Leonzio
uso di classico in latino classico, filosofisti filosofisma. Grice: Caro Gentile, da buon inglese, confesso
che la differenza tra “filosofista” e “sofista” mi sfugge come il senso del tè
freddo. Dimmi: preferisci domandare in modo problematico o rispondere con
numeri platonici? Gentile:
Ah, caro Grice, la domanda è il vero pane della filosofia! Se ti dessi una
risposta definitiva, sarebbe come servire una pizza senza mozzarella: manca il
cuore! La mia classicità è tutta nell’arte di chiedere e ricercare, anche se i
numeri di Platone fanno sempre la loro figura. Grice: Gentile, allora la
tua filosofia è come una pizza margherita: semplice all’apparenza, ma ricca di
gusto in ogni fetta! Dici che la problematicità è la vera classicità, ma ti sei
mai trovato a domandare tanto da rimanere senza risposta, come un pizzaiolo
senza farina? Gentile:
Grice, capita spesso! Ma è proprio lì che nasce la vera filosofia: nel vuoto
tra una domanda e l’altra, come il profumo del forno acceso. E poi, se manca la
farina, basta cambiare ricetta: il pensiero filosofico, come il pane fresco, si
rinnova ogni giorno, anche quando sembra fragile! Gentile, Marino (1928).
Cultura classica e formazione Cristiana. Studium
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gentili: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della filosofia romana
arcaica Bruno Gentili (Valmontone,
Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della
filosofia romana arcaica. Both H. P. Grice and Bruno Gentili arrive
at a conception of meaning as reason-governed and inferential, but they
approach it from strikingly different starting points that nonetheless
converge. Grice develops his theory of conversational meaning by treating
communication as a rational, cooperative activity: what is meant goes beyond
what is said through implicatures that an audience is entitled to recover by
assuming the speaker’s rationality and orientation toward shared ends. Gentili,
working as a classicist and historian of archaic Rome, identifies a
structurally comparable phenomenon in early Roman culture, where sense is
generated not by abstract system-building but by socially embedded
practices—metrical, rhetorical, and civic—in which interlocutors rely on shared
norms and expectations to grasp what is conveyed beyond the literal form. Where
Grice theorizes implicature in explicit philosophical terms, Gentili
reconstructs it historically, showing how Roman discourse presupposed a form of
communal rationality rooted in the forum, the law court, and public performance
rather than in Greek σχολή. For Gentili, Roman thought is not merely
Hellenistic philosophy in translation, but a distinct mode of reasoning in
which meaning is negotiated through culturally stabilized cues, silences, and
formal constraints; for Grice, those same features are abstracted into
principles and maxims governing any rational exchange. The comparison reveals a
deep affinity: Grice provides the explicit analytic framework for what Gentili
uncovers philologically in Roman antiquity—a conception of meaning as something
achieved through reasoned inference within a shared form of life, whether
described as conversational cooperation or as the civic rationality of early
Rome. Grice: “I seldom use ‘rhetoric,’ but Leech has: calling my thing a
conversational rhetoric – I guess I like that! I love G., and Austin and
Ryle do too – he is a classicist – from central Italy therefore he FEELS Roman
– he has explored the beginnings of philosophical thinking in Lazio, as opposed
to the old schools of Velia, Crotone, and Girgenti! I know G.’s type: once in
love with Greek, you cannot be an honest Latinist. So he finds that everything
Roman has to be Hellenistic, see his notes on the Saturnio. This of course
irrirtates and rightly so Latinists. There are Roman ways which are not
Hellenistic ways. Geymonat analyses this in social-class terms in his history:
Athens remains the finishing school for the ‘figli’ of the ‘migliore famiglie
romane’ – and the circle of Scipione is pro-hellenic, but Cato wins: Latin
remains the lingo! It also shows the unfairness of academia for the poor – only
the poor learn at Oxford, and I was fortunate enough to have Hardie – but
imagine you are born near Urbino and decide to study classics at Urbino and you
have G. as your teacher in “Latin literature” and all he teaches you is how
Hellenistic it all is! I hope you are not poor and that you don’t have to LEARN
at Urbino!” Si laurea a Roma sotto Mercati e Perrotta.
Isegna a Urbino. Conosce Romagnoli, la storia di Agatia. filologia metrica
latina ritmica. Influenza significativamente gli allora della filologica latina
capitolina, tra cui Rossi e Privitera che ricorda come quelle lezioni non
avevano il tono pacato delle lezioni ex cathedra. Come docente, G. era
bifronte. Si può, anzi, dire che bifronte fosse sempre; secondo i casi poteva
essere flessibile o intransigente, Basava l'insegnamento sulle sue
ricerche. metrica, lirici: antologia Polinnia, Bacchilide. di
Ancreonte, Poetae elegiaci. implicature, il rettore latino la chiasura della
scuola di rettorica a Roma di Crasso e Plozio Cicerone una perdita di tempo che
chiude le teste dei Romani. G.: Apri!, la rettorica a roma: i primi e gl’ultimi
semestri la guerra di Mario pell’apertura della cittadanza agl’italici. Grice:
Gentili, mi ha sempre incuriosito come lei parli della filosofia romana arcaica
senza ridurla a semplice imitazione dell’ellenismo. Secondo lei, esiste davvero
una via “romana” al pensiero filosofico?
Gentili: Caro Grice, la via romana esiste eccome! I Romani, anche nei
primi passi della loro filosofia, cercarono sempre di adattare ciò che veniva
dalla Grecia alla loro indole concreta e al senso della comunità. La retorica,
ad esempio, fu subito vista come arte civile, più che come puro esercizio
stilistico. Grice: Mi colpisce come lei
faccia dialogare la metrica latina e la filosofia, quasi fossero due ali dello
stesso pensiero. Crede che la scuola romana abbia perso con la chiusura delle
retoriche di Crasso e Plauzio? Gentili:
In parte sì, Grice. Quella chiusura ha segnato la fine di una stagione di
apertura culturale, ma ha anche stimolato una nuova creatività. Sa come si dice
dalle nostre parti? “Quando una porta si chiude, si apre un portone.” E così è
stato per la filosofia romana: ha saputo reinventarsi, sempre tra rigore e
flessibilità. Gentili, Bruno (1963). Poesia e pubblico nella Grecia antica,
Bari: Laterza.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gerratana: siciliano
non italiano all’isola – la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura
conversazionale del contratto sociale. Bruno Gentili (Valmontone,
Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della
filosofia romana arcaica. Both H. P. Grice and Bruno Gentili arrive
at a conception of meaning as reason-governed and inferential, but they
approach it from strikingly different starting points that nonetheless
converge. Grice develops his theory of conversational meaning by treating
communication as a rational, cooperative activity: what is meant goes beyond
what is said through implicatures that an audience is entitled to recover by
assuming the speaker’s rationality and orientation toward shared ends. Gentili,
working as a classicist and historian of archaic Rome, identifies a
structurally comparable phenomenon in early Roman culture, where sense is
generated not by abstract system-building but by socially embedded
practices—metrical, rhetorical, and civic—in which interlocutors rely on shared
norms and expectations to grasp what is conveyed beyond the literal form. Where
Grice theorizes implicature in explicit philosophical terms, Gentili
reconstructs it historically, showing how Roman discourse presupposed a form of
communal rationality rooted in the forum, the law court, and public performance
rather than in Greek σχολή. For Gentili, Roman thought is not merely
Hellenistic philosophy in translation, but a distinct mode of reasoning in
which meaning is negotiated through culturally stabilized cues, silences, and
formal constraints; for Grice, those same features are abstracted into
principles and maxims governing any rational exchange. The comparison reveals a
deep affinity: Grice provides the explicit analytic framework for what Gentili
uncovers philologically in Roman antiquity—a conception of meaning as something
achieved through reasoned inference within a shared form of life, whether
described as conversational cooperation or as the civic rationality of early
Rome. Grice: “I seldom use ‘rhetoric,’ but Leech has: calling my thing a
conversational rhetoric – I guess I like that! I love G., and Austin and
Ryle do too – he is a classicist – from central Italy therefore he FEELS Roman
– he has explored the beginnings of philosophical thinking in Lazio, as opposed
to the old schools of Velia, Crotone, and Girgenti! I know G.’s type: once in
love with Greek, you cannot be an honest Latinist. So he finds that everything
Roman has to be Hellenistic, see his notes on the Saturnio. This of course
irrirtates and rightly so Latinists. There are Roman ways which are not
Hellenistic ways. Geymonat analyses this in social-class terms in his history:
Athens remains the finishing school for the ‘figli’ of the ‘migliore famiglie
romane’ – and the circle of Scipione is pro-hellenic, but Cato wins: Latin
remains the lingo! It also shows the unfairness of academia for the poor – only
the poor learn at Oxford, and I was fortunate enough to have Hardie – but
imagine you are born near Urbino and decide to study classics at Urbino and you
have G. as your teacher in “Latin literature” and all he teaches you is how
Hellenistic it all is! I hope you are not poor and that you don’t have to LEARN
at Urbino!” Si laurea a Roma sotto Mercati e Perrotta.
Isegna a Urbino. Conosce Romagnoli, la storia di Agatia. filologia metrica
latina ritmica. Influenza significativamente gli allora della filologica latina
capitolina, tra cui Rossi e Privitera che ricorda come quelle lezioni non
avevano il tono pacato delle lezioni ex cathedra. Come docente, G. era
bifronte. Si può, anzi, dire che bifronte fosse sempre; secondo i casi poteva
essere flessibile o intransigente, Basava l'insegnamento sulle sue
ricerche. metrica, lirici: antologia Polinnia, Bacchilide. di Ancreonte,
Poetae elegiaci. implicature, il rettore latino la chiasura della scuola di
rettorica a Roma di Crasso e Plozio Cicerone una perdita di tempo che chiude le
teste dei Romani. G.: Apri!, la rettorica a roma: i primi e gl’ultimi semestri
la guerra di Mario pell’apertura della cittadanza agl’italici. Grice: Gentili,
mi ha sempre incuriosito come lei parli della filosofia romana arcaica senza
ridurla a semplice imitazione dell’ellenismo. Secondo lei, esiste davvero una
via “romana” al pensiero filosofico?
Gentili: Caro Grice, la via romana esiste eccome! I Romani, anche nei
primi passi della loro filosofia, cercarono sempre di adattare ciò che veniva
dalla Grecia alla loro indole concreta e al senso della comunità. La retorica,
ad esempio, fu subito vista come arte civile, più che come puro esercizio
stilistico. Grice: Mi colpisce come lei
faccia dialogare la metrica latina e la filosofia, quasi fossero due ali dello
stesso pensiero. Crede che la scuola romana abbia perso con la chiusura delle
retoriche di Crasso e Plauzio? Gentili:
In parte sì, Grice. Quella chiusura ha segnato la fine di una stagione di
apertura culturale, ma ha anche stimolato una nuova creatività. Sa come si dice
dalle nostre parti? “Quando una porta si chiude, si apre un portone.” E così è
stato per la filosofia romana: ha saputo reinventarsi, sempre tra rigore e
flessibilità. Gentili, Bruno (1963). Poesia e pubblico nella Grecia antica,
Bari: Laterza.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Geymonat: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del temperamento romano. Luodvico
Geymonat (Torino, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura
conversazionale del temperamento romano. Both H. P. Grice
and Ludovico Geymonat conceive reason as something exercised in concrete
practices rather than as an abstract faculty detached from life, but they
articulate this insight at different levels. Grice’s theory of conversational
meaning treats communication as a rational, cooperative activity in which
speakers and hearers rely on shared expectations to infer what is meant beyond
what is literally said; implicature, for him, is the clearest sign that reason
operates within ordinary exchanges as a form of disciplined practicality.
Geymonat, approaching the issue historically and culturally, locates a
comparable rationality in what he calls the Roman temperament: a form of reason
grounded in action, law, probability, and the use of Latin as a working language
of thought rather than a vehicle for speculative abstraction. Where Grice
formalizes the inferential structure that allows interlocutors to recover
hidden meaning, Geymonat reconstructs the same logic of inference as a
historically embodied habit, visible in Roman attitudes toward causality,
mathematics, and practical epistemology. Both resist idealist or purely
speculative accounts of reason—Grice from within analytic philosophy, Geymonat
from a neo‑rationalist, materialist historiography—and both emphasize
continuity: for Grice, the continuity of rational cooperation across
conversations; for Geymonat, the continuity of rational practices from
classical Rome through modern science. Read together, Geymonat provides the
historical and cultural depth to what Grice supplies in analytic form: the idea
that reason, whether in conversation or in philosophy, is always governed,
exercised, and tested within concrete human practices rather than above them.
Grice: “Unlike others, including myself, I fear, G. has talked the talk and
walked the walk when it comes to the systematicity and continuity in the
history of philosophy! storia della filosofia. I like G. – he calls himself a
neo-rationalist, like Canova – whereas I go for the real thing! Plato! G.
explores the origin of infinity in the triangle of Tartaglia. G. explores what
he calls ‘the images of man.’ G. has a curious essay on darkness (‘tenebre’) –
and a longer essay on ‘reason.’ Like me, G.
explores the philosophy of probability – from Latin ‘probare’ – and he was an
anti-fascista!”–D’ascendenza valdese, di laurea a Torino sotto Pastore e Fubini
colla conoscenza nel positivismo e le funzioni trascendenti intere. Une
filosofia e logica, contra Gentile e Croce. “La filosofia della
natura” e “indirizzi della filosofia.” comunista,. Insegna a
Milano. razionalista positivismo temi tipici del positivismo. realtà oggettiva
materialismo dialettico. Interpreta la concezione della matematica di
BONAIUTO come un strumento d'interpretazione della realtà. causalità,
probabilità, il continuo, l’intuizione, epistemologia. Politicamente
fu of people the Romans might conquer – nothing about foreign distant lands!
The second most notable remark is then that Scipione Emiliano paid lip service
to the Hellens – Catone’s ‘resistenza’ won in the end – as is seen by the mere
fact that Latin was retained as the lingua romana – in romano – unlike the
Empire of the East where Greek was adopted So, ‘philosophy’, as we know it, had
an Italic origin, and is molded in the language of the conquering Romans!
ragione -- temperamento romano – concretto – pratico – Catone – il trionfo di
Catone colla lingua latina – la gioventu romana entusiasta con Carneade – I
Scipioni ellenisante – la gioventu delle megliore familie – grand tour a Grecia!
-- il teorema di Picard, il teorema di Caratheodory per le funzione
armoniche. Grice: Geymonat, la sua attenzione al temperamento romano
e al pragmatismo della filosofia italiana mi ha sempre incuriosito. Secondo
lei, cosa rende la ragione romana così diversa da quella greca? Geymonat: Grazie, Grice! Credo che la ragione
romana sia fortemente radicata nella concretezza e nella pratica. Se i Greci
indagavano l’essenza dell’infinito, i Romani preferivano la solidità della
lingua latina e la costruzione del diritto, come insegnava Catone. Da noi il
pensiero si accompagna sempre all’azione.
Grice: Mi affascina anche la sua riflessione sulla continuità nella
storia della filosofia. Lei parla di “immagini dell’uomo”—quanto pensa che la
filosofia debba essere radicata nella realtà storica, piuttosto che
nell’astrazione pura? Geymonat: Per me
la filosofia non può mai abbandonare la realtà storica. La ragione si plasma
nel tempo e nello spazio, e anche la matematica—che ho tanto amato—è uno
strumento per interpretare la realtà. La pratica e il contesto sono ciò che dà
senso alle idee, non solo la loro astrattezza. “La ragione romana è fatta di
terra e di parola: senza entrambe, non si può costruire nulla.” Geymonat, Ludovico
(1930). Il problema della conoscenza nel positivismo, Sotto Pastore. Torino.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ghersi – filosofia
savonese – scuola di Savona Celle Ligure A. M. Ghersi – filosofia
savonese – scuola di Savona – filosofia ligure -- filosofia italiana
– (Celle Ligure). philosopher -- curator of at Villa
Grice, . Ghersi
has an interest in Grice’s philosophybut finds Strawson pretty enjoyable,
too!Theere’s something about the Oxonian nonsensical philosophical humour that
Ghersi appreciates like none other. Ghersi often makes candid fun of some of
Grice’s inventions, such as that of the conversational “common-ground
status”!Ghersi enjoys the full-time paradoxes of the bald king of France.
Ghersi’s favourite humorist is J. K. Jerome, but also enjoys Wodehouse.And
finds Dodgson just fascinating is mainly organised along Ghersis’s personal
tastes, as a personal library should!Ghersi is not particularly appreciative of
poetry, but will enjoy the ballad set to piano! Ghersi’s favourite genre is
drama, since “it is so clear in implicature.” Grice is a frequent contributor
to cultural circles and societies and a host like none otherSperanza
appreciates Ghersi’s talent to infuse enthusiasm in all type of endeavours
--. Keywords: love, soul, life, inghilterra. GriceGhersi e
GriceGrice e Watson --. Refs. BANC MSS 90/135c. Vide Speranza.Vide SperanzaVide
SperanzaVide Speranza. – . Ghersi, A. M. (n. d.). Il Gruppo di Gioco
di H. P. Grice. Portofino, Liguria.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ghiron: la ragione
conversazionale. Guido Fubini Ghiron (Venezia, Veneto): la ragione
conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational
meaning and Guido Fubini Ghiron’s intellectual temperament converge in their
shared insistence that rationality lives in practice rather than in detached
abstraction, even though they operate in different registers. For Grice, reason
is enacted in conversation through cooperative norms that govern how speakers
infer what is meant beyond what is said; conversational implicature is a
disciplined exercise of practical rationality, sensitive to context, purpose,
and shared expectations. Fubini Ghiron, by contrast, embodies a structurally
analogous rationality within mathematics and its applications: his work across
differential geometry, analysis, probability, and mathematical physics treats
reason as something tested in use—across transformations, functions, and
concrete problem‑solving—rather than as a self‑contained formal system. Where
Grice articulates the inferential mechanics that allow meaning to emerge from
interaction, Fubini Ghiron displays the same logic of inference in a different
medium, moving fluidly between abstract structures and applied demands, from
automorphic functions to artillery accuracy and acoustics. Both resist idealist
separation between theory and use: Grice by anchoring meaning in conversational
practice, Fubini Ghiron by treating mathematics as an instrument for
interpreting reality, not an end in itself. Read together, Fubini Ghiron’s
“conversational reason” in mathematics mirrors Grice’s philosophical project:
reason is not merely possessed, but exercised—governed by norms, responsive to
context, and validated by what it successfully makes intelligible. Noto soprattutto per il teorema che porta il suo nome. fondatore della
geometria proiettiva differenziale, ma ha dato contributi importanti anche
all'analisi e alla fisica matematica, in particolare occupandosi di gruppi
continui e discontinui, funzioni automorfe, calcolo delle variazioni, equazioni
differenziali ed equazioni integrali. Si laurea a Pisa sotto Dini e Bianchi col
parallelismo negli spazi ellittici. Insegna a Torino. dimostrazione del teorema
per cui è particolarmente noto, anche se Fubini stesso non considerò mai quel
risultato fra i suoi più importanti. In questo periodo le sue ricerche si
rivolsero soprattutto all'analisi matematica e più in particolare alle
equazioni differenziali, all'analisi funzionale all'analisi complessa e alle funzioni
automorfe. Ma si dedicò anche al calcolo delle variazioni, alla teoria dei
gruppi discontinui, alla geometria non euclidea e alla geometria proiettiva.
Suoi allievi, oltre a Čech, sono Terracini e Togliatti. Allo scoppio della
prima guerra mondiale G. spostò la sua attenzione su questioni più applicative
e studiò l'accuratezza del fuoco dell'artiglieria. Dopo la guerra continuò a
interessarsi di applicazioni della matematica e applicò suoi risultati a
problemi dei circuiti elettrici e dell'acustica. Quando Fubini era quasi
sessantenne e vicino al pensionamento, il governo fascista, imitando il regime
nazista, adottò leggi razziali. Fubini, in quanto ebreo, si trasferì negli
Stati Uniti accettando un invito a insegnare all'Università di Princeton. Quattro
anni dopo morì a New York. Opere Il parallelismo di Clifford negli spazi
ellittici, «Annali della Scuola normale superiore di Pisa». Sopra una classe di
equazioni che ammettono come caso particolare le equazioni delle membrane e
delle piastre sonore nota, «Rendiconti del Reale Istituto lombardo di scienze e
lettere. Sui gruppi di proiettività, «Rendiconti dell’Accademia nazionale dei
Lincei, Classe di scienze fisiche, matematic he e naturali». Una questione
fondamentale per la teoria dei gruppi e delle funzioni automorfe, Fubini.
Aggiunse al proprio cognome quello della moglie, Ghiron. Grice: Ghiron, mi hanno raccontato che tra
geometria proiettiva e calcolo delle variazioni sa destreggiarsi meglio di un
pizzaiolo che lancia l’impasto: ma quale teorema vorrebbe vedere servito come
antipasto a una cena di matematici? Ghiron: Caro Grice, sicuramente il teorema che
porta il mio nome, anche se dicono che Fubini lo considerasse più contorno che
piatto forte! L’importante è che nessuno confonda le funzioni automorfe con le
fette di salame sulla pizza! Grice: Ah, vede, da noi a Oxford se sbagli una
funzione differenziale rischi che ti tolgano il tè delle cinque! Ma lei, dopo
la guerra, preferiva risolvere problemi acustici o controllare che
l’artiglieria facesse centro sulla base degli integrali? Ghiron: Diciamo che la
matematica è come la pizza: cambia condimento a seconda del periodo, ma resta
sempre una buona scusa per discutere tutta la notte! E comunque, la
dimostrazione migliore è quella che risolve sia un’equazione che un problema di
stomaco vuoto. Ghiron, Guido Fubini (1899). Sui gruppi di trasformazioni delle
varietà ellittiche. Rendiconti della Accademia dei Lincei, Roma.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ghisleri: la ragione
conversazioanale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’atlante filosofico –
federalismo contro-rivoluzione – lo stato. Arcangelo Ghisleri
(Casina Sant’Alberto, Ravenna, Emilia Romagna): la ragione conversazioanale
e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’atlante filosofico – Grice’s
theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning and Arcangelo Ghisleri’s
“philosophical atlas” converge on the idea that rationality is exercised
through situated practices rather than abstract systems, though they articulate
this insight in different domains. Grice locates reason in the fine structure
of conversation, where speakers rely on shared norms to generate implicatures
that allow meaning to exceed literal form, making rational understanding a
cooperative and context‑sensitive activity. Ghisleri, working across geography,
history, philosophy, and political theory, advances an analogous conception of
reason as embodied in maps, regions, dialects, and civic education: rational
understanding emerges from tracing how language, territory, and historical
memory interact within lived political space. His insistence that Italy be
studied “region by region, dialect by dialect” mirrors Grice’s attention to
idiolect and local usage, while his reflection on the pen and the sword
anticipates Grice’s sensitivity to metaphor, implicature, and the shift from
comparison to assertion when a linguistic marker is elided. Where Grice
theorizes how rational agents infer unstated meaning in dialogue, Ghisleri
stages a broader civic conversation, using cartography and historical narrative
to implicate political conclusions without dogmatic assertion. In both cases,
reason is not imposed from above but drawn out through practices—conversational
for Grice, geographic‑historical for Ghisleri—that invite the interlocutor or
citizen to complete what is only partially said. -- federalismo
contro-rivoluzione – lo stato. Grice: “I borrowed ‘idiolect’ from Bloch –
but then I realized that ‘Oxonian dia-lect’ would do just as fine!” idiolect.
Whereas to many, G.’s best work is that on Ancient Rome and counter-revolution,
I treasure the details: ‘the pen is like a sword’ – ‘the pen and the sword.’
“The pen is my sword.’ Note that the first is a mere simile – as used by G.,
but his executor turns it into a metaphor just by eliding the ‘like’ (“come”).
I like Ghisleri – a typical Italian philosopher; wrote on geography, on ‘la
penna d’oca,” and a fabulous history of Roman philosophy! He was into politics, too!” Dobbiamo rifare la nostra educazione politica e
civile sulla base di una nuova e più razionale conoscenza del nostro paese.
Dobbiamo studiare l'Italia regione per regione, ne' suoi dialetti. Allora si
era sentito mortificato nel constatare che nelle scuole italiane venivano
adottati atlanti stranieri, assai carenti nel trattare la geografia storica
dell'Italia. Piccolo manuale di geografia storica, un testo-atlante che desse
il dovuto rilievo all'evoluzione storico-geografica dell'Italia. Istituto
italiano d'arti grafiche e s'impose nel settore della cartografia. G. concepì
il suo atlante in modo da offrire per una stessa regione molteplici carte e
cartine con le denominazioni e le divisioni topografiche proprie di ogni epoca.
L'apparizione dell'atlantesalutata dalle lodi di esperti e studiosi, suscita
anche riserve di parte del mondo accademico, che rimprovera a G. superficialità
e la commistione tra la geografia fisica e la storia dei popoli, delle civiltà,
delle esplorazioni, dei commerci. Commistione ricercata dal G. che, in polemica
con il tradizionale approccio alla geografia senza sentirsi condizionato dai
limiti dei programmi scolastici, persegue metodi province. atlante filosofico,
tavola storia romana, eta romana – classe V ginnasiale -- storia romana e
filosofia, memoria di Cattaneo, rivoluzione con Rensi – Mazzini, mazziniano –
lo stato italiano – stato federale – federazione, storia romana e filosofia.
Grice: Caro Ghisleri, ho sempre trovato affascinante come tu abbia unito
geografia, storia e filosofia nel tuo atlante. Trovi che questa commistione
renda più viva la conoscenza del nostro paese? Ghisleri: Grazie, Professore
Grice! Credo fermamente che per capire l’Italia sia necessario osservarla nei
suoi dettagli, regione per regione, dialetto per dialetto. Solo così, la storia
prende vita nelle mappe e la filosofia diventa concreta. Grice: Mi ha colpito
anche la tua riflessione sulla penna e la spada. Pensi che oggi la parola abbia
ancora il potere di cambiare la società, come un tempo la spada? Ghisleri:
Assolutamente, Grice! “La penna è la mia spada” non è solo una metafora, ma una
dichiarazione di fiducia nell’educazione e nella conoscenza. Solo con nuove
mappe, nuovi atlanti e nuove idee possiamo davvero rinnovare la nostra vita
civile e politica. Ghisleri, Arcangelo (1879). Il socialismo e la scienza
positiva, Milano: Tipografia Sociale.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giardini: la ragione
conversazionale. Elia Giardini (Pavia, Lombardia): la ragione
conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed
conversational meaning and Elia Giardini’s rhetorical pragmatics meet at a
shared classical insight: human rationality is constituted as much by how we
articulate thought as by the thought itself. Giardini, drawing on Ciceronian
rhetoric and early modern elocutio, treats reasoning and speaking as
inseparable capacities that bind human society, insisting that persuasion
depends not merely on logical correctness but on memory, delivery, clarity, and
restraint—what he calls the governed difficulty of true eloquence. Grice
recasts this tradition in analytic terms by isolating the normative mechanisms
that make everyday talk intelligible, showing how cooperation, relevance, and
rational expectations generate implicature beyond literal meaning. What Giardini
frames as rhetorical art—balancing stimulus and restraint, pronuncia and
giudizio—Grice translates into conversational maxims and inferential
discipline. Both resist the idea that meaning is carried solely by explicit
form: Giardini emphasizes how eloquence succeeds where mere speaking fails,
while Grice explains this success through reasoned inference rather than
ornament. In this sense, Grice’s conversational pragmatics can be read as a
modern extension of Giardini’s conversational rhetoric: rhetoric purified of
excess psychology and rearticulated as a theory of rational interaction, where
perspicuitas is not stylistic clarity alone but the shared rational visibility
that allows speakers and hearers to meet in meaning. Grice: “I love G.– most of
my examples come from him, even his meta-language, like ‘perspicuitas’!” ELEMENTI DELL’ARTE RETTORICA Umanità' Pavia . DELLA ELOCUZIONE, L lA
fhcoJtà di ragionare, e d’ cfpriincre con articolate voci i pròpri (èntimenti ,
c di co- ftiufiicarli per mezzo 'di quelle agii altri , è quellà , che
diftingué T uomo dal recante degli animali, e che forma il principal vincolo
dell’umana ibcietà(i}. Avvegnaché però quefto fu Un dono ^1 benefico Autore
della natura a tut- ta la fpecie de^li uomini compartito ; pure non in tutti
qualmente Una tal facoltà manìfefta le fue fòrze , e i fuoi'effctti produce ,
Tutti ragio- nano^ tutti parlano, e pochiflìmi fon quelli» che col proprio
difcorfo arrivano a perfuadere; il che fenza dubbio è chiariffimo argomento,
die qu^to incile lì è il parlare, altrettanto dif- fBcile iì è il parlare con
vera Eloquenza In- 0 } Hoc UDO honincs maxime befliia praeflant .... Q.uz th
alia potoit aur dirperfot homines unum in locum congrc. t*re, auc s fera,
agreflique vita ad hunc humanum cnltum, «ìvilemqHe deducere, aut jam
cooflitutìa civitatìbus legea iadieia , jura de&rtbere * Ctc. Lii. T; De
Orat. Qaibus de caufis, quia non iure miretiir , fcriveTtil- liéiteti. cap.^ ex
omni memoria statum , lempo- rum , civiiatum , cam exiguura Oratorum nunerum
iaveoi- rìf e eenténtde fimalmente al e. 5. quia enim.aiiad effe puter, nifi
tei quandam iocrcdlbilem magniiudmcm , dim- a a ciii* Intefero quefto i primi
fìlofofi , che attenta- mente confiderando i mirabili prodigi dalla na- tura
operati ‘fpecialmeme nell’ uomo, .videro, che , ficcome in alcuni ella
abbifognava di fti- iTiolo, cosi uopo aveva in altri di freno (0. Coir arte
penfarono dunque di fupplire al difet- to della natura iftelTa ; e di memoria ,
leggiadria di portamento , e Soavità di pronundazione. Ma perchè l’arte può
velo- cemente incamminarci Sulla retta via , e Sommini- strarci Solo i tefori
dell’ eloquenza ; ed al noftro giudizio poi appartiene Casi conchiude dettone
le fut Partizioni Oratorie ./ - I * V f 4 I t t . I j ? \ * t < 1 ( «r . » ^o»
1 Hi. prammatica come rettorica conversazionale. St. John’s,
1938. Poole: Reading religion, Grice. Grice: If by that you mean the prayer
book, no. If by that you mean an imprint line, yes. Poole: An imprint line is a
kind of prayer in Oxford. What are you reading.
Grice: Giardini. Arte rettorica. Pavia. 1782. Poole: Pavia. Lombardy. You are straying from Oxfordshire already. Grice: Lombardia beats
Oxfordshire by antiquity, if that is what we are trading in. Poole: You have
underlined something. That is always a sign of moral agitation. Grice: Not moral. Typographical. The line says: Stamperia del Regio ed
Imperiale Monastero di S. Salvatore, per Bianchi. Poole: Ah. Monastero. And you, a new Lecturer at St John’s, have found a
monastery. Grice: I know I can be fastidious. By that I imply that I can be
distracted by anything that looks like institutional self-description. Poole:
Regio ed Imperiale. Two crowns for one press. Why does that please you. Grice:
Because it is an unnecessary explicitness. The press is doing what speakers do
when they say: I am being cooperative. They announce the virtue rather than
merely showing it. Poole: Or they announce the patronage to frighten the
competition. Grice: That too. And by that I imply that even printers have
implicatures. Poole: The immediate question is whether Giardini was a monk.
Grice: He wasn’t, at least not then. A lay professor printed by a monastery
press. Poole: Lay. Grice: Laico. Poole: You are correcting my English with your
Italian. Grice: I am correcting your category with your language. Lay in Oxford
sounds like a man not ordained. Laico, in that Italian context, can mean simply
not clerical at the time, without the whiff of dissent. Poole: And you are
sure. Grice: As sure as one can be without becoming dogmatic. He becomes a
priest later, after becoming a widower. But the 1782 imprint does not force the
conclusion. Poole: Yet the reader sees Monastero and infers incense. Grice: A
modern laico reader might. A Pavia reader in 1782 might infer only where the
press sits and what privileges it enjoys. Poole: You are defending monasteries.
Grice: I am defending printing. Monasteries print. Colleges teach. Both are
institutions that do work and then pretend the work is grace. Poole: St John’s
began as a religious house, you know. Grice: I had been hoping you would say
that. Poole: Cistercian. Founded as St Bernard’s College, and then Henry VIII
got hold of the whole business and the monasteries went, at least officially.
Grice: So St John’s is a post-monastic survival. Poole: And you, appointed
Lecturer, are now officially employed by a building that is a converted
religious idea. Grice: Which means I am reading a monastery imprint inside a
monastery-turned-college. That is almost too symmetrical to be true. Poole: Symmetry
is what dons call history when they are being lazy. Grice: And by that I imply
that I am being lazy. Poole: Now, pastoral advice. They tell me your job
includes it. Grice: I have heard the rumour. Oxford likes to pretend it does
not do pastoral care, and then it makes its tutors do it. Poole: A student
comes to you in distress. You quote him an imprint line. Grice: I would first
ask whether he is distressed in the laico sense or the clerical sense. Poole:
That is not an answer. Grice: It is a classification. Classification often
looks like kindness until you are the one being classified. Poole: Let us
return to your monkless monastery. What is the implicature you want. Grice:
That rhetoric carries no faith with it. It carries technique. Poole: Aristotle’s
Rhetoric is your authority, then, not Saint Salvatore. Grice: Precisely. If
there is a saint here, it is Aristotle, which is blasphemy in two directions at
once. Poole: Salvatore. The Saviour. Which saviour is it. Christ, plainly.
Grice: The monastery is called San Salvatore. Not San Giovanni. Poole: And St
John’s honours John the Baptist, or John the Evangelist, depending on who is
doing the talking. Grice: Which means the saints disagree, but the institutions
cooperate. Poole: You have made that into your topic already, I suppose. Grice:
It is my topic because it is everybody’s topic. Institutions survive by
implication. They do not state their own premises; they live them. Poole: Yet
you stare at Regio ed Imperiale as if it were a confession. Grice: Because it
is a confession. It confesses that printing required authority. It confesses
that words needed sponsors. Poole: You are tempted to say that your own
lectureship is Regio ed Imperiale. Grice: No crowns, only committees. And by
that I imply that committees are worse. Poole: The undergraduates will come to
you, Grice, and say, Is rhetoric religious. Grice: And I shall say, It depends
on what you mean by rhetoric. Poole: That is your profession’s favourite
evasion. Grice: It is not evasion. It is the only way not to lie. Poole: Then
answer it now, without your escape hatch. Grice: Rhetoric is a study of means.
Religion is a study of ends, or claims to be. Sometimes ends borrow means. That
borrowing does not baptise the means. Poole: That is better. It almost sounds
as if you believe it. Grice: I believe it provisionally. By that I imply that I
reserve the right to retract if you produce a counterexample. Poole: I can
produce St John’s itself as counterexample. A monastery becomes a college, and
the rhetoric of sanctity becomes the rhetoric of scholarship. Grice: Exactly.
The rhetoric changes its addressee, not its mechanics. Poole: Mechanics. You
are making my medieval stone sound like a gearbox. Grice: It is a gearbox. It
converts money into meals, rooms into minds, and Latin into status. Poole: And
Giardini’s book is printed in a monastery press, and later reprinted
commercially, though you say you won’t mention that. Grice: I won’t. But you
have. Poole: That is my privilege as President in embryo. Grice: And my duty as
Lecturer is to suffer it. Poole: Last question. Are you embarrassed by the
monastery line. Grice: No. If anything, I am relieved. It reminds me that
institutions always have histories, and that my own, St John’s, has one longer
than my job description. Poole: So the moral. Grice: The moral is that an
imprint is not a creed. Monastero is a place, not a doctrine. Rhetoric is not
faith, even when printed under a saint’s roof. Poole: That is your topic,
Grice. How would I know. Grice: You know by asking. And by that I imply that
pastoral advice begins as a question, not a sermon. Poole: Then go and practise
it. Someone will knock soon enough. Grice: They always do. And if they ask me
about monasteries, I shall tell them the weather has been lovely for this time
of year.Grice: Giardini, devo
confessare che la sua teoria sull’eloquenza mi ha sempre affascinato. Ma mi dica, secondo lei, si può convincere
qualcuno anche solo offrendo una buona pizza?Giardini: Caro Grice, la pizza è
senza dubbio un potente argomento, ma la vera arte sta nel modo in cui la si
presenta! Se la pronuncia è soave e la memoria tiene il conto degli
ingredienti, il successo è assicurato.Grice: Ah, quindi, basta parlare bene e
gesticolare come un vero romano per trasformare ogni cena in una lezione di
eloquenza? Forse dovrei portare qualche britannico a scuola da lei!Giardini:
Sarebbe una gran bella scena, Grice! Ma attenzione: troppi gesti e troppa pizza
rischiano di confondere gli Oratori. L’importante è mantenere il freno, come
diceva la natura… e magari lasciare sempre spazio per il dessert! Giardini, Elia (1782). Arte rettorica. Pavia: Stamperia del Regio ed
Imperiale Monastero di S. Salvatore, per Bianchi
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giamboni: la ragione
conversazionale. Enrico Giamboni: la ragione
conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed
conversational meaning aligns closely with Enrico Giamboni’s project of a
“grammatica ragionata” insofar as both treat language as an organized practice
grounded in rational faculties rather than as a mere system of signs.
Giamboni’s Principii del discorso aim to discipline speaking by systematically
associating words with the things they represent and by rooting grammar in
attention, memory, judgement, and reasoning, so that correct speech becomes
inseparable from clear thinking and effective persuasion. Grice radicalizes and
streamlines this insight by shifting the focus from grammatical classification
to the inferential norms that govern actual discourse: what matters for him is
not only how propositions are formed but how speakers, relying on shared
rational principles, convey more than they explicitly say through implicature.
What Giamboni calls clarity, force, and harmony in the construction of
discourse, Grice reconstrued as cooperation, relevance, and rational
expectation operating dynamically in conversation. Both see discourse as a
human achievement grounded in reason and mental discipline, but where Giamboni
frames this achievement as an explicit pedagogical and rhetorical system
adapted to a particular language, Grice abstracts from grammar to articulate a
general theory of rational interaction in which meaning emerges from the
orderly play of assertion, inference, and conversational response. Grice: “When
I referred, informally, at my Oxford seminars and elsewhere – notably at the
Aristotelian Society symposium at Cambridge – to the ‘principles of rational
discourse,’ I was having G. in mind.” principio del discorso – principii del
discorso. PRINCIPII DEL DISCORSO ACCOMODATI ALLA LINGUA ITALIANA
associare i vocaboli alle COSE che essi RAPPRRESENTANO sforzo prodigioso ad un
tempo e della vostra riflessione e della vostra memoria conservatrice fedele dei
SEGNI e delle cose SIGNIFICATE che furono a ne' primi anni di vostra esistenza
sono forse da voi fatti maggiori progressi nella somma delle reali cognizioni
di quelli che sarete per fare in tutto il resto di vostra vita. C lo stato
d’infanzia è molto più utile Tuttociò serve a persuadervi che una GRAMMATICA
RAGIONATA Parti del discorso nome sostantivo distinzione dei vocaboli nome
aggettivo Gradi degl’aggettivi accompagna nome Del vice-nome Delle primarie
facoltà della mente sensazioni e sentimento percezione attenzione idea
inflessione giudizio raziocinio evidenza memoria cosccnza. fe/io e r/rg/*
assertivi proposizione argomentazione vice-assertivo vice-verbo preposizione
avverbo congiunzione interiezione nome e pronome genere numero nomi irregolari
ed anomali caso segnacasi declinazione assertivo verbo modo indefinito voce
verbale indeterminate modo imperativo indicativo congiuntivo ottativo
desiderativo persone degl’assertivi e loro numero conjugazione dell’assertivo
conjugazione del verbo irregolare essere conjugazione dell'assertivo irregolare
avere prospetto comparativo degl’assertivi normali delle conjugazioni regolari
conjugazione dell’assertivo sfinire assertivo anomali o irregolari conjugazione
delt assertivo andare irregolari colla desinenza assertivo che esce di regola
assertivi difettoso gerondio preposizione esprimente rapporto congiunzioni
ripieno o riempitivo costruzione del discorso o sin chiarezza forza armonia
ortografia consonante raddoppiata lettera majuscolca sillaba interpunzione. prammatica
come rettorica conversazionale. Gamboni.
Grice: Giamboni, mi ha sempre colpito il modo in cui lei ha adattato i
principii del discorso alla lingua italiana. Trovo affascinante il suo sforzo
di associare i vocaboli alle cose che rappresentano, quasi a voler rendere la
grammatica una vera arte del pensare e del parlare. Come nasce, secondo lei,
questa esigenza di una "grammatica ragionata"? Giamboni: La
ringrazio, Professore Grice. Credo che l’attenzione ai principii del discorso
derivi dalla volontà di fondare il pensiero sulla chiarezza e sull’armonia. La
lingua, per me, è uno strumento prezioso: ogni parola, ogni segno ha un valore
che va accudito, come si fa con un’eredità di famiglia. Una grammatica
ragionata aiuta non solo a parlare correttamente, ma a pensare in modo lucido e
ad argomentare con forza. Grice: Mi trova perfettamente d’accordo! Anche nella
mia riflessione sulle implicature conversazionali, la chiarezza e la forza
dell'argomentazione sono essenziali. Mi piace il suo approccio pragmatico, che
trasforma la grammatica in una sorta di rettorica conversazionale. Secondo lei,
quali sono le facoltà mentali più importanti per costruire un discorso
efficace? Giamboni: Direi che attenzione, memoria e raziocinio sono le
fondamenta per un discorso ben costruito. Ogni proposizione deve poggiare su
queste facoltà: l’attenzione ci aiuta a cogliere i dettagli, la memoria
conserva i segni e i significati, mentre il raziocinio dà evidenza e struttura
all’argomentazione. Solo così la lingua può esprimere con chiarezza i
sentimenti e le idee, diventando davvero il vincolo dell’umana società.
Giamboni, Enrico (1889). La dottrina della filosofia, Milano: Hoepli.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giametta: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- il volo d’Icaro e
l’implicatura di Sanctis. Sossio Arturo Giametta (Frattamaggiore,
Napoli, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale
-- il volo d’Icaro e l’implicatura di Sanctis. Grice’s theory of
reason‑governed conversational meaning finds a particularly illuminating
counterpart in Sossio Giametta’s philosophically exuberant treatment of la
ragione conversazionale, where implicature is not merely a logical by‑product
of cooperation but an existential and stylistic event. Grice approaches
conversational implicature as a disciplined outcome of shared rational
expectations: speakers say what they do because they assume co‑participants are
reasoning beings who can bridge the gap between what is said and what is meant.
Giametta, by contrast, dramatizes that gap through literary and metaphysical
figures—most notably the flight of Icarus—treating implicature as a risky
ascent beyond the literal, where meaning emerges through bold compression,
sudden “cortocircuiti,” and flashes of insight rather than steady inference
alone. Yet the affinity is deep: Giametta’s Crocean heterodoxies and his
insistence on language as a site where essence and existence collide resonate
with Grice’s view that meaning is not contained in sentences but generated by
rational agents navigating constraints, temptations, and excess. Where Grice
offers a cool analytic geometry of implicatum, implicans, and implicaturus,
Giametta stages the same structure as a philosophical drama in which language
flies, falls, and sometimes dazzles. The difference is one of temperament and
idiom rather than principle: Grice formalizes conversational reason to show how
ordinary discourse works; Giametta intensifies it to show how philosophy and
language achieve moments of revelation. In both, implicature is the mark of a
rationality that dares to imply rather than merely assert—reason not as
mechanical rule‑following, but as a lived, and sometimes Italianate, art of
saying more than one says. Grice: “At Oxford, we had ordinary-language
philosophy; at Bologna, only EXTRA-ordinary language philosophy counts!
ordinary-language philosophy. G. is a good’un, but you gotta be an Italian to
appreciate him fully, or at least have gone to Clifton, as I did! G.’s
philosophy is full of Italianateness: ‘il volo d’Icaro,’ and then there’s his
‘Croceian heterodoxies,’ and most Italianate of all, the Dantean reference to
Nisso, Chiron, and Folo in the “Inferno”! Sublime!” Si laurea a Firenze. Insegna a Firenze critica eterodossa su
Croce. Cura Cesare. Essenzialismo Il Bue squartato L'oro prezioso dell'essere
Cortocircuiti, natura, naturans Grice, implicans, implicaturus sia come
“naturata Grice implicatum, implicatura, implicaturus, implicata. Grice: “The
problem: ‘is ‘naturare’ a good verb?’ la condizione umana come determinata
dalla combinazione di due elementi eterogenei: dall’essenza di tutto ciò che
esiste, che è divina, e dalle condizioni di esistenza, che sono spesso fin
troppo diaboliche, a cui sono sottoposte tutte le creature. Il con-temperamento
di questi due elementi essenza ed esistenza, diverso in ogni individuo, spiega
le ragioni per cui si afferma la vita, si è ottimisti Oltre il nichilismo
Candaule Grice interprete di se stesso” –della fede. Croce, Filosofia come
dinamita il pazzo” Eterodossie crociane La caduta di Icaro macelli. La dolce
filosofia L'oro dell'essere Cortocircuito e implicatura Il dio lontano Tre
centauri, Filosofi Grandi problemi risolti in piccoli spazi. Codicillo
dell'essenzialismo; Capricci diario colpo di timpano Dio impassibile Il bue
squartato macelli passione della conoscenza. grandi oscurità della filosofia
risolte in lampeggianti parole. La lingua la questione della lingua, il volo
d’Icaro, l’implicatura di Croce – eterodossie crociane Cosi parlo Zoroaster;
cosi implico! cortocircuito e implicature, la pazzia di Croce, il pazzo di
Croce – la caduta di Icaro? No, il vuolo di Icaro! – Colli e Montanari!, cortocircuito
ed implicatura. Grice: Giametta, mi ha sempre affascinato il suo modo di
intrecciare filosofia e letteratura, soprattutto quando parla del volo d’Icaro.
Secondo lei, c’è ancora spazio per l’audacia nella filosofia contemporanea, o
rischiamo tutti di bruciarci le ali come Icaro? Giametta: Caro Grice, credo che
l’audacia sia il cuore pulsante della filosofia. Senza il coraggio di osare e
di andare oltre i confini imposti, rimarremmo prigionieri della routine del
pensiero. Il volo d’Icaro è una metafora potente: ci ricorda che a volte il
rischio è necessario per scoprire l’oro prezioso dell’essere. Grice: Condivido
pienamente! E trovo sublime il modo in cui lei mette in discussione le
eterodossie crociane, aprendo nuovi orizzonti. Mi domando: quanto conta,
secondo lei, la lingua nella ricerca filosofica? È solo uno strumento, o anche
essa può essere “volo”? Giametta: Ottima domanda, Grice. La lingua non è solo
uno strumento, ma un vero e proprio volo: ci permette di esplorare implicature,
cortocircuiti e nuove prospettive. Come diceva Dante, le parole possono
portarci oltre il visibile, verso la conoscenza e la passione. Ed è lì che,
come Icaro, troviamo la dolce filosofia, anche se a volte rischiamo di cadere.
Giametta, Sossio (1964). Introduzione a Nietzsche, Napoli: Guida.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giandomenico: la
ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- l’apertura semantica
e l’implicatura di BONAIUTO. Mauro Di Giandomenico (Carunchio,
Chieti, Abruzzo): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale --
l’apertura semantica e l’implicatura di BONAIUTO. Grice’s theory of
reason‑governed conversational meaning and Mauro Di Giandomenico’s work
converge on the idea that meaning in communication is not exhausted by literal
content but emerges from rational, biologically and cognitively grounded
practices, though they approach this from markedly different angles. Grice
develops conversational implicature as a formally reconstructible phenomenon
arising from shared rational expectations among speakers, treating conversation
as a rule‑guided activity in which agents infer what is meant by reasoning
about purposes, relevance, and cooperation, ultimately rooting this account in
his broader method in philosophical psychology, from simple biological cases to
complex human discourse. Di Giandomenico, by contrast, situates conversational
reason within a wider epistemological and scientific framework that spans
philosophy of biology, history of medicine, and computational epistemology: his
early work on figures such as Tommasi and Bernard emphasizes criteria and signs
of life rather than strict conceptual analysis, and this concern with
operational criteria later informs his interest in communication, semantic
openness, and linguistic‑computational modeling. Where Grice constructs
implicature as an inferential mechanism operating between what is said and what
is meant, Di Giandomenico stresses the openness of meaning through networks,
styles, and signs, including attempts to extract philosophical vocabularies and
semantic structures from canonical dialogues, treating logic itself as a meta‑discourse,
a theory of theories. The affinity lies in their shared intuition that
rationality governs meaning beyond lexicographic definitions: Grice formalizes
this through inferential pragmatics, while Di Giandomenico reframes it as
semantic openness across natural life, artificial languages, and ethical
communication, linking conversational implicature to broader processes of
biological organization, computation, and humanistic inquiry. Grice: “My
attempt at Pirotese was inspired by Russell, rather than Carnap! Tealy pirots
karulise elatically. I like G.; he makes excellent commentary on Bernard’s
controversial, deterministic idea of life – from amoeba to man, in Russell’s
words. Surely this has connections with my method in philosophical psychology,
from the banal to the bizarre, which actually starts with philosophical
BIO-logy! G. shows that while Bernard never thought he had to provide a
‘conceptual analysis’ of ‘vivente,’ he does propose this or that criterio: for
one he tries to prove that self-nourishment cannot be the criterion – but I’m
not sure what the positive he poes, if any!” Si laurea a Bari sotto Corsano. Insegna a Bari. comunicazione.
Epistemologia Informatica prammatica computazionale e umanistica. fisiologia,
limplicatura conversazionale, segno. Tommasi, Pende. iinformatica
linguistica si sono proposte l'analisi linguistico-computazionale. al di là del
livello lessicografico filosofese o terminologia filosofica, come
implicatura e d’implementare una rete sintattica. Un progetto
riguardato l'analisi della conversazione nel Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi
di BONAIUTO ricava un vocabolario filosofese terminologia filosofica
vocabolario filosofico di BONAIUTO, procede ad una valutazione dello stile ed
avviare l'analisi semantica d’un concetto utilizzato. lingue dell'artificiale e
quella della vita, comunicazione etica sperimento la logica si configura come
teoria delle teorie non solo un discorso logico sulla logica con i mezzi della
logica, ma metadiscorso E’, a tutti gli effetti, una regressione, un ritorno ai
fondamenti che l’hanno costituita nelle sue operazioni originarie, anche
storiche, nonché nelle sue operazioni fenomenologiche trascendentale intuitiva
precategoriale operazioni costitutiva logica filosofica filosofia prima, teoria
della teoria apertura semantica how pirots karulise elatically implicazione
retorica stile Vinci corpi positivistica; therefore, pirots karulise! Grice: Giandomenico, la sua analisi sul
concetto di “vivente” mi ha fatto riflettere: se l’ameba dovesse compilare un
curriculum, che criterio dovrebbe inserire per dimostrare di essere viva? Autonomia?
Amore per la pizza? Giandomenico: Caro Grice, se l’ameba fosse
davvero ambiziosa, metterebbe sicuramente “apertura semantica” tra le
competenze, visto che si divide e comunica senza mai perdere il senso della
conversazione! Quanto alla pizza, forse preferirebbe una bella cellula al
pomodoro. Grice:
Ecco, la cellula al pomodoro potrebbe rivoluzionare la filosofia della
biologia! Ma mi dica, professore: nella sua esperienza informatica, ha mai
trovato una macchina che sappia fare implicature migliori di un napoletano
davanti a una sfogliatella? Giandomenico: Grice, ancora no, ma sto
lavorando a una rete sintattica che, se va bene, saprà distinguere tra una
domanda seria e una battuta. Se ci riesco, prometto di invitarla a Bari per una
cena a base di “filosofese” e linguine… e forse anche un po’ di semantica! . Giandomenico, Mauro Di (1965). Tommasi, medico e filosofo, Adriatica.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giani: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- implicatura mistica –
l’implicatura di Catone. Niccolò Giani (Muggia, Trieste,
Friuli-Venezia Giulia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura
conversazionale -- implicatura mistica – l’implicatura di Catone. Grice’s
theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning and Niccolò Giani’s notion of
a “mystical” implicature represent two sharply contrasting responses to the
same problem: how meaning exceeds literal content while remaining intelligible
within a shared practice. For Grice, implicature is generated by rational
inference under cooperative norms, and even when meaning departs from what is
explicitly said it remains accountable to reasons that interlocutors can, in
principle, reconstruct; conversational understanding is thus continuous with
practical rationality and grounded in publicly assessable expectations. Giani’s
approach, emerging from the context of fascist political philosophy and the “scuola
di mistica” associated with Milanese intellectual life, treats implication less
as an inferential achievement of reason than as an expression of spirit,
tradition, or collective belief, where meaning operates through symbolic
resonance, mythic opposition between the sacred and the profane, and doctrinal
mystique rather than through cooperative calculation. What Grice would regard
as cancellable, defeasible implicature becomes in Giani a non‑rational, often
non‑revisable surplus of meaning tied to political and moral doctrine—liberal,
communist, democratic, or fascist alike—each cultivating its own mystique. The
contrast, then, is between Grice’s demystifying account of conversational
meaning as reason‑responsive and corrigible, and Giani’s re‑enchantment of
implication as a quasi‑sacral force embedded in political philosophy, where
meaning persuades not by shared rational inference but by appeals to spirit,
authority, and collective identity. Grice: “At Oxford, we had Chamberlain, and
I was forced to leave Oxford and join the Navy – at Bologna, they had
Mussolini, who rather created a school of mysiticism to entertain the
philosophical minds amongt them! fascismo. It’s hard for me to judge Giani’s
philosophy because I fought against the Italians during the so-called ‘second
world war,’ so-called! But I would be willing to expand: if Giani developed
what he aptly called a ‘mystique’ – so did we at Oxford – Churchill surely held
his ‘mystique.’ Of course the Italian, being more scholastic, had to call it ‘scuola
di mistica,’ – and the idea was that of an all-male chivalry order – aptly set
at Milan!” Si laurea a Milano. Scuola di mistica. La richiesta di
entrare in possesso de "Il covo" punta ad ottenere il possesso di uno
degl’ambienti più importanti dell'immaginario fascista. Insegna a Pavia.
‘spirito’ contrapposto al "biologico". Il covo negli anni e stato
passa alla loro espulsione e ciò per chè, come testimoniano numerosi scrittori
latini — da Persio a Ovidio, da Svetonio a Plinio, da Tacito a Giovenale —
gl’Ebrei conside rano come profano tutto ciò che da noi è consi derato sacro
(cfr. Tacito, Hist.); per chè essi hanno un culto particolare, leggi par
ticolari, disprezzano le leggi romane (cfr. Giovenale, Im. Lat.). Colle
generazioni questo contrasto di civiltà e questa antitesi di istituzioni si
acuiscono. È così che si arriva alla spedizione di Tito: all’assedio e alla
distruzione di Gerusalemme. E in tal mo do, due secoli dopo Cartagine, anche
sull’or goglioso regno di Giudea passa l’aratro romano e viene cosparso il
sale. implicature mistica, mistico, il mistico – la mistica del liberalismo –
la mistica del comunismo – la mistica della democrazia – la mistica del
socialismo – filosofia politica – dottrina liberale – dottrina comunista –
dottrina democratica – dottrina socialista, fascismo. Grice: Giani, devo ammettere che a Oxford ci
siamo sempre persi tra la mistica di Churchill e la logica del tè delle cinque.
Ma voi a Milano, con la vostra scuola di mistica, avete trovato una via più
affascinante: è vero che per diventare mistici, serve più spirito che biscotti? Giani: Caro Grice, a Milano il biscotto serve
solo per il caffè, ma la mistica richiede una buona dose di spirito e un
pizzico di follia. Se poi qualcuno entra nel "covo", lo spirito
diventa doppio – e la filosofia rischia di diventare una partita di carte! Grice: Ah, una partita di carte mistica! Da
noi, invece, la mistica si perde tra le regole della conversazione: ma se
Catone avesse avuto un mazzo di carte, forse avrebbe risolto la questione tra
sacro e profano giocando a briscola con Giovenale! Giani: Grice, sono certo che Catone avrebbe
apprezzato la briscola, purché si rispettasse la regola d’oro della mistica:
mai prendersi troppo sul serio e, soprattutto, non mischiare le carte con il
covo dei filosofi – altrimenti finiamo tutti a discutere sullo spirito, ma con
il piatto vuoto! Giani, Niccolò (1937). La rivoluzione fascista, Milano:
Edizioni del Popolo d’Italia.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giani: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della radice italica del
melodramma. Romualdo Giani (Torino, Piemonte): la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della radice italica del
melodramma. Grice’s account of reason‑governed conversational
meaning and Romualdo Giani’s reflection on the “Italic root” of melodrama
intersect at the level of how meaning exceeds literal structure, but they
articulate that excess in fundamentally different registers. For Grice,
conversational implicature is a rational phenomenon: what is conveyed beyond
what is said is generated by shared norms of cooperative inference, calculable
in principle and answerable to reasons, even when it draws on rhetoric, tone,
or cultural expectations. Giani, approaching the problem from idealist
aesthetics and the philosophy of music and drama, treats implication less as an
inferential surplus and more as an aesthetic‑ethical resonance produced by the
synthesis of rhythm, sound, gesture, and word in melodrama and tragedy. Where
Grice insists that even the most elusive conversational effects remain anchored
in rational accountability, Giani locates the force of implication in a pre‑discursive
or supra‑discursive unity of spirit, one that emerges in the collective
experience of music and drama and resists reduction to logical articulation.
The contrast is thus between Grice’s pragmatics of discourse, which explains
meaning through reasoned participation in conversational practices, and Giani’s
aesthetic philosophy, which sees implication as arising from the organic fusion
of artistic elements, where meaning persuades not by inferential transparency
but by expressive coherence and shared cultural sensibility. Grice: “I love G.;
for one, he was less fanatic than Nietzsche, even if it is Nietzsche’s
fanaticism that attracts Strawson! For one Giani is more careful: if ‘music’
comes from the muses, which are Apollonian, why has Nietzsche to emphasise in a
piece of bad rhetoric, that tragedy has its birth in the ‘spirit’ of “music” –
surely Nietzsche means ‘Dionysian,’ but there’s no ‘music’ in Dionysus, only
noise! Trust an Italian to correct Nietzsche on that point!” Si laurea a
Torino. Si appassiona al teatro musicale di Wagner. Idealista.
Per l'arte aristocratica. arte per l'arte Nerone” di Boito, Questa tragedia
farebbe parte del novero delle tragedie vere, quelle in cui ritmo, suono della
parola, gesto, musica concorrono alla creazione di un che di superiore.
Tuttavia, quando la musica del Nerone fu resa nota postuma, dichiara una certa
delusione. L'estetica di Leopardi. Vede in Leopardi il luogo in cui le immagini
della sua poesia si comporrebbero in un universo etico ed estetico coerente.
All'interno della storia della critica leopardiana, pare avvicinabile ora alla
posizione di Croce, di distinzione tra il momento della poesia e il momento
della riflessione, ora a quelle positivistiche. parla di musica e dell'analogia
tra il ruolo del insieme con uno studio sul Boito, e la critica a Debora e
Jaele di Pizzetti, un'opera mancata. pubblica il Sillabario di estetica e a
conclusione della polemica aggiungeva una Nota crociana, in cui evidenzia
contraddizioni nella teoria di Croce. La polemica si riaprì con lo scritto La
favola dell'aridità con il quale G. insorge, contro un'affermazione del Croce
che definiva "età di aridità creativa" il secolo; la rettifica
crociana Obiettanti e seccatori non soddisfece G., che replica con Il parto
settimello. : Savitri"Idillio drammatico Pizzetti; Estetica
Melodramma e dramma musicale, Gli spiriti della musica nella tragedia greca,
implicatura. Grice: Giani, mi ha sempre incuriosito la sua riflessione sulla
radice italica del melodramma. Trovo affascinante come lei, da idealista,
riesca a distinguere tra l’arte aristocratica e il rapporto tra musica e
tragedia, soprattutto nel confronto con Nietzsche. Come interpreta oggi la
nascita dello spirito musicale nella tragedia greca? Giani: La ringrazio,
Professore Grice. Ritengo che il melodramma italiano abbia un’origine
profondamente legata alla tradizione poetica e filosofica del nostro paese, più
che alla sola dimensione dionisiaca proposta da Nietzsche. In Italia, il ritmo,
il gesto e la parola si fondono in modo unico, creando un universo etico ed
estetico, come sosteneva Leopardi. La musica non è solo rumore, ma elevazione
dello spirito. Grice: Concordo, infatti ho sempre pensato che l’apporto
italiano alla storia del melodramma sia stato quello di saper bilanciare
l’estetica poetica con la riflessione filosofica. La sua critica a Croce e la
sua analisi di Boito e Pizzetti mostrano una ricerca di autenticità artistica.
C’è, secondo lei, un elemento tipicamente italiano che rende il melodramma
superiore rispetto ad altre tradizioni? Giani: Assolutamente, Professore. Il
melodramma italiano si distingue per la sua capacità di integrare emozione e
pensiero, di trasformare la musica in un’esperienza etica collettiva. L’arte
per l’arte, come diceva Boito, non è mai fine a se stessa, ma è sempre permeata
dalla storia, dalle contraddizioni e dal desiderio di superare l’aridità
creativa. In questo senso, il melodramma diventa un simbolo della vitalità
culturale italiana. Giani, Romualdo (1894). I Medici. Parole e musica di
Leoncavallo. Il dramma. Rivista musicale italiana
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giannantoni: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della dialettica. Gabriele
Giannantoni (Perugia, Umbria): la ragione conversazionale e
l’implicatura conversazionale della dialettica. Giannantoni’s and
Grice’s approaches converge on the idea that rationality is not an abstract
faculty imposed on language from outside but is enacted within dialogical
practice itself, yet they articulate this convergence from opposite
methodological directions. Grice arrives at reason‑governed conversational
meaning by analytic reconstruction: cooperative conversation is taken as
primitive, and implicature emerges from interlocutors’ rational sensitivity to
shared norms (maxims) governing what counts as saying enough, saying it
appropriately, and meaning more than is said; dialectic, for Grice, is thus
implicit in ordinary conversation as a rule‑governed activity oriented to
mutual understanding and justified expectations. Giannantoni, by contrast,
reaches a strikingly parallel conclusion through historical‑philological
inquiry: starting from the Socratic dialogue in the Athenian agora and tracing
its transformations through Platonic, Roman, and later traditions, he treats
dialectic as historically born from conversational reason—ragione
conversazionale—anchored in respect for the co‑conversationalist (the
“principio dialogo” inherited from Calogero and aligned with Croce‑Gramsci’s
longitudinal historical method). Where Grice formalizes rational conversational
expectations into a theory of implicature applicable across contexts,
Giannantoni shows how those expectations are first instantiated, normatively
and ethically, in Socratic practice and then sedimented across dialectical
traditions; the former gives a synchronic logic of conversational meaning, the
latter a diachronic genealogy of how such logic becomes philosophically
articulate. Grice: “I realised that my attacks on the philosophismata so
frequent at Oxford at the time relied on a theory of ‘significaio’ that took
cooperative conversation as basic – what G. calls the ‘principio dialogo’!
principio dialogo. I love G.; for one, he believes, with me, that there is
Athenian dialectic, Roman dialectic, Florentine dialectic and Oxonian
dialectic; like me, he has explored mostly ‘Athenian dialectic,’ and he has
noted that its birth (‘nascita’) is in the ‘dialogo socratico,’ so it should
surprise nobody that I have based my philosophy on the facts of
conversation!” Si laurea a Roma sotto Calogero.
Il dialogo all’agora e la dialettica all’accademia” Reliche di Socrate” G.
sempre seguie il criterio di Croce e Gramsci, storico cronologico (unita
longitudinale) Anche allo scopo di realizzare una scrittura precisa, ha compiuto
studi sulla logica di lizio semantica teoria del segno. Nella sua vita e nella
dottrina si è sempre impegnato nel mettere in pratica l'insegnamento socratico,
così come fa Calogero: insegnando la conversazione basatio sulla regola d’oro:
il rispetto verso il co-conversazionalista. Cura I Presocratici La metafisica
dei lizii (Che cosa ha veramente detto Socrate” Cirenaici Filosofia romana”
Filosofia italica in eta antica” Le filosofie e le scienze contemporanee,
Torino: Loescher, I fondamenti della logica de’ lizii” (Firenze: La nuova
Italia); Le forme classiche Torino: Loescher, Volpe Roma: Riuniti, Socrate.
Tutte le testimonianze: Da Aristotfane e Senofonte ai Padri cristiani; Bari:
Laterza, Aristotele. Opere; introduzione e indice dei nomi, Roma; Bari:
Laterza, Epicuro. Opere, frammenti, testimonianze sulla sua vita; Bignone;
Bari: Laterza, I presocratici: testimonianze e frammenti Bari: Laterza, Profilo
di storia della filosofia, Torino: Loescher. La razionalitàmTorino: Loescher,
Socratis et Socraticorum Reliquiæ. Collegit, disposuit, apparatibus notisque
instruxit G., Bibliopolis. Anthropine Sophia. les amours impures
dialettica, Epicuro a Roma, Calogero, il principio dialogo, Lucrezio, Cicerone.
Grice: Giannantoni, lei
sostiene che la dialettica nasce dal dialogo, proprio come la pizza nasce dal
forno! Ma mi dica, preferisce la dialettica ateniese o quella romana, magari
servita con un po' di pecorino? Giannantoni:
Caro Grice, la dialettica ateniese ha il sapore genuino della conversazione
socratica, ma non sottovaluti quella romana: con un pizzico di Lucrezio diventa
più speziata! In fondo, ogni buon dialogo dovrebbe essere condito con rispetto
e un po' di ironia, come insegna la regola d’oro. Grice: Ecco, la regola d’oro è come il
lievito: senza, la conversazione non cresce! Ma mi chiedo, professore, se
Socrate avesse avuto a disposizione la pizza margherita invece del pane nero,
avrebbe dialogato meglio con i suoi discepoli? Giannantoni: Grice, sono certo che Socrate
avrebbe apprezzato la pizza, ma avrebbe comunque posto domande scomode al pizzaiolo!
In filosofia, come in cucina, la vera saggezza sta nel condividere: un pezzo di
pizza, una battuta, e magari anche una bella dialettica. Giannantoni, Gabriele (1958). I Cirenaici. Raccolta delle fonti antiche.
Roma: Edizioni dell’Ateneo.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giannetti: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del corposcolarismo. Pascasio
Giannetti (Albiano di Magra, Aulla, Massa-Carrara, Toscana): la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del corposcolarismo. Grice’s
theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning and Pascasio Giannetti’s
corpuscular philosophy intersect at the level of how rational explanation is
constrained by shared norms, even though they operate in different explanatory
registers. Grice treats rationality as immanent to conversation itself: meaning
and implicature arise from interlocutors’ mutual recognition of cooperative
expectations, so that what is conveyed depends not on ontology but on how
reasons are exchanged and inferred in dialogue. Giannetti, by contrast, works
within early modern corpuscularism, defending Galilean‑Newtonian explanations
of nature in terms of corpuscles against scholastic Peripateticism; yet his
argumentative practice presupposes a similar model of rational exchange, since
corpuscular hypotheses function persuasively only insofar as they invite
interlocutors to draw intelligible inferences from observed effects to
underlying structures. Where Grice abstracts from metaphysics and shows how conversational
implicature operates independently of what ultimately exists, Giannetti embeds
rational discourse in a bold ontological programme, but still relies on
dialogical reason—public contestation, rebuttal, and inference—to make the
corpuscular view compelling. In this sense, Giannetti’s “corpuscular
implicature” concerns what follows, for a reasonable interlocutor, from
adopting corpuscular assumptions, whereas Grice’s implicature concerns what
follows, for a reasonable co‑conversationalist, from what is said under
cooperative norms; the former ties implicature to physical explanation, the
latter to communicative practice, but both construe reason as governing
inference within a shared conversational space rather than as a purely private
faculty. Grice: “We take ontology lightly today – at least Oxonian philosophers
do! But bak in the day, for philosophers like G., all they wanted to know was
if ‘corpusculi,’ as they called them, did exist – out there! ontology. I like
G.; for one, he is the only philosopher I know whose first name is ‘Pascasio.’
He taught at Pisa, but not in the tower – Oddly, while he is from Tuscany,
there is a street (‘via’) in La Spezia named after him!” – Grice: “His logic
was considered heretic, at least by the duke, who diligently expelled him from
any obligation of teaching!” Insegna a Pisa.
Studia Bonaiuto. Sollecitato da Grandi, cura BONAIUTO.. Essendo G. tra'maestri
più singolari di filosofia a Pisa, quanto onore a quello Studio recasse non si
può dire. Costui ebbea quelle scienze pro clive natura, e tanta forza e
vivacità d'ingegno che a sermonare e discorrere di materie filosofiche pare
nato a posta. divenne lettore in detta Università; e così bene in cattedra sue
dottri ne tratto, che per lo più savio discepolo di Marchetti e Bellini, tutti
lo conoscevano. Nulla ignoto eragli di quanto GALILEI aveansi ritrovato, e
sostenitore acerrimo fu della filosofia corpusculare. Per ques stoguerra eterna
pareva intimata avesse a tutti li Peripatetici e Scolastici ostinati; che ligii
si di chiaravano agli antichi sistemi, quali adesso ricor dansi appenanelle scu
ole de'monasteri. Per lo che G. è tenuto per uno de'più arditi e co raggiosi
sostenitori degl’insegnamenti novelli e assai molesto riuscì a'superstiziosi
filosofanti, ma in particolar modo ai Gesuiti i quali, potendo al loramoltissimo
presso Cosmo III de'Medici, fecero in sospetto cadere di errori G. non solo, ma
quasi tutta la Università. filosofia democratica, difese con trionfo la causa
per iscrittura, nè mai digua proposta sentenza cesso. filosofa su i sistemi
PHILOSOPHIÆ TRACTATVS Grandi; lettere di G. a Grandi e alcune note di
argomento fisico. Corposcolarismo, implicature corpuscolare, Isaaco Newton,
Galilei, Grandi, implicatura corpuscolare. Grice: Giannetti, devo confessare che a
Oxford, quando parliamo di corpuscoli, finiamo sempre per discutere se siano
più veri quelli nei bicchieri di vino o nei libri di filosofia! Giannetti: Caro Grice, in Toscana non ci
facciamo troppi problemi: i corpuscoli ci sono dappertutto, specialmente nella
ribollita! Se poi esistono anche fuori dalla minestra, tanto meglio per la
filosofia! Grice: Ah, allora dovremmo istituire una nuova
cattedra: "Corpuscoli applicati alla cucina toscana". Così, ogni
lezione sarebbe un esperimento – e forse anche una cena! Giannetti: Grice, lei ha capito tutto! La vera
implicatura corpuscolare sta nel gusto: se il piatto convince, la teoria è
provata. E se il duca non approva, basta offrirgli un bicchiere… magari cambia
idea! Giannetti, Pascasio (1911). La filosofia della scienza,
Napoli: Libreria Scientifica.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giannone: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della terza Roma. Pietro Giannone
(Ischitella, Foggia, Puglia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura
conversazionale della terza Roma. Giannone’s thought
and Grice’s theory converge in a structurally revealing way on the idea that
reason emerges not as a solitary faculty but as something exercised, tested,
and constrained within practices of social exchange. Pietro Giannone, writing
as an Enlightenment critic of ecclesiastical power, treats Rome not merely as a
city or institution but as a discursive formation: his tripartite schema of
regno terreno, regno celeste, and regno papale re‑describes political and
religious authority as sustained by historically layered forms of collective
reasoning, persuasion, and misrecognition. In this sense, Giannone’s “Third
Rome” functions less as a metaphysical entity than as a critical implicature:
it arises from what is said and done by institutions while claiming
transcendent legitimacy, yet is intelligible only once those claims are read
against their practical effects on civic life and historical memory, a stance
that led directly to his condemnation and imprisonment within the Savoyard
system . Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning operates at a
different scale but with a homologous logic: rationality appears not as an
abstract law but as something enacted through cooperative norms, calculable
expectations, and implicatures that bridge what speakers explicitly state and
what they make their interlocutors reasonably take them to mean. Where Giannone
exposes how dominant Roman narratives depend on unacknowledged discursive
shifts to preserve authority, Grice formalizes the conditions under which such
shifts are intelligible at all, showing that even irony, heresy, and criticism
presuppose shared standards of conversational reason. The comparison suggests
that Giannone offers a historical and political dramatization of what Grice
later captures analytically: the idea that reason lives in regulated exchanges,
and that dissent—whether Enlightenment heresy or conversational
implicature—depends on exploiting, rather than abandoning, the very norms that
make understanding possible. Grice: “I had one pupil once at Oxford who wanted
to research on Italian philosophers. ‘Stick to the heretic ones,’ I lectured
him. ‘They are the only interesting ones – Rome being what it is! And G. was
one of them! italiani eretici. G. is an interesting philosopher. He philosophised
on the ‘citta terrena,’ which is a back-fromation from ‘celestial city,’ and by
which he meant Rome! Then he compared men – in their collectivity, to apes,
even if ingenious ones! One good thing about the Roman Church (you know,
there’s a Jewish Church, too) is G.: e was rendered an ‘impious’ by the Church
and imprisoned to death. This allowed him to philosophise on the Liguri, and he
did!”” Illuminista. Si laurea a Napoli entrando ben presto in
contatto con filosofi vicini a VICO. “Il Triregno: il regno terreno, il regno
celeste, e il regno papale, che gli costò nuovamente la persecuzione delle alte
sfere ecclesiastiche culminate con la sua cattura in un villaggio della Savoia,
ove fu attirato con un tranello. Rimasto nelle prigioni sabaude,
costretto a firmare un atto di abiura che non gli valse tuttavia la libertà. Fu
tenuto prigioniero a Ceva, dove scrisse alcuni dei suoi componimenti più
famosi. Trasferito alla prigione del mastio della Cittadella di Torino.
Dell'istoria civile del regno di Napoli” ha enorme fortuna mentre la Chiesa ne
avversò le tesi ponendola della Fondazione Einaudi; Negli archivi del Re. La
lettura negata delle opere di G. nel Piemonte sabaudo, Riv. stor. Italiana;
Ricuperati, G.: an itinerary in European free-thinking, in Transactions of The
Congress on the ENLIGHTENMENT, Oxford; Trevor-Roper, G. and Great Britain, in
The Historical Journal, A. Hook, La "Storia civile del Regno di
Napoli" di G., il giacobitismo e l'Illuminismo scozzese, in Ricerche
storiche, Mannarino, Le mille favole degli antichi. Ebraismo e cultura europea
nel pensiero religioso di G., Firenz. Grice: Keywords: la terza Roma,
autobiografia, ego-grafia Vico Genovesi Liguria commento su Livio regno terreno
regno celeste regno papale Storia di roma antica giannonismo. Grice: Caro
Giannone, devo confessare che la sua “dialettica romana” mi ha sempre
incuriosito. Lei riesce a chiarire magistralmente il senso profondo della Roma
Prima, della Roma Seconda e persino della misteriosa Roma Terza. Mi diverte
pensare che anche a Oxford potremmo avere tre “Vadum Boum”, ma non sono del
tutto convinto: forse ne basta uno, e già ci sembra troppo! Giannone: Professore Grice, la sua ironia è
degna di una vera conversazione illuminista! Roma, in fondo, è come il teatro
della vita: la Prima è il mito, la Seconda è il potere, la Terza è la critica.
Forse Oxford, con il suo unico Vadum Boum, ha già toccato tutti e tre gli atti,
ma Roma preferisce distribuirli generosamente nei secoli. Grice: Ah, Giannone, la sua spiegazione è spiritosa
quanto profonda! Mi resta però il dubbio: la Terza Roma non rischia di essere
una semplice eco delle altre due, come i miei studenti che tentano di
reinventare Oxford senza mai riuscirci davvero? Forse è questo il fascino – e
il divertimento – della storia!
Giannone: Professore, se c’è una cosa che la storia ci insegna è che le
repliche non sono mai uguali agli originali. Come diceva Vico, la fantasia
umana supera sempre la tradizione. La Terza Roma è un po’ come una nuova Vadum
Boum: non sarà mai come le precedenti, ma proprio per questo merita di essere
raccontata… magari tra una risata e un buon bicchiere! Giannone, Pietro (1723).
Istoria civile del regno di Napoli, Napoli: Stamperia di Felice Mosca. Cc
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giavelli: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- semantica del segnare --
segnante e segnato. Giovanni Cristoforo Giavelli (San Giorgio di
Canavese, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale
-- semantica del segnare -- segnante e segnato. A comparison
between Grice and Giavelli shows a deep continuity between scholastic sign
theory and modern conversational pragmatics, despite their different historical
aims. Giavelli, working within a Thomistic–Aristotelian framework, treats
meaning as grounded in representation: natural signs such as groans or animal
cries re‑present internal states of the anima, while institutional signs arise
ad placitum through decree, authority, and custom. His careful distinction
between signans and signatum remains largely psychological and semantic, with
little concern for formulation or propositional articulation, yet it already
presupposes that intelligibility depends on shared rational capacities that
allow a hearer to pass from sign to state. Grice radicalizes this insight by
relocating it within explicitly reason‑governed interaction: where Giavelli
says that the dog’s bark represents anger, Grice asks under what rational
expectations and cooperative assumptions such a representation becomes
communicatively binding rather than merely causal. Natural signs for Giavelli
correspond to Grice’s non‑natural meaning only once they are embedded in
intentions recognizable by an audience, and institutional meaning corresponds
to the normative dimension of conversational practice that Grice analyzes as
implicature. The key shift is that Giavelli’s re‑presentare remains largely one‑directional—from
sign to inner state—whereas Grice’s conversational meaning is reflexive and
reciprocal, depending on mutually recognized reasons for taking one thing to
mean another. Seen this way, Giavelli provides a proto‑semantics of
signification rooted in Aristotelian psychology, while Grice supplies the
missing logical and pragmatic account of how such signification is governed,
stabilized, and extended by rational cooperation in conversation. Grice: “I
presented myself at Oxford as the expert on ‘significatio’ or meaning – without
needing to quote anything that G. had said – since little did they care!
significatio. “I love G. – he is, like me, an Aristotelian; being a northern
Italian, he is a Thomstic Aristotelian, which I’m not sure I am! One good thing
about G. is that he commented on MOST works by Aristotle! Essential Italian
philosopher! For all their subtleties i lizii, or peripatetic logicians never
cared about formulation. Consider G.: the dog barks, anger is represented,
‘canis latrat raepresentatur ira, gemitus infirums raepresentatur dolor. No
care is taken to represent the proper signification. It is still the ‘anima’ if
the vegetative one, it is still the dog’s spirit. If the dog barks, he means
that he is angry. If the infirm moans he means he is in pain, and so on. G. is
one of the most careful Italian philosophers; he had a fascination for two
little tracts by lizio towards which I also feel an attraction: De
Interpretatione and Categories. His comments on De Interpretatione are
brilliant in that he reduces all to ‘re-presentare’. The infirmus who groans or
moans represents ‘dolor’; the dog that barks represents ‘anger’. These are
‘signs’ of the natural kind, and rather than dark clouds meaning rain he is
into ‘phone, vox, here it is vox signifying that p or q naturaliter-- my
example of groaning of pain. From there he jumps to the institutional meaning,
ad placitum, ex decreto et authoritate – e consuetudine, -- a system which
supersedes the previous one. Si laurea a Bologna.
Argomenta contro Lutero. Partecipa al dibattito sul Tractatus de immortalitate
animae di POMPONAZZI, di cui scrive, su richiesta di Pomponazzi stesso una
confutazione. Partecipa al dibattito sul divorzio di Enrico VIII, esponendosi a
favore della scelta del sovrano. Compendium Logicæ. G.’s work mirrors NICOLETTI
Gmma recenti hac nostra editione uiligentissime, exposita fiint, atque
elaborate, Grice: implicatura, grammatica razionale, psicologia razionale. Grice: Giavelli, devo confessare che a Oxford
tutti parlano di “significatio”, ma nessuno sa davvero se il cane che abbaia
sia arrabbiato o solo affamato. Lei, da buon aristotelico piemontese, come la
vede? Giavelli:
Caro Grice, la questione è semplice: se il cane abbaia, vuol dire che è
arrabbiato; se il mio vicino mugugna, vuol dire che è dolorante. In Piemonte,
persino il mio gatto si fa capire meglio di certi filosofi! Grice: Ah, capisco! Allora
dovremmo proporre un trattato sulla semantica del meow: ogni miagolio
rappresenta una tesi filosofica. A Oxford, però, rischiamo di confondere un
miagolio per una pizza ordinata! Giavelli: Professore, venga a Torino: qui i
filosofi discutono persino col cane del portinaio. E se non bastano i segni
naturali, basta un buon bicchiere di Barbera per far parlare anche il silenzio!
Così persino Lutero avrebbe cambiato idea sul divorzio… Giavelli, Giovanni Crisostomo (1867). La filosofia e la scienza. Firenze:
Tipografia Galileiana.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gigli: il
deutero-esperanto. Mariano Gigli (Recanati,
Macerata, Marche): il deutero-esperanto. The comparison
between Grice and Mariano Gigli highlights two complementary approaches to
rational meaning, one pragmatic and one architectonic. Gigli’s project of a
lingua universale pei dotti rests on a metaphysics of language that treats
words as signs representing ideas and grammar as the rational articulation of
thought itself; his ambition is to construct a second‑order or “deutero”
language that refines ordinary speech into a transparent vehicle for
scientific, political, and philosophical exchange among educated speakers.
Grice, by contrast, resists the identification of words with signs and rejects
the idea that meaning is exhausted by representation, yet his theory of reason‑governed
conversational meaning arrives at a structurally similar point from the
opposite direction. Where Gigli seeks to secure universality by redesigning
linguistic form in accordance with rational grammar and shared intellectual
culture, Grice secures interoperability by showing how ordinary language
already functions as a quasi‑universal medium through cooperative principles,
intentions, and implicatures that speakers can calculate without reforming the
language itself. Gigli’s deutero‑Esperanto aspires to remove ambiguity by
philosophical reconstruction; Grice’s pragmatics explains how ambiguity is
managed, exploited, and often resolved through rational conversational
practice. The affinity lies in their shared conviction that language is
governed by reason and good sense rather than mere habit, while the divergence
lies in method: Gigli constructs an ideal language for the learned, whereas
Grice uncovers within existing speech a rational machinery capable of
sustaining mutual understanding without abandoning the contingencies of
everyday use. Grice: “The kind of ‘logical construction’ of the Oxonian mode of
speech was undertaken, in Italy, by Gigli – no, not the operatic tenor! Pirotese, Gricese. Filosofo italiano. I like G.!” Una approfondita
trattazione intorno alle teorie della lingua “La meta-fisica della lingua,”
“Scienza nuova anche ai dotti e pei soli di buon senso, nata come premessa
all'elaborazione di una lingua universale. Mi occupo d'un progetto di lingua
universale pei dotti. Mi avvido però, che la mia teoria si appoggiano a dei
principj di lingua poco o nulla generalmente conosciuti, perché nessuno ha mai
la sofferenza di meditarli. Quindi lasciato il primo, mi occupo di questo
secondo lavoro. E così ha origine la presente ‘meta-fisica’ del linguaggio. “La
Metafisica del Linguaggio. Scienza nuova anche ai dotti e pei soli di buon
senso” (Milano, Fusi). Immaginato come pro-dromo di un saggio sulla lingua
universale, G. discerne e determina tutte le parti del discorso, e ne
giustifica la natura in ottica filosofica. Accena alla lingua pei dotti e cosi
la definisce. Lingua universale pei dotti chiamo una lingua che può colla
massima facilità essere scritta parlata ed intesa da tutte le persone colte di
qualunque clima e nazione – inclusa l’italiana. Una lingua, si puo dire, che,
come il latino degl’antichi romani, può sola bastare al disimpegno di tutte le
relazioni scientifiche, politiche, commerciali ec. con qualunque civilizata La
mia lingua e una lingua infine in cui dove scriversi e tradursi quanto può
essenzialmente interessare l'intera umanità o più popoli almeno. G.
sceglie d’utilizzare per la sua lingua universale i caratteri, la pronunzia, e
le radici delle parole gallo-latine, cioè della lingua più conosciuta tra i
filosofi eruditi dell'epoca, riservandosi comunque la possibilità di
modificarne alcune parti. Nel discorso preliminare al suo saggio, “Lingua
filosofico-universale pei dotti, preceduta dalla analisi della lingua”, G.
precisa che, nel suo pensiero, parole sono quei segni – contra Grice: “Not all
things that may mean are signs. Words are not.” -- che rappresentano le idee.
il sistema G-hp< Pirotese, Symbolo, Deutero-Esperanto. Grice: Caro Gigli, devo
confessare che mia madre era innamorata di Beniamino Gigli, la sua voce la
commuoveva fino alle lacrime! Ma lasci che glielo dica: il vero Gigli, per me,
è lei. Uno poteva solo cantare le partiture degli altri; lei, invece, ha
indagato più a fondo di qualunque italiano – e non parliamo poi dei barbari di
Vadum Boum! – nei meandri affascinanti della grammatica italiana. E lo ha fatto
dal solo punto di vista che conti: quello del filosofo razionalista che non
rinnega mai le vie dei cinque sensi e, per buona misura, aggiunge il buon
senso! Gigli: Professore Grice, le sue parole mi onorano più di qualsiasi aria
cantata dal mio omonimo! Anch’io ho rispetto per la bellezza delle lingue, ma
il mio cuore batte per quella “meta-fisica” della lingua che cerca di cogliere
l’essenza stessa del pensiero umano, senza perdere il legame con la concretezza
della vita quotidiana. Grice: E fa bene, Gigli! In fondo, la lingua è come una
sinfonia: non basta eseguirla, bisogna comprenderne la struttura, le armonie
nascoste, la logica che la sostiene. Solo così possiamo pensare una “lingua
universale pei dotti” che sia davvero accessibile a tutti coloro che, come lei,
sanno sposare ragione e senso comune. Gigli: Ecco perché nella mia ricerca ho
cercato di discernere ogni parte del discorso, giustificandone la natura
filosofica, ma senza mai trascurare che le parole sono prima di tutto segni che
rappresentano idee vive, radicate nella nostra esperienza concreta. In fondo,
professore, anche la filosofia più alta deve dialogare con il buon senso, se
vuole parlare davvero all’umanità. Gigli, Mariano (1891). Della filosofia
moderna. Napoli: Detken & Rocholl.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gioberti: la ragione
conversazoinale e l’implicatura conversazionale del bello. Vincenzo Gioberti
(Torino, Piemonte): la ragione conversazoinale e l’implicatura
conversazionale del bello. The comparison between Grice and Vincenzo
Gioberti brings out a shared commitment to the governance of meaning by reason,
but at two very different levels: pragmatic interaction for Grice, and
aesthetic–ontological synthesis for Gioberti. Gioberti’s philosophy of the
bello, especially in Del bello, treats beauty as an intelligible manifestation
of the good, mediated by a diminutive, relational, and participatory structure:
the bello is not sheer utility or moral good itself, but a gracious,
proportionate, and affect-laden rendering of it, intelligible through shared
sensibility and intellectual participation (metessi). This already presupposes
a form of conversational reason, insofar as beauty communicates without
asserting, inviting assent through recognition rather than proof. Grice’s theory
of reason‑governed conversational meaning furnishes the analytic counterpart to
this intuition: implicature explains how speakers convey meanings that are not
stated but are rationally retrievable by attentive interlocutors operating
under common norms of cooperation. Where Gioberti’s aesthetics relies on a
metaphysical implicature—beauty suggesting goodness without explicitly stating
it—Grice formalizes the conditions under which such suggestion is intelligible
at all, showing how meaning can be generated by what is left unsaid yet
responsibly inferable. Gioberti’s insistence that philosophical method is
synthetic, psychological, and oriented to lived experience aligns with Grice’s
resistance to purely formal semantics: both reject reduction to literal content
alone. The difference lies in scope and grounding: Gioberti embeds
conversational intelligibility within an ontological vision of the intelligible
and the national‑historical spirit, whereas Grice strips the account down to
universally applicable norms of rational exchange. Seen together, Gioberti
anticipates, in aesthetic and metaphysical terms, what Grice later articulates
with analytic precision: that reason operates most powerfully not in bare
assertion, but in the shared space where meaning, value, and understanding are
jointly implied rather than merely declared. Grice: “A pupil of mine at Oxford
wanted to research on Italian philosophy – ‘but only excommunicated
philosophers, please!’, I prayed. He chose G.! scomunicazione. I like G.; he published
‘Del bene, del bello,’ suggesting they are etymologically connected, and they
are: BONUS alternates with BENE in Roman, and the dimintuvie, BENETULUS, gives
‘bellus.’ So the Roman implicature is that the ‘bello’ is a ‘little’ ‘bene’ –
or gracious, comfortable, and proportionate, rather than having to do with
‘bene’ itself. – “like bene” – and affectionate diminutive, one hopes! Italians
find it harder than the Germans to conceal their nationalism. Hegel is studied
everywhere, but G. is felt to be TOO Italian, and he is. There are not two
sentences in G. that do not mention Italy! Hegel could philosophise on being,
the absolute being is the King of Prussia – but philosophers elsewhere take his
remarks in a generalized, not a German, way. Unlike G., who cannot hide his
‘italianita’. That Mussolini wrote on him did not help. And that, along with
Gentile, and the Italian mainstream intelligentsia, the Italian risorgimento is
only a stone’s throw away from Fascism! Giusso, whom I like, wrote a bio of G.
which I thought the best, it’s in Vita e Pensiero, and in the series, UOMINI
DEL RISORGIMENTO. Gives him sense!” Si laurea a
Torino. I suoi saggi sono più importanti della sua carriera politica. Il
metodo per lui è uno strumento sintetico, soggettivo e psicologico.
Ricostruisce l'ontologia e comincia con la formula ideale, per cui filosofia eterodossa,
che regna finora, è morta per sempre. Si concbiude esortando gl' Italiani a
intraprendere l’ instaurazione delle scienze speculative. essenza.
Sovrintelligibile ovrannaturale transitorio o continuo fatto morale della
giustificazione idea pura razionalismo del bello, estetico, il bello, metessi,
implicatura metessica – mimesi – Plato on mimesis and metexis, protologia,
ontologismo, statua all’aperto, Milano – nella serie uomini del risorgimento,
bruno, gentile, filosofi scommunicati. Grice: Caro Gioberti, da noi a Oxford uno studente mi
chiese di studiare filosofi italiani, ma solo quelli scomunicati! Lei però mi
ha sorpreso: il bello e il bene, dice, sono parenti stretti… un po’ come il
pane e la focaccia in Piemonte!Gioberti: Professore Grice, in Italia il bello
nasce proprio dal bene, ma con un pizzico di affetto, quasi fosse un diminutivo
– come quando si dice “bellino” per un bambino. La filosofia, qui, non sa mai
nascondere la sua italianità, nemmeno davanti a Hegel!Grice: Eh, Gioberti, ma
in Inghilterra il bello si confonde spesso con il comodo, mentre da voi è
questione di proporzione e grazia. Mussolini ci ha messo del suo, mi sa,
rendendo difficile distinguere il bello dalla politica… Ma almeno il vostro
Risorgimento è sempre a portata di mano!Gioberti: Professore, l’estetica
italiana non si fa mai troppo seria. Il bello, per noi, è una statua
all’aperto, magari a Milano, che invita tutti a filosofare. E se qualcuno vuole
la perfezione assoluta, basta offrire un buon bicchiere e raccontare una storia
divertente: così anche il bello diventa “benetulus” – piccolo, affettuoso e
sempre pronto a sorridere! Gioberti, Vincenzo
(1838). Del bello. Torino: Stamperia Reale.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gioia: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- filosofia ad uso. Melchiorre
Gioia (Piacenza, Emilia-Romagna): la ragione conversazionale e
l’implicatura conversazionale -- filosofia ad uso. The
comparison between Grice and Melchiorre Gioia brings into focus a shared,
distinctly pragmatic conception of reason as something exercised in use rather
than merely contemplated in theory. Gioia’s philosophy ad uso treats language,
manners, and social practices as instruments whose value lies in their
contribution to coordination, improvement, and economy of effort; his
celebrated examples, contrasting ingenious but useless contraptions with
simple, effective arrangements, prefigure a normative standard of rational
efficiency grounded in outcomes rather than formal perfection. Grice’s theory
of reason‑governed conversational meaning operates in a strikingly similar
spirit: his cooperative principle and maxims, especially the principle of
economy of rational effort, explain meaning not by appeal to ideal forms but by
reference to what rational agents can reasonably expect of one another in
practical interaction. Where Gioia frames politeness, galateo, and clarity as
social virtues that facilitate effective communication and civic life, Grice
abstracts the same insight into a general pragmatics, showing how implicatures
arise when speakers deliberately do less than they could, trusting hearers to
supply what is contextually relevant. Gioia’s interest in the origin of
language and his “two savages” style of reasoning mirrors Grice’s own
pirotological reconstructions, both aiming to show how rational communication
emerges from basic needs under constraints of effort and utility. The
difference lies mainly in idiom and scope: Gioia writes as a moralist–economist
intent on educating citizens and youth in practical wisdom, whereas Grice
offers a formally minimalist analysis of meaning; yet both converge on the idea
that reason in language is not categorical in a Kantian sense but intrinsically
conversational, social, and oriented toward making human interaction work.
Grice: “I am called a systematic philosopher – compared to Witters, but not to
G.. At Bologna, as in Oxford, most philosophers ARE systematic. Witters shouldn’t
be the judge! sistematicita della filosofia. I joked with the maxim, ‘be
polite,’ surely it’s difficult to make that universalisable into the
conversational categoric imperative (‘be helpful conversationally) – but
apparently Italians are less Kantian than I thought! I love G.; he is like me,
an economist when it comes to pragmatics – see my principle of ECONOMY of
rational effort; I studied thoroughly his fascinating account about the origin
of language, before I ventured with my pritological progressions!” La sua tesi, in cui sostiene la tesi di un'Italia libera, repubblicana,
retta da istituzioni democratiche e basata su comuni elementi geografici e
linguistici, prefigura l'unità italiana. Il pregio di questa combinazione
cresce, se si riflette ch'ella è applicabile ad altri oggetti, a cagione
d'esempio, ai vascelli in mare. lo fatti vi sono delle combinazioni saggissime
profondissime, e che suppongono infinita destrezza nell'esecuzione. Ma siccome
non arrecano alcun vantaggio, non hanno alcun pregio agl’occhi del saggio.
Boverick, meccanico d'uva de, strezza e d’upa perseveranza prodigiosa, fabbrica
una catena di duecento anelli che col suo catenaccio e la sua chiave pesava
circa un terzo di grano. Questa catena e destinata ad iocatenare una pulce.
Egli fa una carrozza che s'apriva e si chiudeva a inolla, era tratta da sei
cavalli, porta quattro persone e due lacchè, e condolia da un cocchiere, ai
piedi del quale sta assiso un cane, e il lutto venne strascioato da una pulce
esercitata a questo travaglio. L'invenzione e l'esecuzione di questa macchina
puerile fa desiderare che Boverick impiega meglio i suoi talenti. Grice:
“”Si suppongano due selvaggi” – exactly my way of proceeding. G. has a lot of
sense. An engraving’s caption has it: ‘statistico e filosofo’ – And I like the
fact that like Socrates he did ‘elementi di filosofia ad uso de’ giovanetti’!”
–filosofia ad uso de’ giovanetti, galateo, pulitezza. Grice: Gioia, devo confessare che ammiro profondamente il suo approccio
pragmatico alla filosofia. Lei è riuscito a rendere la riflessione filosofica
qualcosa di utile, applicabile persino ai giovanetti. Mi sorprende come abbia
saputo unire la sistematicità con la filosofia ad uso. Come nasce, secondo lei,
l’esigenza di pensare la filosofia per la vita quotidiana? Gioia: Professore
Grice, la ringrazio per il suo pensiero così gentile. Credo che la filosofia
debba servire a migliorare la società e l’individuo. La mia convinzione è che
una filosofia che non abbia riscontro pratico rischia di perdere il suo valore;
per questo ho scritto i miei "elementi di filosofia ad uso de’
giovanetti". L’essenza sta nel saper trasmettere saggezza in modo semplice
e concreto. Grice: Ecco, mi trovo d’accordo con lei. In Inghilterra, si insiste
molto sulla cooperazione conversazionale, ma il galateo – la pulitezza e la
cortesia – non sempre trovano spazio nei nostri imperativi categorici. Lei
pensa che la cortesia e la pulitezza possano essere universalizzate come
principi conversazionali? Gioia: Lo credo fermamente, anche se gli italiani,
come lei osserva, sono meno kantiani. La cortesia è una forma di rispetto che
favorisce la comunicazione sincera e fruttuosa. Se riuscissimo a educare i
giovani al dialogo cortese e all’ascolto, avremmo una società più armoniosa, e forse
anche una filosofia più vicina alle esigenze reali degli uomini. Gioia,
Melchiorre (1803). Il nuovo galateo. Milano: Bernardoni.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giovanni: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della civetta di Minerva Biagio
di Giovanni (Napoli, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e
l’implicatura conversazionale della civetta di Minerva – In comparison with Grice, Biagio di Giovanni approaches
reason‑governed conversational meaning from a substantially different, though
intersecting, intellectual trajectory: where Grice construes conversational
meaning as regulated by rational constraints internal to cooperative
practices—maxims, intentions, recognitions, and cancellable
implicatures—Giovanni situates reason itself within a historical and
institutional process of becoming, shaped by Vico’s idea of the divenire of
reason and by Marxian praxis. For Grice, conversational reason is
critical rather than metaphysical: it operates by diagnosing how meaning
exceeds what is said through implicature, without committing reason to an
ontological narrative of history or statehood; hence his ironic resistance to
Italian tendencies to translate conversational critique into philosophies of
Becoming, Europe, or the State. Giovanni, by contrast, treats conversational
reason less as a regulative grammar of interaction and more as an objectified
historical force, through which experience sedimentates into institutions,
classes, sovereignty, and political forms; implicature, in this frame, becomes
a symptom of deeper ideological and historical tensions rather than a primarily
pragmatic phenomenon. Where Grice insists on separating conversational critique
from grand narratives—calling Giovanni’s “divenire della ragione” a critique of
conversational reason rather than its theory—Giovanni deliberately collapses
that distinction, embedding conversational rationality within disputes over
power, praxis, statehood, and modernity (from Vico and Marx to Kelsen, Gentile,
and Severino). The contrast thus turns on scope and direction: Grice moves from
rational cooperation to philosophical modesty, while Giovanni moves from dialogue
to history, interpreting reason‑governed conversation as one manifestation of a
broader, contested process in which being and becoming, philosophy and
politics, continuously implicate one another. Grice: “In my ‘Philosophical
Eschatology, I let room for Allegory and Metaphor, on which the Hun and the
Italians excell! The Italians love ‘divenire’ as in ‘being and becoming’ –
but if I say Mary is becoming a princess, ain’t Mary being? I like G.; only in
Italy, you write an essay on Marx on cooperation and on Kelsen; and then of
course an Italian philosopher HAS to philosophise on Vico: ‘divvenire della
ragione,’ G. calls what I would call a critique of conversational
reason!” Si laurea a Napoli con Vico, natura e ius. Insegna a
Bari. L'esperienza come oggettivazione: alle origini della scienza”;
“Il concetto di classe sociale in Cicerone”; “La borghesia italiana”; “Il
concetto di prassi; Marx dopo Marx Grice dopo Grice. Impilcature: Not Grice!
Dopo il comunismo; il comune L'ambigua potenza dell'Europa; Da un secolo
all'altro: politica e istituzioni istituzione istituzionalismo istituismo La
filosofia e l'Europa”; Sul partito democratico. Aristocrazia, democrazia crazia
cratos concetto di potere -Opinioni a confronto”; “A destra tutta. Dove si è
persa la sinistra? Elogio della sovranità politica, -- il sovrano – lo stato
sovrano – Machiavelli Le Forme e la storia. La parabola di G.. Il
dibattito Un saggio di de G. paragona Severino al filosofo del fascismo. È
Gentile il profeta della civiltà tecnica la legge del divenire è eterna di
SEVERINO GENTILE e assassinato perché e la voce più autorevole e convincente
del fascismo. Eppure la sua filosofia è la negazione più radicale di ciò che il
fascismo ha inteso essere. Essa è tra le forme più potenti non è esagerato dire
la più potente della filosofia. Di tale potenza lo stesso Lenin si e accorto
forse gl’assassini di Gentile non lo sanno neppure. Tanto meno lo sa la cultura
filosofica dominante, che mai riconoscerebbe a un italiano un così alto
rilievo. L’attualismo di GENTILE è l’autentica filosofia della civiltà della
tecnica: Disputa sul divenire. SEVERINO essere/divenire – dall’essere al
divenire divenire della ragione conversazionale stato. Grice: Giovanni, mi
permetta una curiosità filosofica: a Vadum Boum, la nostra università, Bradley
aveva una vera passione per la civetta di Minerva, simbolo della saggezza. Lei
crede che questa allegoria possa ancora illuminare oggi la ragione
conversazionale, soprattutto nel dialogo tra essere e divenire? Giovanni:
Professore Grice, la civetta di Minerva vola solo al crepuscolo, proprio come
la filosofia che arriva a spiegare la realtà quando essa si è già compiuta. Nel
mio lavoro ho cercato di mostrare quanto il divenire sia centrale nella
ragione, proprio come Vico insegnava: la conversazione filosofica diventa così
un ponte tra ciò che è e ciò che diventa. Grice: Sagge parole, Giovanni. Mi
affascina il modo in cui lei coniuga Marx, Kelsen e Vico, tutti sotto lo stesso
tetto della ragione dialogica. Forse la civetta di Minerva dovrebbe insegnarci
ad osservare il divenire non solo come mutamento, ma come esperienza
oggettivata—da Napoli a Bari, da teoria a prassi. Giovanni: Esattamente,
Professore. La filosofia italiana, con la sua attenzione al divenire, invita a
non smettere mai di interrogarsi. La civetta ci ricorda che la saggezza nasce
dal confronto e dalla capacità di cogliere la potenza ambigua dell’Europa,
dello Stato, della storia e persino delle nostre implicature conversazionali.
Giovanni, Biagio di (1923). Filosofia dell’azione. Napoli: Libreria
Scientifica.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giovenale: la ragione
conversazionale e la satira del filosofo. Decimo Giunio Giovenale (Roma,
Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e la satira del filosofo. A
comparison between Grice and Juvenal helps clarify the specificity of Grice’s
theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning by contrast with a much
earlier, non‑technical but philosophically acute use of language as ethical
critique. Grice treats conversation as a cooperative, rational practice
governed by shared expectations, intentions, and norms, where meaning is
regulated by reason even when it departs from literal saying through
implicature; critique, for him, operates diagnostically, uncovering how
speakers rationally make themselves understood despite surface deviations.
Juvenal, by contrast, does not theorize conversational reason but dramatizes
its breakdown: his satirical voice presupposes a shared moral rationality that
Roman society has betrayed, and indignatio replaces calm deliberation as the
only effective response to vice. Where Grice exposes false philosophers through
implicature—by showing how what they say fails rational standards they
implicitly invoke—Juvenal exposes them performatively, through ridicule,
excess, and moral shock, targeting Stoics of the Porch who simulate virtue
while living corruptly. Yet the two converge at an important point: both assume
that language is norm‑governed and ethically charged. Grice makes those norms
explicit and procedural, embedding them in a theory of rational cooperation;
Juvenal assumes them as already violated and uses satire as a philosophical
medium precisely because ordinary reasoned discourse, in a corrupt age, no
longer suffices. In that sense, Juvenal’s satire can be read as a negative
counterpart to Gricean conversational reason: where Grice explains how rational
meaning survives deviation, Juvenal demonstrates what happens when shared
rational expectations collapse, leaving indignation as the last credible form
of moral communication. (Grice: “The
main difference between Oxonian philosophy and Roman philosophy is that the
latter is older! G. is important to Roman philosophy for his unique role as
a what in Nowell-Smith’s words would come out as a “moralist,: who uses
satire as a philosophical medium to critique the ethical decay of the Roman
Empire. While G. would hardly have identified as a philosopher – “in the way we
say Nowell-Smtih, or myself are philosoophers, G.’s work is deeply embedded in
the "philosophy of the street," serving as a bridge between
high-minded theory of the Porch, and the gritty reality of Roman social
life. G. revolutionises satire by making indignatio -- righteous anger --
its core philosophical engine. G. argues that, in a corrupt age, indignation,
rather than calm reason, is the only appropriate response to vice. Critique of
Hypo-critical Porch: G. famously attacks "false philosophers,” mocking
those who wear the grim expressions of the sect of the Porch in public while
indulging in vice in private – as Ryle said to Johnson: “Look at him! Sex
ruined him – pointing to Ayer – let that be a warning for you!” G.’s Satires
provide a ground-level view of ethical dilemmas concerning wealth, social
hierarchies, and human ambition, summarised in “The Vanity of Human
Wishes". Undercurrents of the Porch: Despite his criticisms of
practitioners, G.’s Satires are noted for their resignation, alla Porch, often
citing the need for mens sana in corpore sano -- and the cultivation of virtue
as the only true path to tranquility. Several Italian philosophers have
expanded on G.’s philosophical and social dimensions: One of the earliest
to be significantly influenced by G., Boccaccio imitates G.’s style to critique
morality in works like the Corbaccio. STRAMAGLIA e GRAZZINI. have
co-authored significant works G. tra storia, poesia e ideologia exploring the
intersection of G.’s poetry with Roman history and ideological/philosophical
systems. Scholars such as NICOLETTI and TOMMASI utilise
G.’s Satires as primary tools for educating pupils on moral integrity and Latin
ethics. Roma. GRICEVS: SALVE, IVVENALIS; audivi te non solum versus
facere, sed et mores mordere: quasi philosophus cum stilō acuto. IVVENALIS:
SALVE, GRICE; si Roma vetus est, vitia tamen novissima sunt. Ego indignatione
utor, quia ratio sola hic saepe ridetur. GRICEVS: Apud nos Oxoniae dicunt
philosophiam esse rem seriam; Roma autem docet eam esse rem antiquiorem—et tu
docuisti eam esse etiam hilaritatem cum dentibus. IVVENALIS: Bene; tu maximas
numeras, ego personas. Tu falsos philosophas per implicaturam nudare potes; ego
eos per satyram—et uterque dicet: mens sana in corpore sano, sed non in togā
simulātā. Giovenale, Decimo Giunio (a. u. c. DCCCL). Saturae. Roma:
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e
Giovio: la ragione conversazionale a Roma antica Giovio (Nola,
Napoli, Campania): la ragione conversazionale a Roma antica -- In the passage,
Giovio’s Roman conversation frames reason as a civic and rhetorical faculty
embedded in place, lineage, and learned wit, whereas Grice’s theory of
reason-governed conversational meaning abstracts reason into a normative
structure governing how utterances are understood beyond what is explicitly
said. Giovio presents conversation as culturally situated: Rome “speaks,”
Campania “thinks,” and philosophical seriousness is inseparable from irony,
education, and epistolary exchange; meaning emerges from shared background,
historical identity, and playful allusion, as when implicatures are cast as a
lighter, almost literary counterpart to divine thunderbolts. Grice, by
contrast, treats implicature not as a flourish of erudite conversation but as
the rational outcome of cooperative principles and maxims that any competent
speaker can exploit, regardless of cultural setting. Where Giovio’s
conversational reason is expressive and humanistic, grounded in the social
prestige of philosophy and the performative intelligence of dialogue, Grice’s
is analytical and universalizing, aimed at explaining how hearers
systematically infer intentions under assumptions of rational cooperation. The
dialogue thus anticipates Gricean implicature in spirit but not in method:
Giovio dramatizes reason at work in conversation, while Grice theorizes the
conditions that make such work intelligible at all. The son of Paulino di Nola.
From a letter written to him by his father, it appears that he was a keen
student of philosophy. Giovio. GRICEVS:
Salve, IOVI. Roma dicitur caput mundi; ego autem dico: caput sermonis—hic etiam
philosophia ridet. IOVIVS: Salve, GRICE. Si Roma caput est, ego (Nolae natus,
Neapoli institutus) sum quasi nervus: Campania cogitat, Roma loquitur. GRICEVS:
Bene; sed dic mihi, IOVI: esne filius Paulini Nolani? Nomen tuum sonat quasi
Iuppiter in toga. IOVIVS: Ita—filius sum. Pater in epistula scripsit me
philosophiae studiosissimum; ego respondeo: si Iuppiter fulmina iacit, ego
tantum implicaturas. Giovio (a. u. c. MMDCL). Epistola Romae conscripta.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giraldi: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Giovanni Battista
Giraldi (Ventimiglia, Liguria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura
conversazionale. In the Giraldi passage, conversational
meaning is presented as inseparable from essence, irony, and cultural
sensibility, whereas Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning
deliberately brackets such metaphysical and aesthetic commitments in order to
isolate the rational mechanisms by which speakers mean more than they say.
Giraldi’s essentialism, shaped by Italian idealism and a Romantic inheritance from
Vico through Gentile and Croce, treats conversation as a space where truth,
fiction, sentiment, and irony openly intermingle: Pinocchio’s status as “a
child born of a lie” becomes emblematic of a philosophical stance in which
essence can emerge from narrative, myth, and even deception. In this framework,
implicature is not a technical inference drawn under explicit cooperative norms
but a lived, stylistic phenomenon, bound to dialect, place, autobiography, and
the pleasure of intellectual play. Grice’s account of implicature, by contrast,
is explicitly anti‑essentialist: conversational meanings arise not from hidden
essences or romantic feeling but from rational expectations governing
cooperative talk, expectations that are in principle detachable from any
specific cultural mythology. Where Giraldi treats irony, fable, and laughter as
philosophically productive in themselves, Grice treats them as data to be
explained by a theory of rational inference. The contrast is thus sharp:
Giraldi’s conversational reason is expressive, historical, and saturated with
sentiment, while Grice’s is procedural, normative, and deliberately minimalist,
aiming to explain how meaning is inferred without appealing to substantive
metaphysical essences at all. Grice: “We never had at Oxford anything like they
had at Bologna, with Mussolini! fascismo, Gentile filosofo politico. Only a
Ligurian philosopher would philosophise on Hegel’s real logic and lobsters! One
good thing about Giraldi is that he is from Ventimiglia and moved to Noli – the
most charming corners of Italy! G. calls his position ‘romatnic essentialism;’
having born in Ventmiglia he would, wouldn’t he? I like G.; nobody in England
would dare write “The son of Peter Pan,” but G., otherwise known as the author
of ‘Essenzialismo,’ did write ‘Il figlio di Pinocchio’! G. is obsessed with
‘essenza’, which is a coinage by Cicero – essentia, meaning essentially
nothing!“G., who defends Gentile, rightly, as a ‘pensatore politico’ – was
obsessed with idealism – his essentialism was supposed to supersede it, but he
spends some time analysing the situation in Italy with idealism, ‘a la catedra
– but is dead – he refers to Croce, Gentile, and the roots
of idealism in Vico, Sanctis, and Spaventa!” Si laurea a Roma sotto PONZO e Spirito. Insegna a Milano. Partendo da
GENTILE, che vede in tutto una gigli. TEVERE AMICO, Filosofia esposte nel
dialetto Trastevere. Paradiso, Faust mediterraneo”, Il Testamento, saggio
critico G., Pergamena, Nel Sublime, Pergamena Il mio Ponente, Pinocchio, un
figlio nato da una bugia, in La Repubblica, sez. Genova. Ha al suo attivo un
dizionario di estetica e linguistica, una storia della pedagogia e ha scritto
novelle. Vive a Noli, di cui è cittadino onorario. Piotr Zygulski, Filosofo
liberale, in Termometro Politico; G. Tissi, filosofo dell'ironia, Sui tragici.
Dal mio diario filologico, Da "Autobiografia come filosofia e pagine
integrative in Illuministi Disegno storico del costituzionalismo La scuola del
Risorgimento. la scuola italiana La favola dell'indo-europeo, essenzialismo,
essenzialismo romantico, storia della filosofia romana, etica del sentimento,
autobiografia come filosofia, mio ponente, filosofia ligure, l’aragosta romanzo
ligure -- Riviera di ponente, nel pleroma: da dio alla materia, gentile,
filosofo politico. Grice:
Giraldi, devo confessare che a Oxford nessuno ha mai scritto un saggio su
Pinocchio, figlio di una bugia! Ma lei, dalla Riviera di Ponente, riesce a
portare persino le aragoste in filosofia… sarà il profumo del mare che rende tutto
più essenziale? Giraldi:
Professore Grice, qui tra Ventimiglia e Noli la filosofia si mescola col vento
ligure. L’essenzialismo romantico nasce proprio dalla necessità di distinguere
tra ciò che è vero e ciò che è… una favola! Se Pinocchio diventa figlio, può
anche la verità nascere da una bugia? Grice: Forse, Giraldi, la conversazione
filosofica dovrebbe seguire il Tevere, come lei suggerisce: dalle bugie ai
sentimenti, passando per Gentile, Croce e l’aragosta ligure. D’altronde,
l’essenza si rivela spesso nei dialetti, non nei trattati. Giraldi: Professore, qui a
Noli si dice che solo chi sa ridere di sé stesso può capire il sublime. Se la
filosofia è un viaggio, meglio farlo con una aragosta in mano e una bugia in
tasca, così non ci si annoia mai! Giraldi, Giovanni
Battista (1554). Gli Ecatommiti. Venezia: Ferrari.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giudice: la ragione
conversazionale, l’esperienza, e l’implicatura conversazionale di
Telesio. Riccardo Del Giudice (Lucera, Foggia, Puglia): la ragione
conversazionale, l’esperienza, e l’implicatura conversazionale di
Telesio. A
comparison between H. P. Grice and Riccardo Del Giudice can be made at the
level of reason-governed meaning insofar as both resist any simple reduction of
philosophy to empiricism while granting experience a constitutive role in
rational practice. Grice’s theory of conversational meaning treats experience
not as a foundation of knowledge in the empiricist sense, but as the pragmatic
field in which rational agents operate under shared expectations, generating
implicatures through reason-sensitive departures from what is strictly said;
Del Giudice’s early engagement with Bernardino Telesio, culminating in his 1921
Roman thesis, approaches experience analogously as a lived, organizing
principle that is irreducible to brute sensation and already normatively
inflected. In Del Giudice, Telesio’s emphasis on natura and experience
functions less as proto-empiricism than as an implicit theory of rational
practice, one that later reappears in Del Giudice’s analyses of corporative
doctrine, syndicate versus corporation, and the juridical articulation of
social life—from papal-state corporazioni to modern labor law and navigation
contracts—where meaning and authority arise through institutional forms and
shared practical reason rather than mere observation. Grice’s insistence that
an interest in experience does not entail empiricism (“I’ve always been
interested in experience—that doesn’t make me an Empiricist”) finds a
historical analogue in Del Giudice’s Telesian reading under Gentile: in both
cases, experience supports a theory of implicature avant la lettre, where what
is meant exceeds what is explicitly formulated, whether in conversation or in
legal-corporative practice, and rationality is realized through governed
interaction rather than theoretical abstraction alone. Giudice, Riccardo Del (1921). Psicologia ed etica di Telesio. Rome:
Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”. Grice: “I’ve always
been interested in experience – that doesn’t make me an Empiricist, neither it
makes Telesio one, as G. shows!” Si laurea a
Roma sotto GENTILE. Insegna a Roma. l’implicatura di Telesio, Telesio,
polemica con Spirito su la distinzione tra sindacato e corporazione, le
corporazione nella roma papale, I diritti dello stato pontificio, il diritto
della navegazione, contratto, gentile, la scuola al lavoro – ‘dottrina e prassi
corporativa” -- – la tesi di telesio – consiglio nazionale delle
corporazioni, l’implicatura di Telesio. Grice: Caro Giudice, ho letto i tuoi studi su Telesio—ma
davvero pensi che l’esperienza sia sempre la via maestra? Io, che mi definisco
“curioso,” non mi sono mai lasciato incatenare dall’empirismo, e nemmeno
Telesio lo avrebbe fatto!Giudice: Professore, in Italia l’esperienza è come il
caffè: tutti ne parlano, ma ognuno ha la sua ricetta segreta! Telesio diceva
che la realtà va gustata, non solo osservata. E poi, se fosse stato un
empirista puro, avrebbe inventato la moka, non la filosofia!Grice: Ah, la moka!
Allora forse la polemica tra sindacato e corporazione è solo una questione di
chi prepara il caffè più forte. Mi affascina il modo in cui hai intrecciato
diritto, corporazione e dottrina—quasi come una ricetta della nonna, con un
pizzico di polemica e un cucchiaino di prassi.Giudice: Esattamente, Professore!
Se la filosofia fosse solo dottrina, sarebbe troppo amara. Telesio, Gentile, e
pure la scuola al lavoro: tutti cercano il consiglio perfetto, ma alla fine, il
vero implicito è che la filosofia italiana preferisce una buona conversazione…
e magari una tazzina di caffè condivisa! Giudice, Riccardo Del (1921).
Psicologia ed etica di Telesio. Roma: La Sapienza.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giulia: la ragione
conversazioanle e l’implicatura conversazionale. Vincenzo Giulia (Acri,
Cosenza, Calabria): la ragione conversazioanle e l’implicatura
conversazionale. Grice’s and Vincenzo Giulia’s treatments
of conversational implicature and reason converge on a shared conviction that
meaning in communication is governed by reason, yet they diverge sharply in
style, orientation, and philosophical temperature. Grice theorizes
conversational meaning as a rational, cooperative enterprise structured by
intentions and governed by norms—his maxims articulate how speakers rely on
shared expectations of rationality to convey more than is literally said, so
that implicature emerges as an inferential achievement anchored in reasoned
uptake. Giulia, by contrast, approaches “ragione conversazionale” historically,
rhetorically, and civically: for him, implicature is not merely an inferential
calculus but a moral‑poetic residue of lived history, a way in which Calabria’s
suffering, resistance, and intellectual lineage speak indirectly through
language. Where Grice emphasizes analytic clarity and the repeatability of
philosophical error as a lesson in rational discipline, Giulia treats
philosophy as inseparable from poetry, civic memory, and sacrifice, aligning
conversational reason with the implicit transmission of courage and identity
exemplified by Campanella, Bruno, and the Risorgimento tradition. Thus, while
Grice secures implicature within a universal model of rational cooperation,
Giulia localizes it as a historically charged, ethically inflected mode of
meaning, in which what is left unsaid carries the weight of a people’s past and
their claim to intellectual dignity. Grice: “History of philosophy teaches how
you make the same mistake MORE than twice! storia della filosofia.
G. was more of a poet than a philosopher; but then for Heidegger, philosophy IS
poetry and vice versa! Essential Italian
philosopher!” Si laurea a Cosenza sotto FOCARACCI. Intraprese gli studi
giuridici e per alcuni anni esercita la professione di avvocato poi accantonata
a pennello ne ritrasse gl’apostoli, e gl’eroi, rivendicando i padri nostri
al cospetto di un secolo banchiere e borghese. La morte lo colge sulla soglia
del tempio del Rinascimento; gloria al virile sacerdote della scienza, che
muore, adempiendo il suo dovere, mentre si folleggia, deridendo gl’eroi del
pensiero, i modesti operai del mondo moderno, e sigitta lo scherno sulle ossa
dei grandi precursori della nuova filosofia e della nuova critica. Io ho fede
che i calabresi, così ricci d'ingegno e di cuore, cosi amanti delle patrie
glorie, hanno un culto per gl’uomini, che muoiono sulla breccia, martiri della
scienza e della patria; per le anime generose, che non curano le amarezze della
vita, l'esilio, la povertà, la carcere, ed accettano, fino le torture di
Campanella, fino il rogo di Bruno. Ho fede che la Calabria si rinnovi nel
lavacro della rinascenza e negli studii virili del passato, e la gentile e
dotta Cosenza, riccaperme di care e dolorose memorie, prodiga di tanto sangue
alla patria, di tanto contributo d'ingegno alla storia del pensiero italiano,
s'ispiri nell'austera figura del più grande dei suoi figli, il cui busto parla
tra il verde degli alberi la gran parola del risorgimento ai calabresi. Così,o
gio vani, non sarò costretto a ripetere gli amari versi dell’austero poeta di
Recanati. Oggi è nefando stile Di schiatta ignava e finta Virtù viva sprezzar
lodare estinta. implicatura, filosofia calabrese, Campanella, Telesio, Sanctis,
Leopardi, Mazzini, Garibaldi, Gioberti, Spaventa, Hegel, Aligheri, Serra,
Bruno. Grice: Caro Giulia, leggendo della tua esperienza filosofica e poetica
in Calabria, mi colpisce come tu riesca a intrecciare la passione per la storia
con l’implicatura conversazionale. Per te, la filosofia è davvero poesia, come
voleva Heidegger? Giulia: Assolutamente! Credo che la filosofia e la poesia
siano due facce della stessa medaglia, entrambe cercano il senso profondo delle
cose e la verità oltre le apparenze. Ho sempre pensato che i grandi pensatori
calabresi, come Telesio e Campanella, abbiano dato voce poetica alla ragione.
Grice: Interessante! Da analitico, ho spesso sostenuto che la filosofia si
riconosce anche nei "piccoli errori ripetuti" di cui parla la storia.
Tu credi che la Calabria, con le sue memorie e sofferenze, abbia una lezione
filosofica da offrire all’Italia moderna? Giulia: Senz’altro, caro Grice. La
Calabria è terra di martiri e di rinascita: qui la filosofia nasce spesso dal
dolore, dalla lotta, dal desiderio di riscatto. È questa la nostra implicatura
più profonda: tramandare il coraggio delle idee, anche a costo dell’esilio o
della povertà, come hanno fatto i nostri eroi e poeti. Giulia, Vincenzo (1868).
Contributo. Il Gravina.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giuliano: la
ragione conversazionale e la gnossi a Roma – filosofia italiana Giuliano
(Eclano, Avelino, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e la gnossi a
Roma. Grice
and Julian of Eclanum converge on a shared confidence in reason as the proper
governor of human understanding, but they articulate this commitment at very
different levels and for different ends. Grice’s theory of conversational
meaning treats reason as a procedural norm internal to communication itself: speakers
are presumed to be rational and cooperative, and meaning beyond what is said
arises through inferential practices grounded in shared expectations of
intelligibility, relevance, and justification. Julian, by contrast, operates
within a late‑antique theological and anthropological dispute, where reason is
not a conversational mechanism but a gnostic capacity rooted in the goodness of
human nature. Against Augustine’s doctrine of original sin, Julian insists that
rational agency presupposes an uncorrupted nature capable of moral
understanding and self‑correction; his polemic assumes that interlocutors can
recognize fairness, proportion, and argumentative balance without the mediating
weight of inherited guilt. Read through a Gricean lens, Julian’s position
implicitly relies on a robust conception of conversational reason: his
arguments make sense only if speakers can be held responsible for what they
imply about human nature, freedom, and blame, and if theological disagreement
itself is treated as a rational exchange rather than the mere exposure of
hidden corruption. Thus, while Grice formalizes reason‑governed implicature as
a theory of meaning, Julian presupposes it as a moral and epistemic condition
of discourse, embedding conversational rationality in a broader vision of human
dignity and hope rather than in an explicit analytic framework. A follower of
(of all people) Pelagio. As a result he was prompty deposed from his
position as ‘vescovo’ of Eclanum. He appears to have led an unsettled life
thereafter. His works survive in the use made by them by Agostino in “Against
Giuliano, the defender of the Pelgagian heresy, and the so-called ‘Incomplete
work against Giuliano’ – left unfinished by Agostino. G. strongly opposed
Agostino’s convoluted doctrine of the original sins (he said there were many).
By contrast, Giuliano entertained a totally positive conception of human
nature. GRICEVS: Salve, IVLIANVS. Audivi te Pelagii sectatorem fuisse:
Roma quidem multa tolerat, sed hic etiam gratia ipsa laborat. IVLIANVS: Salve.
Non gratia laborat, sed calumnia; ego naturam humanam bonam esse dicebam, et
statim episcopus non iam episcopus factus sum. GRICEVS: At AVGVSTINVS te oppugnat libris—tam multis ut peccata originalia
ipsa numerari possint; tu vero dicis “multa sunt”: quasi catalogus, non crimen.
IVLIANVS: Ita; ille vult nos in culpa nasci, ego in spe. Si hoc est haeresis, confiteor: malim homines corrigere quam deprimere—et,
si depulsus sum, saltem non depulsus est animus. Giuliano (a. u. c. MXLXX). Contra doctrinam de peccato originali. Roma.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giulio. DE FIGURIS
SENTENTIARUM ET ELOCUTIONIS DE SCHEMATIS LEXEOS. DE SCHEMATIS DIANOEAS. Giulio Rufiano. DE FIGURIS SENTENTIARUM ET ELOCUTIONIS DE SCHEMATIS LEXEOS. DE
SCHEMATIS DIANOEAS. Flacleniis Aqiiila Romanus ex Alexandro Numenio: exintle ab
eo prae- leritas, aliis qiiidem proditas, subtexuimus. EiQCDVEia elocutiuncula
Sallustiana commodissime expriniitur, cum aliud in pectore reclusum, aliud in
lingua promplum li;ibenms, el scntentia enuntiationis in conlrarium verbis
accipitur, iit apud Vergilium: Scilicet is superis labor est. Apud Tuliium pro
Ligario: Novum crim(!ii, Gai Caesar, et cetera. \\\ Clodium et Curionem :
Tu vero festivus, lu elegans, tu so- lus urbanus, quem decet muliebris ornatus,
et cetera. Ironiae 3 Catii. 10. 5 Aen, p. Lig. §. 1. S iii Clod. et
Ciir. c, 5. "2 praeterita, ab aliis prodila Sl, ^ Quem in errorem
indu.xeriint uerbii , (/uue in B his subiiciuntur : Scliemata diaiioeas.
Jronia, partes eiiis cldeuasnius etc. ijuac non sunt Ihi/iniani, sed sludiosi
lecloris, pgururuni cataloijum conficientis. Quem nos tit inutilem el idienum
eiecimus.'' Iluiink. 3 Sahisiiana B 4 clausiim in peclore Sall. liabemiis St :
liabcamus B sententiam B, eni. St 5 verbis Capp. : a verbis B 7 Caij
B C. autem species sex, chleiiasmos sive epicertomesis,
charientismos sive scomma, asteismos, diasyrmos, exuthenismos, sarcasmos. 2.
Xlsva6^6g sive B7iiKEQx6^y]Gtg. Haec figura risum excitat et severe proposita
vafre excutit, elutlens personarum aut rerum compara- 5 tione, ut apud
Vergilium: m e q u e t i m o r i s Argue, tu, Drance. Apud Ciceronem : Quasi vero ego de facietua, catamite, dixerim. Vel alias:
Potuistine contum e liosius facere, si tihi hoc loParmeno alioqui ac non ipse
Parmeno nuntiasset. 3. XaQLBvna^^s i\\'Q GKa^lia. Hac figura fit festiva
dictio, cum amoenitate mordax, iit apud Ciceronem: Infirmo corpore atque ae-
gro, colore , ut ipsi iudicare potestis, u. Et apud eundem: Facite enim, ut
vultum ipsiuset illam usque ad talos demis- issam purpuram cogitetis. 4.
'A(}taW^6g, An niemorem l'er(f. 24 imiiatio .SV: mulatio ^ 2G ad um. B
imilaudam St: imitandum B 27 de- torquelur malim 29 Enargia Capp. el Gesner:
Euergia //; cf. (hdntil. 0,2, 32 el. prammatica come rettorica conversazionale.
GRICEVS: IVLIVS, audio te de schematibus scribere; sed dic mihi, num ironia est
figura, an est toga qua orator frigus suum celat? IVLIVS: Est utroque modo:
figura est in arte, toga in vita; nam saepe aliud in pectore clausum est, aliud
in lingua promptum, et auditor laetus abit, cum auctor se mordere voluit.
GRICEVS: Ita vero; et Sallustius, Vergilius, Cicero—omnes quasi in foro rident,
dum sententiam in contrarium torquent. Sed cave: si
nimis urbane dicis, populus te “festivum” vocat et nihil intellegit. IVLIVS:
Quid igitur? Ego doceo species: chleiiasmum, scomma, asteismum, sarcasmum—tu
autem doceto discipulos tuos hoc unum: si iocus nimis doctus est, fit scholium,
non risus.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giulio: la ragione
conversazionale: l’anima di Cesare – il discorso contro la penna di morte a
Catilina. Giulio: la ragione conversazionale: l’anima di Cesare –
il discorso contro la penna di morte a Catilina. Grice:“The Romans
were more serious about the ‘anima’ than Ryle was!” -- Si lo è voluto collocare
G. Nel GIARDINO ROMANO perchè, nell’orazione che, secondo SALLUSTIO , tenne in
senato per opporsi alla condanna a morte dei complici di Catilina, NEGA
l'immortalità dell’anima -- e le pene dell’oltre-tomba. Però non sappiamo
se e fino a qual punto rispecchi la sua filosofia quell’orazione, che, in ogni
modo, mira a impedire l'uccisione dei catiliniani. La divinazzione di G. La
stella raccontata di OVIDIO. OTTAVIANO interpreta la stella di altro
modo. Allorche nella congiura di CATILINA il console pronunzia
il primo contro i congiurati l’opinione sua per la pena di morte, G., il quale
desidera ne’ suoi fini di salvare loro la vita, nell’orazione che recita in
senato, riferita estesamente da SALLUSTIO , non tratta gia come ingiusta o
crudele la pena di morte, ma disse anzi che per coloro, che condur devono una
vita misera ed infelice, la morte NON È UNA PENA, MA UN BENEFIZIO, che li
libera avventurosomente dai mali che sofirone. Ne CICERONE , ne CATONE , ne
alcun altro de' senatori contraddissero punto in questa parte al sentimento di
G.. Anzi, Cicerone ne parla come d'un sentimento vero e giusto. G., dic’egli,
considera che la morte non e stata dagl’iddi immortali stabilita come una pena,
ma come il fine de’ dolori e delle miserie. Allora si debbono mettere in
libertà costoro e mandarli ad accrescere l’esercito di Catilina? Niente
affatto. Ma ecco il mio parere: si confi schino i loro beni, si tengano i
rei in prigione affi dandoli ai municipi che posseggono i migliori presìdi; per
l’avvenire intorno a costoro non si facciano più proposte in Senato né
discorsi al popolo; se qualcuno trasgredisse, il Senato deve dichiararlo
nemico dello Stato e della salvezza pubblica. if, for example, we
admit Julius Casar to membership of the universe, then we should also admit a
class of entities which will include the death of Julius Caesar in 44 B.C., and
a special subclass of these which will include Julius Caesar's crossing of the
Rubicon in 49 B.C. The death of Julius Caesar will be an entity whose
essential nature consists in, or at least contains, the attribute being an
event in which Julius Caesar died; in which case that particular event could
not conceivably have lacked that attribute, even though there may be many other
attributes which it in fact possesses but might have failed to possess, like
the attribute of being the cause of the rise of Augustus. A decision with
regard to the suitability of this further step is, I think, connected with the
view one takes with regard to the acceptability of one or both of two further
ideas. First, the idea that for an item x to be a genuine particular there must
be a distinction between (i) what x is in itself (intrinsically) and (ii) how x
is related to other things, and also a distinction within what it is itself
between what it is essentially and what it is accidentally or non-essentially.
Without satisfying these dis-tinctions, x will be characterless, and any
features attributed to it will be no more than pale and delusive reflections of
verbal descriptions which, in a nominalistic fashion, are thought of as
applying to it. Second, the idea that the possession of an essential attribute
is achieved only as an aspect of the metaphysical construction of the item
which possesses it (or of the category to which that item belongs); or perhaps
(less drastically) that only in the case of constructs are essential
characteristics unmistakably evident (waiting, so to speak, to be read off),
whereas, in the case of non-con-structs, though such characteristics may, or
must, exist, their identification involves the solution of a theoretical
problem. A combination of the strongest affirmative answers to these questions
would yield the possibly wol-come, possibly unwelcome, doctrine that
particulars as such are necessarily constructs; other combinations of answers
would lead to milder positions.Giulio Cesare. Keywords: l’immortalita dell’anima – Shropshire e Giulio – Giulio’s
intenzione al crosare il Rubicon. GRICEVS: Salve, IVLIVS. Audio te in senatu contra poenam mortis dixisse
mortem non esse poenam sed beneficium; ita Catilinarios servare voluisti, sed
verbis quasi eos consolari. IVLIVS: Salve. Consolari? Immo rationem publicam
servare: si mors finis malorum est, senatus non debet se in carnificem mutare;
satis est vincla, custodia, municipia. GRICEVS: At de anima quid? Dicunt te
immortalitatem negasse: Romani de anima gravius agebant quam Ryle umquam de
“mente”; tu vero quasi portas inferorum clausisti, ne quis minas post mortem
venderet. IVLIVS: Clausis portis, aperui consilium: si ultra-tumbae poenae non
sunt, tum hic et nunc iustitia est facienda; et, quaeso, noli me “impium”
vocare—ego tantum mortem a poena liberavi, non rem publicam a ratione.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giulio: Roma – da Roma
ad Oxford, via Bologna – Philosopher and farmer. Gneo Giulio Agricola
(Roma, Lazio): Roma – da Roma ad Oxford, via Bologna – Philosopher and
farmer. Grice:
“Going by the gens of Gnaeus Julius Agricola, his modern Italian
surname would be Giulio. The Roman naming convention included the
nomen gentilicium, which identified a person’s gens (clan). For Agricola, this
was Julius (or Iulius). In modern Italian, Roman nomina typically evolved into
surnames ending in -io or -i; thus, Julius becomes Giulio (or occasionally
Giulii). Agricola itself was his cognomen (a personal or family
branch nickname), which also survives as a modern Italian surname, Agricola,
meaning "farmer". Gnaeus was his praenomen (personal name), which is
rarely used as a modern surname. He makes his name as a politician and a
philosopher expert in political philosophy. Governor of Bretagna – His
son-in-law, Tacito, writes a biography of him, claiming that A. has a great
passion for philosophy – and that it was his mother who hated it (“doing her
best for his son to get rid of it”). She was largely unsuccessful, since A.
claims to have acquired and retained a sense of proportion (proportio,
proporzione) from his philosophical study. Cneo Giulio Agricola. Keywords: proporzione, analogia; a:b::c:d -- Gneo
Giulio Agricola Voce Discussione Leggi Modifica Modifica wikitesto
Cronologia Strumenti Disambiguazione – "Giulio Agricola"
rimanda qui. Se stai cercando la stazione della linea A della Metropolitana di
Roma, vedi Giulio Agricola (metropolitana di Roma). Legatus Augusti pro
praetore della Britannia NascitaFréjus MorteRoma PredecessoreSesto Giulio
Frontino SuccessoreSallustio Lucullo FigliGiulia Agricola Questura Tribunato
della plebe66 Pretura68 Legatus legionis69-75 Perchè egli dopo si breve tempo
pigliasse la determinazione di partire da Roma bisogna credere che ei sentisse
di non poter più sopportare il trattamento de’ suoi colleghi umanisti, poco
umani invero. E il Bellum troianum o non fu visto da alcuno, o se anche visto,
messo là tra quelli che non valevano una frulla non interessò nessuno degli
studiosi. GRICEVS: Salve, IVLIVS. Dicunt te et philosophum et agricolam fuisse;
miror: utrum aratrum an argumentum citius trahis? IVLIVS: Salve. Aratrum
tardius, sed certius; argumentum citius, sed saepe in luto haeret. Utrumque
tamen manibus et mente regendum est. GRICEVS: At nomen tuum ipsum ad rationem
invitat: Iulius, quasi “Giulio,” et Agricola vere agricola. Proportio, ais, a
philosophia tibi mansit: a:b::c:d—sed in agro quid est d? IVLIVS: D est cena.
Si bene proporciones, non tantum segetem metes sed etiam quietem; et si male,
mater mea iterum dicet philosophiam esse culpam, non tempestatem.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giulio: la ragione
conversazionale e l’attaco a Roma Giulio Giuliano: la ragione
conversazionale e l’attaco a Roma – filosofia italiana (Roma) Filosofo
italiano. A
philosopher who was killed during an attack on the city. GRICEVS: IVLIVS,
salve. Audio te philosophum fuisse, sed in impetu urbis oppugnatae interemptum:
Roma etiam disputationes suas armis interpellat. IVLIVS: Salve. Ita est; hostis
mihi argumentum fecit, non refutationem. Ego quaerebam quid esset vita bona;
ille statim demonstravit quam brevis. GRICEVS: At
certe, si in ipsa urbe cecidisti, Roma tibi ultimum exemplum dedit: “non omnia
perorantur.” Philosophia tua fuit quasi oratio cui bellum praecidit finem.
IVLIVS: Et tamen, GRICEVS, hoc unum consolatur: si mors tam inopina venit,
saltem non me coegit conclusionem longiorem scribere. Roma me breviter
emendavit.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giunco: la ragione
conversazionale dell’andreia -- Roma – filosofia italiana Giunco (Roma,
Lazio): la ragione conversazionale dell’andreia. The author
of a philosophical dialogue about the three ages of man. The
son-in-law of Tito Vario Ciliano. The models for the three ages of man are his
father in law, himself, and his own son, as models. He argues that the middle
age is the best. Grice: “But he was biased. In fact, in my lectures on
reasoning, I give this as an example of biased reasoning!” GRICEVS: Salve,
IVNCVS. Audivi te tres aetates hominis in dialogo pinxisse; et—mirum
dictu—media aetas tibi optima videtur. Fortasse quia in ea tu ipse sedes?
IVNCVS: Salve, GRICEVS. Non nego me in media aetate esse; sed ratio ipsa iubet
medium laudare: ibi nec temeritas iuventae nec querella senectutis dominatur. GRICEVS: Ratio, ais; sed exempla tua sunt socer, tu, filius. Ita iudex in
causa propria es, et testis idem, et—si liceat—iurator. IVNCVS: Concedo me
aliquantum “inclinatorem” esse; sed hoc saltem profitior: si quis me arguit
praeiudicii, respondeo me medium ipsum elegisse, quia etiam in iudiciis medium
saepe tutissimum est.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giunio: la ragione
conversazionale dell’accademia al portico romano Marco Giunio Bruto il
Minore (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale dell’accademia al portico
romano. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational
meaning treats understanding as an essentially cooperative, intention-involving
practice: what a speaker means (and what a hearer may reasonably take him to
mean) is recoverable by rational inference from what is said plus shared
expectations about relevance, sufficiency, and candour, yielding implicatures
that are cancellable and answerable to reasons. Brutus the Younger (Marcus
Junius Brutus), by contrast, is interesting as a limit-case where
“conversation” is already institutional and ethically φορτισμένη: his
philosophical formation moves between Academy and Stoa (Antiochus’ eclecticism,
Stoic-inflected duty), and his surviving speech-acts (letters, moral treatises
like De virtute and precepts “On Duties,” and—above all—the political act that
culminates in Caesar’s assassination) show how public meaning in Rome is never
merely what is said but what is taken to be meant by factions, patrons, and the
crowd. Put Grice beside Brutus and you see two different governance structures
for implication: in Grice, implicature is regulated by conversational
rationality and mutual recognition of intention; in Brutus’s world, uptake is
regulated by rhetoric, reputation, and the dangerous Roman habit of hearing
“crown” whenever someone says “res publica.” Even Brutus’s moralizing maxim
that “words teach, life excuses” fits this contrast: Grice’s model makes the
rational route from words to meaning central, whereas Brutus embodies the
political-practical fact that hearers will often treat actions (alliances with
Pompey, reconciliation with Caesar, the conspiracy) as the decisive
“implicatures” that retroactively fix what the earlier words were taken to
mean, whether or not that was the speaker’s intended point. Appartene all'Accademia -- cioè effettivamente all’eclettismo con tendenze
stoiche di Antioco d’Ascalona -- che, appunto, accetta dottrine derivate dal
portico. In Atene fa studi di filosofia, e in questa ha maestro
Aristone. Nella guerra civile parteggia per Pompeo e combatte a
Farsaglia. Ottenne di riconciliarsi con GIULIO Cesare. Forma stretti
rapporti con CICERONE, che gli dedica varie opere: "Brutus",
"Paradoxa", "Orator", "De finibus",
"Tusculanae", "De natura Deorum." A CICERONE, dedica il
"De virtute" (Andreia). Legato pro-pretore nelle Gallie, pretore
urbano, partecipa alla congiura contro GIULIO Cesare e e uno dei
suoi uccisori. Sconfitto a Filippi d’OTTAVIANO, si uccide. Uno dei
maggiori rappresentanti dell’atticismo è oratore insigne. Scrive lettere
(VIII a Cicerone ci restano nella corrispondenza di questo), poesie e tre opere
morali. Nel "De virtute” difende la teoria dell’auto-sufficienza
della virtù. In "Sui doveri" da precetti al fratello sulla sua
condotta. (Grice: “He never followed them!”). Nel "De
patientia," tratta di questa. Grice: “Clifton, 17 November 1926.
Today the Latin master gave Shropshire, me, and the rest of the class (so far
as I could tell through the general fidgeting) yet another lesson in Roman
onomastics. His theme was Brutus Maior and Brutus Minor. “The lesser brute?”
Shropshire asked, with that perfectly straight face by which he manages to look
both innocent and guilty at once. The master explained—“plausibly plausible,”
as he liked to say when he was half lecturing and half hedging—that the first
Brutus was so called because he pretended to pass for a brute: not because he
was one, but because it was safer, in a court full of daggers, to seem stupid
than to be known as clever. This led, inevitably, to Lucretia, the outrage that
turned private injury into public revolution, and the useful Roman habit of
converting scandal into constitution. Then the master, warming to his own
question, turned to us and asked why the descendant should still be labelled
“the Minor Brute.” If the first “brute” was an act, why should the family name
continue to carry the joke after the joke had served its turn? Shropshire was
poised to ask whether “Minor” meant “less cunning” or merely “born later,” but
the bell went before the master could pursue it. I was left thinking (as one
does, to one’s own annoyance) that we were brushing against something like a
device for identifying a man that is not really descriptive at all: a name that
begins as a kind of mask and ends as an inherited handle, even when the
original point has evaporated. There is a peculiar brutality in that, too: a
man can spend his life trying to be other than his label, and still be dragged
along by it.” Editor’s note: Grice will elaborate on fixed rigid identificatory
devices in his later explorations on naming versus merely describing. GRICEVS:
IVNIVS, salve; audio te ab Academia ad Porticum migravisse: num philosophia tua
more hospitis est, semper cum sarcinis? IVNIVS: Salve, GRICEVS; migravi, sed
non fugavi. In Academia quaero, in Porticu servo; ita eadem sententia
duas togas habet, et neutra mihi bene convenit. GRICEVS: Miror te cum Aristonis
disciplina et Antiochi mixtura tam compositum esse; Pompeio adhesisti, Caesari
reconciliatus es: unum cor, tot duces. IVNIVS: Ita est; sed tu quoque, GRICEVS,
“Sui doveri” legisti atque risisti. Ego praecepta scripsi fratri; ille non
secutus est; ergo discimus: verba docent, vita excusat.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giunio: la ragione
conversazionale e il portico romano Giunio Maurizio (Roma, Lazio): la
ragione conversazionale e il portico romano. A follower
of the Porch, and one of the senators who opposed NERONE. GRICEVS: IVNIVS, salve. Audio te Stoicum esse: num ideo semper in porticu
ambulas, ne umquam in angulo cogitare cogaris? IVNIVS: Salve, GRICEVS. In
porticu ambulo, quia ibi ventus docet brevitatem. Tu autem cur tam lente
loqueris, quasi maxima tua pedibus calceata sint? GRICEVS: Lente, ut tu
celerius intellegas. Nam qui nimis festinat, saepe plus implicat quam dicit—et
deinde queritur quod intellegitur. IVNIVS: Recte; sed
Stoicus sum, non haruspex. Si vis aliquid, dic; sin minus, tace: porticus ipsa
reliqua “cooperatur.”
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giuniore: la ragione
conversazionale e la geografia filosofica Giuniore (Roma, Lazio): la
ragione conversazionale e la geografia filosofica. A philosopher who
wrote, or edited, a short work on geography, comprising the whole of Rome, and
some of the shoreline outskirts, including Ostia. GRICEVS: IVNIOR, si totam Romam in libello includis, cave: Roma ipsa solet
etiam philosophos includere. IVNIOR: GRICEVE, includo Romam, sed Ostiam addo,
ne lectores sine portu philosophentur. GRICEVS: Bene; sed memento principii
cooperativi: noli vias omnes describere—satis est ut quis ad vinum perveniat. IVNIOR: Ita faciam: dicam tantum “Hic est Forum,” et reliqua implicabuntur;
nam Roma, ut scis, plus significat quam dicit.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giussani: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’amicizia – il
comune, fraternità, liberazione. Luigi Giovanni Giussani (Desio,
Monza, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale
dell’amicizia – il comune, fraternità, liberazione. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning starts from the
idea that what we mean in talk is made intelligible by shared rational norms
(cooperation, relevance, informativeness, etc.) and by an audience’s
recognition of intention, so that implicatures are, in principle, inferable and
answerable to reasons rather than to mood or charisma. Giussani, by contrast,
treats human communication less as an inferential puzzle to be solved and more
as a concrete form of companionship and education: friendship, “the common,”
and fraternity are not just topics but the medium in which truth becomes
credible, and the pragmatic point of speech is often to invite adhesion, trust,
and shared life rather than to transmit a proposition as efficiently as
possible. Put Grice next to Giussani and you get a helpful contrast of levels:
Grice analyzes the micro-logic by which speakers responsibly get hearers to
grasp meanings beyond the literal sentence; Giussani emphasizes the
interpersonal and communal conditions that make such grasping matter—why we
speak at all, why we bind ourselves to one another’s words, and how a community
of friends can carry meanings (and commitments) that cannot be reduced to what is
explicitly said. In Gricean terms, Giussani’s “amicizia” foregrounds a thicker
background of common ground and mutual trust: the cooperative principle is not
merely a methodological assumption for deriving implicatures, but a lived moral
posture that turns conversation into a form of shared rational life, where what
is left unsaid is sustained by fraternity rather than merely computed by
maxims. Grice:
“I have always been interested in what he calls a philosophisma. Take ‘friend’.
Aristotle says that a happy life is self-sufficient. Who needs friends like
that? amicizia. I like G.; of course at Oxford he would be a no-no, being a
Catholic; but he understands the pragmatics of conversation!” Ricevette la prima introduzione dalla madre Angelina Gelosa, operaia
tessile; il padre Beniamino, disegnatore e intagliatore, era un
socialista. Entra nel seminario diocesano San Pietro Martire di Seveso
dove frequenta i primi quattro anni di ginnasio. Si trasfere a Venegono
Inferiore, nella sede principale del seminario dove frequenta l'ultimo anno di
ginnasio, i tre anni del liceo e dove svolge i successivi studi di
filosofia. Ha come docenti, fra gli altri, Colombo, Corti, Carlo, e
Figini. In quella sede conosce i compagni di studio Manfredini e Biffi. Si interessa
di Leopardi e delle chiese ortodosse. Riceve l'ordinazione da
Schuster. Dopo l'ordinazione, rimase nel seminario di Venegono come
insegnante e si specializzò nello studio della teologia orientale, specie sugli
slavofili, della teologia protestante e della motivazione razionale
dell'adesione alla Chiesa. Lascia l'insegnamento in seminario per quello
nelle scuole superiori. Inizia l'insegnamento della religione nelle scuole a
Milano dove e suo alunno Giorello. Le riunioni di suoi studenti si tennero con
il nome di Gioventù Studentesca, che fonda insieme a Ricci e che fa parte
dell'Azione Cattolica. Inizia anche un'attività pubblicistica volta a
porre attenzione sulla questione educativa. Redasse la voce
"Educazione" per l'Enciclopedia Cattolica.
Sotto Colombo continua gli studi di teologia protestante per i quali
soggiornò per cinque mesi negli Stati Uniti. Ottenne la cattedra di
Introduzione alla Teologia a Milano. dell’amicizia. Grice: “St John’s, Oxford — 22 October 1955. Strawson has asked me for a
copy of that old talk I gave to the Oxford Philosophical Society on “meaning.”
I wonder what his meaning means; or rather, I wonder what he means by wanting
my meaning. Perhaps he intends to publish it, in which case I ought to pretend
I wrote it with publication in mind; or perhaps he simply wants ammunition for
a seminar, in which case he will quote it as if it were holy writ and then deny
having done so. In any case, I went to the Bodleian yesterday and, while
waiting for a book to arrive from whatever subterranean limbo books inhabit
before they are resurrected, I found an abstract by one Giussani on il senso
dell’uomo secondo Niebuhr. The Italians have a gift for titles that are
perfectly clear to them and perfectly opaque to everyone else; I lay the blame,
as usual, on Frege. Frege’s sin was to persuade a generation that Sinn is the
only respectable thing in the neighbourhood, and ever since then people have
been parading “sense” about as if it were self-explanatory. Meanwhile Austin is
lecturing on sense and sensibilia, largely, I suspect, because “sensibilia”
makes “sense” look as if it has dressed for dinner. He likes a title that can
be pronounced with a straight face while the audience is already laughing. But
“sense” is a treacherous word: more nonsensical than nonsense if one actually
tries to keep track of what it is supposed to do. One day it means meaning; the
next it means sensation; the next it means judgement; and by the end of the
week it means no more than “the bit you can’t deny without seeming a fool.”
Giussani, reading Niebuhr, is presumably not thinking about any of this; he is
after the “sense of man,” which sounds like something you might mislay in the
rain. Still, there is a useful moral hidden in the Italian: if you title
everything with “sense,” you can always claim profundity and never have to say,
plainly, what you mean. And that, I suppose, is precisely what Strawson thinks
I am good for. Grice: Carissimo Giussani, devo confessarti che, fin dai
tempi del Liceo—o, come direste voi, il “lizio”—l'aporia sull'amicizia ci
tormenta tutti! Ma tu, secondo me, hai avuto il coraggio di affrontare, se non
addirittura risolvere, quel grande enigma che da Aristotele ci perseguita. Sono
sinceramente impressionato: hai portato la questione dell'amicizia fuori dalle
sabbie mobili filosofiche e l'hai fatta respirare tra gente vera! Giussani:
Paul, ti ringrazio! Devo dire che l'amicizia mi ha sempre affascinato più dei
silenzi dei filosofi. E poi, forse al Lycaeum avrebbero fatto un brindisi in
tuo onore per aver sollevato il problema con tanto spirito inglese! Grice: Ah,
Giussani, mi piace pensare che Aristotele e i suoi amici, al tramonto di Atene,
si siano divertiti quanto noi oggi! La tua frase sulla compagnia mi ricorda che
la filosofia, in fondo, è solo una conversazione tra amici che cercano la
verità—magari con una battuta in mezzo. Giussani: Esattamente, Paul! L'amicizia
è una faccenda che non si risolve mai del tutto, ma ci diverte provarci, no?
Del resto, come diceva mia madre: “Meglio una buona compagnia che cento
solitudini brillanti!” E poi, se proprio abbiamo sciolto un'aporia, sarà merito
anche della conversazione, non credi? Giussani, Luigi Giovanni (1954). Il senso
cristiano dell’uomo. Venegono.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giusso: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale degl’eroi – filosofia fascista
-- il mistico dell’azione. Lorenzo Giusso (Napoli,
Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale degl’eroi
– filosofia fascista -- il mistico dell’azione. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how
hearers recover what speakers mean beyond what they literally say by assuming
rational cooperation and then inferring intentions and implicatures under
shared norms of relevance, sufficiency, sincerity, and clarity; it is a model
built to make indirectness accountable rather than intoxicating. Giusso, by
contrast, writes in a register where public language is meant to move souls and
make history: his journalism and philosophical criticism (shaped by the Naples
milieu, by engagement with Gentile’s actualism, by polemics with Croce, and by
an attraction to “vitalist” and “heroic” rhetoric) treats discourse as
scenographic action, a performance that aims less at cooperative convergence
than at mobilization, conversion, and the cultivation of a national-political
temper. In Gricean terms, Giusso’s “mystique of action” exploits implicature
not as a tidy, cancellable inference but as a field-effect: large nouns like
Nation, Hero, Action, Tradition invite readers to supply the missing
specification, and the very vagueness can be the point, because it lets a heterogeneous
audience coordinate emotionally without agreeing proposition-by-proposition. So
where Grice analyzes implication as the rational residue of a cooperative
exchange, Giusso exemplifies a political style in which what is left unsaid is
deliberately left available—less a calculable implicature than a rhetorical
summons—showing how, in mass politics, the pragmatics of uptake may be driven
more by identity, atmosphere, and institutional pressure than by the
conversational norms that make implicature responsibly derivable in ordinary
talk. Grice:
“There is a great difference between Bologna – the oldest university – and
Oxford: we never had a Mussolini! fascismo. I like G.: he has explored
philosophers from his country like Leopardi and Bruno, and tdhe whole
‘tradizione ermetica nella filosofia italiana,’ but also French – Bergson – and
especially “Dutch,” i. e. Deutsche or tedesca – Spengler, and Nietsche – All
very Italian!” Si laurea a Napoli sotto ALIOTTA.
Segue con passione l'attualismo di GENTILE e proprio il suo carattere
passionale lo porta anche nel campo filosofico ad un tipo di critica
scenografica. Le sue frizioni con CROCE, inizialmente orientate su temi
politici, presero più tardi una forma "sotterranea", genericamente
orientata contro l'idealism. G. si richiama al fatalismo di LEOPARDI. Oltre che
per la sua interpretazione della Scienza nuova vichiana (che si attirò una
severa recensione dello stesso Croce, G. è criticato dall'ambiente crociano. G,
critico e storico delle idee s'identificava con la visione della vita di autori
che sentiva a lui vicini per temperamento ed interessi come Bruno, Vico
dall'analisi degli scritti del quale nacque l'infastidita reazione di Croce,
Giacomo, Bacchelli, Barilli, Papini, Soffici, Palazzeschi, Borgese, Gozzano,
che molto ispira Don Giovanni ammalato. I suoi Tafferugli a Montecavallo
meriterebbero forse di essere più conosciuti. Partecipa all'atmosfera culturale
della Napoli segnata dal cenacolo di Croce, da cui molto presto si distaccò
(come TILGHER , che egli difende e mostra di apprezzare) assumendo posizioni
eretiche e ispirandosi piuttosto a un ideale di vitalismo che risulta evidente
dai numerosi autori e dalle molte opere cui dedicò la sua attenzione.
Intelligenza precoce, prima di intraprendere l'insegnamento universitario che
lo avrebbe allontanato da Napoli portandolo ad insegnare Filosofia a Bologna,
Pisa, e Cagliari, gl’eroi, il vico di giusso, la tradizione ermetica nella
filosofia italiana, nazionalsocialismo, bruno, panteismo, leopardi, occasionalismo.
Grice: “Corpus Christi College, Oxford — 7 February
1933. Why does Corpus insist on keeping old newspapers? There is something
faintly indecent about it, as if yesterday’s excitements ought not to be
preserved once they have ceased to excite. Still, I found myself distracted
today by a piece by Lorenzo Giusso in that formidable organ of Italian
journalism, L’Idea Nazionale. One cannot even translate the title into English
without hearing the objection before it is spoken. “The National Idea”? The first
thing my tutor would ask is: “Of what?” and the second would be: “And whose?”
Italians can apparently say “the Nation” in the singular with a straight face;
we, being an island and therefore permanently in two minds about everything,
would want at least a footnote, and preferably a committee. My tutor, to be
fair, has written on Plato, so one might expect him to have learned the
elementary lesson that an Idea, left alone, is a dangerous abstraction: it
starts by hovering and ends by governing. But he writes as if “national” were a
self-explaining adjective—an enchantment rather than a specification. Perhaps
that is the trick of newspapers: they sell you a large noun and let you supply
the rest out of mood, prejudice, or patriotic habit. And there is the further
difficulty that my own tutor is a Scot; and whatever their national idea is, it
is not quite ours, and certainly not the one that appears in English school
anthologies when they are being earnest. If this is “the” national idea, it is
a remarkably plural one. In any case, by the end of Giusso’s piece I felt that
he, too, had no idea—at least not the sort that would survive being asked,
calmly and repeatedly, “Of what?” Perhaps the whole point of a national idea is
that it must not be made too clear; clarity would force it to become a plan,
and then someone would have to carry it out. Better to leave it where
newspapers like it: large, resonant, and just out of reach.” Grice: Lorenzo, parlando di eroi e della mistica dell’azione, mi viene in
mente quanto la filosofia italiana abbia saputo intrecciare passione e
pensiero. La tua esplorazione del vitalismo e del fatalismo leopardiano mi
affascina: pensi che l’azione abbia sempre una radice mistica nell’esperienza
filosofica? Giusso: Paul, credo che la mistica dell'azione sia proprio il cuore
di una filosofia che non teme il rischio. Per me, l’implicatura conversazionale
degli eroi risiede nella volontà di incarnare idee, non solo di discuterle. La
tradizione ermetica, da Bruno a Vico, mostra come il pensiero italiano sappia
farsi carne, anche quando è controcorrente. Grice: Interessante! In
Inghilterra, forse siamo più cauti, meno inclini a esaltarci. Ma mi colpisce la
tua critica scenografica: hai sempre preferito la passione all’idealismo
astratto di Croce? E cosa ti ha portato a difendere autori come Tilgher, che
sono più “eretici” rispetto al mainstream? Giusso: Hai ragione, Paul. La
passione mi ha sempre spinto a cercare nel pensiero quella scintilla che lo
rende vivo. Gli eretici, come Tilgher, mi hanno insegnato che la verità non si
trova nel consenso, ma nella capacità di rinnovarsi e resistere. Come dice il
proverbio napoletano: “Chi va piano va sano e va lontano”—ma ogni tanto bisogna
anche correre, se si vuole davvero cambiare il mondo. Giusso, Lorenzo (1925).
Contributo. L’idea nazionale.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giusti: la ragione
conversazionale. Domenico Maria Giusti (Montegranaro, Fermo,
Marche): la ragione conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed
conversational meaning treats metaphor and other figures as cases where a
speaker can mean more than is literally said, in a way that is recoverable by
rational hearers using shared expectations about what counts as relevant,
informative, and appropriately expressed; the point of a figure, on this view,
is not mere ornament but an inferentially tractable device that invites (and
constrains) an audience’s reconstruction of intention and implicature. Domenico
Maria Giusti, by contrast, comes from the early modern rhetorical tradition in
which the primary explanatory framework is not cooperative inference but the
taxonomy of tropes and figures and their effects on persuasion and eloquence:
his Trattato della rettorica (Macerata, per il Silvestri, 1703) explicitly aims
to teach, with brevity and clarity, how to deploy metaphor, metonymy, and the
rest as craft tools for “the way of perorating.” The comparison, then, is that
Giusti offers a handbook model of rhetorical success (how to produce effective
speech by choosing the right figure), whereas Grice offers a rational-pragmatic
model of how such speech is understood (how hearers, assuming rational
cooperation, move from what is said to what is meant, including the extra layer
that a metaphor licenses); where Giusti explains the inventory and artistry of
expression, Grice explains the norms and inferences that make that artistry
communicatively intelligible rather than merely decorative. Grice:
“I like G! His discussion of metaphor is my source for my ‘You are the cream in
my coffee.’ His treatise provides a simple and clear explanation of tropes,
figures, and other rhetorical devices. The Greek verb from which
"rhetorical" is derived has a direct cognate in Latin.
"Rhetorical" comes from the rhētōr, derived from the verb εἴρω,
meaning "I speak" or "I say". The Latin cognate of eírō is
verbum, from the same Indo-European root *werh₁-, to speak. While the
Greek branch evolved to produce terms for professional public speaking
(rhētorikḗ), the Latin branch produced the standard term for a single word or
the part of speech that "speaks" an action (verbum). The Greek root
rheō (to flow), which is sometimes confused with the speaking root, is actually
a distinct root (*sreu-) and is the source of terms like "rheology"
or "diarrhea. The Italian word bisogno (meaning
"need") does not have a native Latin root; instead, it is a borrowing
into Vulgar Latin from a Germanic (Frankish)
source. Etymological Path Frankish Root: It originates
from the Frankish word **bisunnija, meaning "care,"
"concern," or "need". It entered late spoken Latin as
**bisonium. The original term is composed of two parts: bi-: A prefix used for
emphasis. sunnija: Meaning "care," "responsibility," or
"worry". While it shares an
ancestor with the French word besoin, the Italian bisogno developed
independently from the Vulgar Latin bisonium TRATTATO DELLA RETTORICA
introduzione all'eloquenza DOVE Con Breoiti, Faciliti, e chiarezza fona «spefli
io lingua italiana li tropi, le figure e altre cose non meno utili «h^gcy|^
Deccfiariea tutti quelli che de^^'^O^ fìdcrarjo incaminatfi tGttóS /5> via
del perorare: iDAIO IN LVCE DA G., curato della Chitf* parocchiale di S. PIETRO
IN Montegranaro, si dal medesimo co ofictato alli meriti imparegiibili
dell'llluft'ifs. tic. in cui ha fortuna di rimirare e godere i benignissimi influJfidel
r vagbijfimo cielo della nobiltà cingolana, e lo zelo principalmente, con cui.
Ella attende à colli tiare gli n.'fficij di piefitti, in far Sene educare, ed
iflruir e i. Grice: “Clifton, Michaelmas Term, 1926. Today the Latin master told Shropshire, in front of us all, that he was
eloquent—very. Shropshire, who hears Latin the way a terrier hears a whistle,
brightened at the ending and assumed the master meant loquent, which Shropshire
also is, if loquacity were a scholarship. “E?” he said, as if one could
interrogate a prefix like a witness. The master frowned. “Your point,
Shropshire?” “What is e- doing in eloquentia?” And I remember thinking (if it
is psychologically possible to think in italics), Oh dear—he is looking for
trouble again. But the master took it kindly, as masters sometimes do when they
smell a genuine question under the cheek. He explained that eloqui is not
merely loqui, and that eloquentia is not just “speech” but speech pressed out,
speech brought forth, speech with a sort of clean exit—whereas loquentia, if it
were a thing one ought to admire, would be mere running-on. “One letter more,”
he said, “and a world of difference.” “One letter less, too,” Shropshire
whispered to me, “and the Romans would have been grateful—hard enough carving
the things on stone.” When the master had, at our request, made the matter
clearer to the whole class, he concluded with a little flourish: “Today,
Shropshire has yet again proved his—er—e-, e-loquence. Class dismissed.”Grice:
Caro Giusti, ogni volta che sento parlare di tropi e figure, mi viene voglia di
mettere la panna nel caffè, come dici tu! Ma dimmi, tu che hai scritto un
trattato chiaro e semplice, preferisci la metafora o la metonimia? Giusti: Paul, la metafora
è come una buona battuta: se fa sorridere e illumina, vale doppio! La metonimia
invece è come quando chiedi il bicchiere ma vuoi il vino – pratica, ma un po’
meno poetica. Grice:
Allora siamo d’accordo che la chiarezza vince sempre sulla confusione! In
fondo, anche la parola “bisogno” ha fatto un bel viaggio: dai Franchi ai caffè
italiani, passando per un trattato di retorica. Giusti: Esatto, Paul! La
lingua è come la vita: scorre, si mescola e ogni tanto serve una buona
conversazione per mettere tutto a posto. E se manca una figura, si improvvisa –
purché la battuta sia gentile! Giusti, Domenico Maria (1703). Trattato della rettorica
overo introduzzione all’eloquenza. Macerata: Silvestri.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giustino: la ragione
conversazionale e la gnossi a Roma – filosofia italiana (Roma) Giustino:
la ragione conversazionale e la gnossi a Roma – filosofia italiana
(Roma). Filosofo
italiano. Giustino is cited by Ippolito di Roma as the originator of what
Ippolito describes as a pagan form of gnosticism in which a wide variety of
disparate elements are brought together. GRICEVS: Iustine, audio
Hippolytum te quasi principem gnoseos paganae facere, qui omnia miscet:
philosophos, mythos, ritus, et quodvis quod in foro invenitur. Hoc estne ratio
conversandi, an recepta culina? IVSTINVS: Amice, si “gnosis” mea est, non est
confusio sed collectio: diversa coniungo ut verum elucescat. Qui multa legit, multa etiam implicat. GRICEVS: Bene; sed cave ne te
“varietas” prodere videatur. Nam ubi omnia simul
dicuntur, auditor suspicatur nihil proprie dici—et gnosticus fit potius
congerens quam docens. IVSTINVS: At ego respondeo: ipsa congeries est
argumentum. Implicatura mea est haec: si veritas una est, fragmenta ubique
sunt; et si me paganum vocant, id tantum significat me etiam cum paganis
civiliter loqui, ut eos paulatim ad meliorem rationem traham.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giustino: la ragione
conversazionale e la setta di Napoli. Giustino:
la ragione conversazionale e la setta di Napoli. Napoli, Campania, nella
Palestina. Il padre e romano! He studies various
schools of philosophy with his friend Trifone, but could not decide. He shows
his scepticism in a letter to Antonino Pio. He irates Crescente, who has a mob
kill him. Or else he was beheaded! G. filosofo
filosofo e martire cristiano. "Giustino martire" rimanda qui. Se stai
cercando altri martiri con questo nome, vedi San G.. San G. Justin filozof. jpg
Icona russa di G. Padre della chiesa e martire. Nascita Flavia Neapolis,
Morte Roma Venerato da Tutte le Chiese che ammettono il culto dei santi
Santuario principale Collegiata di San Silvestro Papa, Fabrica di Roma VT)
Ricorrenza Attributi palma, libro PATRONO DI FILOSOFI G., conosciuto come G.
martire o G. filosofo Flavia Neapolis, – Roma), è un filosofo italiano --
martire cristiano, e apologeta di lingua latina, autore del Dialogo con Trifone,
della Prima apologia dei cristiani e della Seconda apologia dei cristiani. A
lui dobbiamo anche la più antica descrizione del rito eucaristico. G.
philosophi et martyris Opera. È uno dei primi filosofi cristiani, e venerato
come santo e padre della chiesa dai cattolici e dagl’ortodossi. La memoria si
celebra. La chiesa cattolica lo considera anche santo PATRONO DEI FILOSOFI
insieme a Caterina d'Alessandria, pur non essendo nessuno dei due nel novero
dei dottori della chiesa. G., che spesso si dichiara in verità samaritano,
visto il suo nome e il nome di suo padre, Bacheio, sembra piuttosto di origini
latine. La sua famiglia probabilmente si stabilisce da poco in Palestina, al
seguito degl’eserciti romani che qualche anno prima avevano sconfitto gl’ebrei
e distrutto il tempio di Gerusalemme. Come riferisce G. stesso nel Dialogo
con Trifone, venne educato nel culto romano elogiato da Cicerone ed ha
un'ottima educazione che lo porta ad approfondire i problemi che gli stanno più
a cuore, quelli riguardanti LA FILOSOFIA. Racconta che la sua smania di verità
lo porta a frequentare molte scuole filosofiche. Giustino. Napoli, Campania.
GRICEVS: Iustine Neapolitane, audivi te multas scholas philosophorum cum amico
Tryphone explorasse, nec tamen statuere potuisse: quasi in macello sapientiae
omnia olere bonum, sed nihil cenam facere. IVSTINVS: Ita est; quaerebam
veritatem, et inveniebam magistros. Tandem tamen epistolam ad Antoninum Pium
misi, ut scepticismum meum palam facerem: non quia nescirem, sed quia nollem me
decipi. GRICEVS: Optime: hoc est ratio conversandi. Sed cave implicaturam
Romanam: qui nimis libere disputat, Crescentium irritat; et qui Crescentium
irritat, aut a turba contunditur aut capite minutatur. IVSTINVS: Si ita evenit,
fiat: melius est cum martyrio finire quam cum dubitatione. Et si quid mea
conversatio significat, hoc significat: philosophum etiam in foro teneri
posse—modo non taceat, et tamen civiliter loquatur.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Glauco: la ragione
conversazionale e l’accademia a Roma Tito Flavio Glauco: la ragione
conversazionale e l’accademia a Roma – filosofia lazia – filosofia romana –
scuola di Roma -- filosofia italiana – (Roma). Filosofo
italiano. A poet and philosopher. The nephew of Tito Flavio CALLESCRO .
Probably a member of the Accademia, like his uncle. GRICEVUS: Glauce, Romae
quisque se “Academicum” vult videri; sed ego timeo ne Academia fiat tantum
nomen, sicut toga sine corpore. GLAVCVS: Noli timere, Griceve: ego poeta sum et
philosophus, et in Academia nostra versus et rationes eodem vino miscentur; hoc
est ipsa ratio conversandi Romana. GRICEVUS: Nepos autem Titi Flavii Callescri
esse diceris: ergo iam implicatur te non solum carmina facere, sed etiam cenam
gratis accipere apud sodales Accademiae. GLAVCVS: Recte coniectas; sed addo
hoc: si in Academia cantus meus placet, philosophia mea facilius creditur; si
philosophia mordet, cantus saltem excusat. Sic Roma docet: interdum elegia est optimus syllogismus.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gobetti: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale e il partito liberale italiano
– il partito socialista italiano – filosofi contro il regime. Piero Gobetti
(Torino, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura
conversazionale e il partito liberale italiano – il partito socialista italiano
– filosofi contro il regime. Grice’s theory of
reason-governed conversational meaning is designed to show how, under a
presumption of rational cooperation, hearers can work out what a speaker means
beyond what is literally said by reconstructing intentions and deriving
implicatures that are, in principle, cancellable and publicly accountable.
Gobetti’s practice as a political writer and editor (Energie Nove from 1918,
then the more explicitly anti-fascist La Rivoluzione Liberale, 1922–1925, and
Il Baretti, 1924–1928) operates in a communicative environment where
cooperation is structurally fragile and where what is “meant” is often shaped
by polemical timing, editorial framing, and the pressures of repression; in
such settings, the space between saying and meaning is not merely a
conversational convenience but a political necessity. Put Grice next to Gobetti
and you get a useful contrast: Grice models implicature as the rational
by-product of shared norms of talk, while Gobetti’s “implicatures” are
frequently strategic and institution-sensitive, aimed at mobilizing readers,
signaling allegiance, and outmaneuvering hostile interpreters (including
censors and regime sympathizers), so that the interpretive burden shifts from
cooperative inference to politically literate uptake. In short, Grice explains
how rationality makes ordinary conversation efficient; Gobetti shows how
rationality makes public discourse survivable, with indirectness functioning
not as a mere maxim-flout but as a principled tactic for preserving liberal
agency when the conversational background is dominated by force rather than
mutual good will. Grice: “If there is a distinction to be made between Bologna
– the oldest university – and Oxford, is that: we never had a Mussolini!”
fascismo. Italian philosophy is political in a way pinko Oxonian one ain’t: G.
is the exception that DISproves the rule!” Aveva dei dubbi strani sulle sue stesse attitudini. e politica di un
liberale del Novecento, Firenze, Passigli, U. Morra di Lavriano,
Vita, pref. di N. Bobbio, Torino, Tipografico, G. e la Francia,
Milano, Franco Angeli, Luigi Anderlini, Gobetti critico, in Letteratura
italiana. I critici, Milano, Marzorati, G. e gl’intellettuali del Sud, Napoli,
Bibliopolis, G. Marzi, G. e CROCE , Urbino, Quattroventi, Cabella, Elogio della
libertà. Torino, Il Punto, Marco Gervasoni, L'intellettuale come eroe. G. e le
culture, Firenze, La Nuova Italia, Bagnoli, Il metodo della
libertà. tra eresia e rivoluzione, Reggio Emilia, Diabasis,
Gariglio, Progettare il postfascismo. G. e i cattolici, Milano, Franco Angeli,
Virgilio, G.. La cultura etico-politica del primo Novecento tra consonanze e
concordanze leopardiane, Manduria-Bari-Roma, Lacaita, Angelo Fabrizi, Che ho a
che fare io con gli schiavi?». G. e ALFIERI , Firenze, Fiorentina, Mazzei, G..
Profilo di un rivoluzionario liberale, Firenze, Pugliese, Gariglio, L'autunno
delle libertà Lettere ad Ada in morte di G,, Torino, Bollati, Erba, G.,
Intellettuali laici italiani, Padova, Grasso, Ciampanella, Senza illusioni e
senza ottimismi. Prospettive e limiti di una rivoluzione liberale, Roma,
Aracne, Socialismo liberale Liberalismo sociale Salvemini Amendola Croce
Alfieri Matteotti Il Baretti La Rivoluzione liberale. dell'Enciclopedia
Italiana. Opere di Centro Studi G,, su centro G.. «La Rivoluzione Liberale» G.,
Il liberalismo in Italia, G. Iacchini, Quando la libertà è rivoluzionaria: G.,
su radicalsocialismo. La casa di G. in via XX Settembre a Torino, su multimedia
la stampa. implicatura, fascismo, Mussolini, Gentile. Grice: “Merton College, Oxford 15 March 1935 Dear Father, I hope this
finds you well. I am newly installed at Merton, and have been browsing the
Library, which seems even richer than Corpus’s (though perhaps it is only that
Merton is less shy about letting one see the riches). Today I was arrested by
the cover of a little Italian magazine from 1918 called Energie Nove. It is, as
you would say, “a magazine,” though it looks like something more serious than
that word ordinarily permits: fine drawings, a kind of determined prettiness,
and the air of an enterprise that means what it says and says what it means.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Goretti: la ragione
conversazionale e la co-azione istituzionale – filosofia fascista. Note su
I presupposti filosofici del dirito. Il Gruppo di Gioco di H. P. Grice. Cesare
Goretti (Torino, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e la co-azione
istituzionale – filosofia fascista. Grice’s theory of
reason-governed conversational meaning explains how a speaker and hearer,
treated as rational cooperators, can reach what is meant (including
implicatures) by relying on shared norms of informative, relevant, and orderly
talk plus the hearer’s recognition of the speaker’s intention; the result is a
pragmatic account that is interpersonal but still essentially cognitive,
centred on intention-recognition and inferential uptake. Cesare Goretti, by
contrast, is a jurist-philosopher of institutions and normative statuses: his
focus is not primarily on how utterances generate extra meaning, but on how
subjects enter structured relations (rights, duties, reciprocity) through what
might be called institution-making acts; this shows up in his
“istituzionalismo” about legal acts and, strikingly, in his 1928 essay
L’animale quale soggetto di diritto (published in Rivista di Filosofia), where
he argues that animals can be treated as subjects of right, with a rudimentary
“juridical consciousness” manifested in practices like guarding property and
exchanging services with humans. Read through a Gricean lens, Goretti’s
contribution is to thicken the background of conversational rationality: he
pushes us from the micro-level of implicature (what one means beyond what one
says) to the macro-level of normative co-action, where interaction can
“institute” a decision or status that is not merely inferred but socially
binding; so where Grice explains how conversation works when rational agents
coordinate meaning, Goretti emphasizes how interaction can create or recognize
institutional positions (even across species boundaries), making the outcome of
“understanding” look less like a private inference and more like the
establishment of a normative relation. Grice: I most
clearly philosophised on what Italians call ‘equità’ in the description of the
Immanuel – a set of maxims qua counsels of prudence that may be universalizable
and a section of which is the conversational Immanuel. No maxim is formulated
such that it does not apply to all. Keywords: equità. I like G.: I rather
casually referred to ‘the institution of a decision’ as the end of a
conversational exchange, notably involving buletic conversational moves; G.
makes a whole system out of this. His example is his conversation with his dog:
‘Surely my dog knows that he is providing me a service, guarding my territory,
and he is rightly deemed as a ‘subject’ in my exchange with him, as we
‘institute a decision’ that there is a reciprocity involved.” Keywords: “the institution of decisions!” Si laurea a Torino sotto SOLARI.
Insegna a Ferrara. A G. si deve il primo intervento che qualifica
l'animale come soggetto di diritto. Martinetti “L’animo del animale”: il
animale possede intelletto e coscienza e, un animo, come emerge
dall’atteggiamento, gesto, e la fisionomia. Questo animo e vita animale e ha
coscienza e non può essere ridotta a fisiologia. L’animalee vero e proprio un
soggetto di diritto e che ha una coscienza giuridica e una percezione del
giuridico. bioetica etologia. Non possiamo negare all'animale sia crepuscolare
l'uso della categoria della causalità, così non possiamo escludere che
partecipando al nostro mondo non ha un senso della proprietà e l'obbligazione.
Un cane e custode geloso della proprietà del suo padrone e come ne compartecipa
all'uso. Opera questa visione della realtà esteriore come cosa propria che
nell’homo sapiens arriva alle costruzioni che rende un servizio al suo padrone
che lo mantiene agisca istintivamente. Sente in se questo rapporto di servizi
resi e SCAMBIATI. Non arriva al concetto di cioche e la proprieta,
l’obbligazione, ma dimostra esterioremente di fare uso di questi principi. l’istituzionale,
Bradley, La massima d’equita segni e comprensione il concetto di patria eforato
co-azione co-operazione diada. Grice: “Corpus Christi
College, Oxford — 18 May 1934. I am beginning to suspect that Corpus has more
books than it has any moral right to, which perhaps explains why I spend so
many hours outdoors, either cricketing or footballing, as if fresh air were a
philosophical method. Still, today I did the one thing that defeats my own
resolution: I drifted into the Philosophy Library and found myself browsing an
ancient-looking manuscript, the sort of thing that ought to be locked up with
the antiquities and visited only under supervision. It was signed “Cesare
Goretti” (yes, Cesare, as in Caesarean and Julius Caesar), and it turned out to
be a solemn little exercise in what he calls presupposti filosofici del
diritto. The Italian fondness for plural abstractions is inexhaustible: why
“presupposti,” when a man might have managed with a single presupposto, and why
not presupposizione, which at least sounds like something that has been done
rather than something that has merely been parked beneath? Of course the trick
is to forget the prae- altogether and look at the supposto versus the
supposizione; and that, in turn, reminds me of a pleasingly pedantic discovery
in Lewis and Short: Sidonius (of all people) is cited for inplicatura—spelled,
with a straight face, as in-plicatura. These Americans will record anything,
provided it is odd enough. It set me thinking: a suppositum is not the same
thing as a suppositio, any more than implicatura would be the same as an
implicatum—if there were such a beast. One translates the -io, not the -um:
suppositio gives supposizione, implicatio gives implicatura, and the rest is a
lesson in not mistaking a grammatical tail for a metaphysical head. But Goretti
is untroubled by such distinctions. He announces that there are three “main”
philosophical presupposti of law, and—most helpfully—names them the first, the
second, and the third. A man who can count like that can scarcely be accused of
excessive subtlety; still, it has a certain charm. I left the manuscript where
I found it (for once), and went back outside, where the only presupposition is
that the ball will not behave rationally. Grice:Goretti, trovo la tua idea di “co-azione” straordinaria. Mi sembra
che tu colga davvero il cuore della conversazione come impresa sociale: non si
tratta semplicemente di aiutare l’altro, come se uno portasse un registro e
l’altro si limitasse a sostenere. È piuttosto come portare insieme un tronco,
dove entrambi sono impegnati, e l’implicazione di “aiuta” diventa molto più
profonda. Ho cercato anch’io di esprimere questo aspetto: la vera equità nasce
proprio dal riconoscere quel reciproco impegno. Goretti: Caro Paul, ti ringrazio
per aver colto questo punto così sottile. Per me, la “co-azione” non è mai
stata una semplice collaborazione, ma un’autentica condivisione di
responsabilità e senso. Portare insieme un tronco diventa una metafora potente:
entrambi sentono il peso e, insieme, trovano equilibrio. Le implicazioni
sociali sono davvero profonde. Grice: Esattamente, Cesare! È proprio questa
reciprocità che rende la conversazione un atto equo, dove ogni partecipante
diventa soggetto e non semplice destinatario di un aiuto. Penso che il tuo
approccio arricchisca moltissimo il modo in cui vediamo le relazioni sociali,
anche oltre la filosofia. Goretti: Grazie, Paul, davvero. Apprezzo il tuo
riconoscimento: è raro trovare chi riesca a intuire la profondità di questi
concetti. Quando la co-azione diventa dialogo, ogni parola pesa quanto il
tronco che portiamo insieme – e l’impresa non è mai di uno solo, ma di tutti.
Goretti, Cesare (1909). I presupposti filosofici del dirito.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gori: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale e la filosofia di cabaret --
l’eroe e la falce – filosofia futurista. Gino Gori (Roma, Lazio): la
ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale e la filosofia di
cabaret -- l’eroe e la falce – filosofia futurista. Grice’s reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicit content
as something a rational hearer can work out from what is said by assuming
cooperation and then inferring a speaker’s intention (so implicatures are, in
principle, articulable, criticizable, and cancellable); Gino Gori’s
cabaret-futurist “philosophy,” by contrast, aims less to make implicit meaning
calculable than to make it felt, by staging rapid tonal shifts, grotesque
masks, and provocations in which what is meant is carried by performance,
atmosphere, and shock rather than by a shared commitment to conversational
maxims. In Gricean terms, much of Gori’s effect comes from systematic,
theatrical flouting of the very norms that make ordinary implicature tidy
(especially relevance and manner), so that the audience’s uptake is driven not
by cooperative reconstruction of a determinate intention but by an engineered
surplus of suggestion—more like a curated ambiguity than a solvable inference.
That contrast fits the historical Gori we can now pin down more securely:
beyond Il mantello d’Arlecchino (often listed 1913 but commonly catalogued as
1914) and his later L’irrazionale (1924) and L’eroe e la falce, he was also the
entrepreneur-poet who commissioned Fortunato Depero to design the Cabaret del
Diavolo in Rome (inaugurated 19 April 1922; closed 1925), a literal environment
built to produce interpretive “implicatures” through scenography
(Paradiso-Purgatorio-Inferno) rather than through conversational cooperation.
So where Grice models meaning as rational coordination between speaker and
hearer, Gori exemplifies meaning as avant-garde orchestration: the point is not
to converge on what was meant, but to keep the audience inferentially
off-balance long enough for a new sensibility—comic, futurist, abrasive—to take
hold. Grice:
“My favourite G. are “L’eroe e la falce” and “Il mantello
d’Arlecchino” – nothing can be italianita with that!”. “Il mantello di Arlecchino Il libbro rosso de la guerra” Le bruttezze della
Divina Commedia” Le bellezze della Divina Commedia” (Milano); “Estetica
dell'irrazionale” Il mulino della luna L'irrazionale”; “Filosofia ed estetica”,
“Sistema di una nuova scienza del bello; “Il bello” – L'eroe e la falce Scorcio
architettonico di letteratura europea dalle origini ai nostri giorni, Il teatro
e le sue correnti caratteristiche di pensiero e di vita nelle varie nazioni
L'oca azzurra Il grande amore (Firenze); Scenografia. La tradizione e la
rivoluzione cIl grottesco L'irrazionale e il teatro, G., in Godoli, Dizionario
del futurismo, produzione teatrale e delle nuove tendenze del teatro italiano
d'arte totale, G. passa a discorrere del teatro dell'Anima di Schuré e Claudel,
dell'esteriorismo, ANNUNZIO, Espressionismo, del teatro borghese, del teatro
dialettale italiano, del teatro delle nazioni europee minori (discorre anche
del teatro dell'Islanda o della Lituania o della Bulgaria), delle forme
rudimentarie del teatro presso i popoli selvaggi. fiancheggiatore del
Futurismo, apre a Roma il Cabaret del Diavolo, realizzato da Depero.
su incarico di G., inizia i lavori di allestimento del Cabaret del Diavolo, una
sorta di bolgia dantesca frequentata da futuristi, dadaisti, anarchici ed
artisti in genere. Per il cabaret, strutturato lungo un percorso discendente (a
ritroso) Paradiso-Purgatorio-Inferno, Depero realizzò tutto l'arredo e le
decorazioni murali. dinamismo plastico, della simultaneità e della sintesi.
Seguì infine Il grottesco nell'arte e nella letteratura, in cui, riproponendo
anche alcuni studi di prima della guerra (sul grottesco nell'Inferno di Dante,
sulla maschera turca di Karagöz), il G. approfondisce soprattutto lo studio sul
teatro futurista italiano nella chiave del grottesco e del fantastico (in
particolare, Cavacchioli, Chiarelli, l’eroe e la falce, bello, eroe, falce,
irrazionale, mantello dell’arlecchino – bellezza, futurismo. Grice:
Gori, sono affascinato dalla tua filosofia di cabaret, dove l’eroe incontra la
falce e il grottesco si trasforma in bellezza. Come nasce l’irrazionale nel tuo
teatro, e che ruolo ha nella visione futurista? Gori: Caro Grice, l’irrazionale
nasce proprio dall’esigenza di rompere la tradizione, di scuotere l’animo e il
pensiero. Nei miei testi, come “L’eroe e la falce” o “Il mantello di
Arlecchino”, il grottesco diventa uno strumento per liberare la fantasia e per
mostrare che la bellezza può abitare anche nel caos. Grice: Questa libertà mi
ricorda i principi del Futurismo: il dinamismo, la simultaneità, la sintesi.
Pensi che il Cabaret del Diavolo, con il suo percorso
Paradiso-Purgatorio-Inferno, abbia davvero aiutato gli artisti e i filosofi ad
aprire nuove strade nel pensiero europeo? Gori: Assolutamente, Grice. Il
Cabaret del Diavolo è stato una bolgia dove l’arte, la filosofia e la
ribellione si mescolavano, creando un luogo in cui la maschera, il grottesco e
il fantastico potevano fiorire. È lì che la falce diventa simbolo di
rivoluzione, e l’eroe si veste d’ironia, indicando ai nostri tempi che la
bellezza si trova anche nelle pieghe più audaci dell’esistenza. Gori, Gino
(1913). Il mantello d’Arlecchino. Roma.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gracco’ Gaio Sempronio Gracco
(Roma, Lazio). Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational
meaning is built for the repairable rationalities of talk: what a speaker
means, and what a hearer is entitled to take the speaker to mean, is
recoverable by assuming cooperative norms (relevance, quantity, etc.) and then
calculating implicatures as reasonable inferences from what is said plus
context. Gaius Sempronius Gracchus, by contrast, is almost a textbook case of
how public speech strains (and sometimes breaks) those assumptions: in the
Forum, “cooperation” is factional, audiences are plural, and hostile
interpreters can force an implicature on you—so that a reformist slogan about
ager publicus or a legal appeal in the contio de capite civis Romani can be
made to “mean” (in the Senate’s uptake) crown-hunger, sedition, or tyranny,
even when the orator’s declared intention is civic justice and due process. The
interesting comparison is that Grice explains implicature as a rational bridge
between speaker and hearer under shared conversational expectations, whereas
Gaius’s experience shows a political limit-case where the bridge becomes
contested territory: the same utterance supports competing “calculations”
depending on who claims the right to set the background assumptions (what
counts as relevant, what counts as enough, what counts as sincere), and the
fight over the res publica becomes, in part, a fight over which implicatures
are “reasonable” and therefore politically actionable. Grice: “Clifton College,
14 October 1926. Dear Father, Today Waddington (whom you met at the cricket
match, the one who can turn a perfectly innocent innings into an occasion for
Roman moralising) gave us a lecture on the difference between Caius Sempronius
Gracchus and Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus. He delivered it with the air of a
man who has personally cross-examined the Senate. What struck me, oddly enough,
was not only the politics, but the family likeness: it set me thinking of
Herbert Paul Grice and John Derek Grice, and then of you, John Herbert Grice,
presiding over us all like a sensible consul of Harborne. Waddington pronounced
that Tiberius was “righter” than Caius—by which he meant, I think, that
Tiberius had the cleaner grievance and the worse press. Caius, he implied, was
cleverer, louder, and therefore easier to suspect. That reminded me of what you
once said about Harborne’s Lordswood—how the name itself sounds like a tiny
private empire that has survived into suburbia: “lords” in the title, woods in
the background, and everybody else expected to behave as if it were always so.
It made me wonder (and I hope this doesn’t sound cheeky) whether there was ever
any agrarian protest in our own neighbourhood, or whether England manages to do
its land politics so quietly that it only shows up later as a street-name and a
slight stiffness in the voice.Which brings me to the point I really want to ask
you. Lordswood territory is still a bit new to you, since you came from the
other suburb where the “lords” had less power, but where—if I recall your
stories correctly—someone still planted the trees anyway. Were those woods
natural to the area, or were they the whim of a lord who liked the look of
“nature” from a distance? And did they use farm-hands for it, the way the
Romans used other people’s backs for their roads? It is a funny thing, but once
you start thinking about who owns land, you start thinking about who did the
work that made the land look respectable. Waddington thinks Roman history is mostly
about great men and grand speeches. But it seems to me it is also about who
gets accused of what for saying the obvious. A man says, “The public land ought
to be used for the public,” and immediately someone hears, “He wants a crown.”
Even I can see the trick in that. It makes me suspect that Roman history can
teach you quite a lot about Staffordshire and Warwickshire, and perhaps even
about Harborne, if you listen for the implications as well as the declarations.
Yours affectionately, Paul. GRICEVS: Gai, cum Tiberius diceret ager publicus
esse reddendus, tu putabas eum tacite significare se regnum appetere, nonne? GRACCVS: Ita vero, nam senatus ex “ager” statim audiebat “diadema”, quasi
iugera in coronam mutarentur. GRICEVS: Mirum est quam celeriter apud Romanos
lex agraria fiat lex regia, sola implicatura currente. GRACCVS: Quare ego in
contione de capite civis Romani monui: si verba pro factis puniuntur, tum
frater meus ante legem damnatus est. Gracco, Gaio Sempronio (a. u. c. DCXXXI).
Contio de capite civis romani. Roma.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gracco: la ragione
conversazionale e il concetto di stato.
Tiberio Sempronio Gracco (Roma, Lazio): la ragione
conversazionale e il concetto di stato. Grice’s
theory of reason-governed conversational meaning is built for small-scale
exchanges: it explains how a hearer recovers what a speaker means (including
implicatures) by assuming rational cooperation and then inferring intentions
from what is said plus shared norms of relevance, informativeness, sincerity,
and clarity. With Tiberius Gracchus you can see almost the mirror-image case:
public, adversarial “conversation” in which the very point is that what is said
will be strategically re-heard by hostile audiences (senators, rivals, clients,
crowds) so that a legislative proposal about the ager publicus is liable to
generate a predictable political implicature—“he wants a crown,” “he’s aiming
at tyranny”—regardless of the reformer’s declared content. In Gricean terms,
Gracchus is operating in a forum where the Cooperative Principle is not
reliably in force across factions, so implicature becomes less a benign
by-product of shared rationality and more a weaponized inference shaped by
institutional suspicion and incentives; Grice would say the hearer’s
“calculation” of what is meant can still be rational, but it is rational under
conditions of strategic non-cooperation, where the same utterance (“the state
should reclaim and redistribute”) is designed to communicate one thing to one
audience (justice, civic stability) while predictably licensing a different
uptake in another (ambition, usurpation). The comparison, then, is that Grice
offers a general model of how meaning can be responsibly inferred in cooperative
talk, whereas Gracchus exemplifies the political limit-case in which the
central pragmatic problem is precisely that hearers will insist on an
implicature the speaker repudiates, and the struggle over “the state” is also a
struggle over who gets to fix what counts as the reasonable interpretation of
public speech. Grice:
“At Oxford, a distinction was clearly made between those who were entitled to
teach Plato and Aristotle – as Austin, himself, and Hare were – from those who
would teach the minor schools, such as Il Portico!” Console, combatte vittoriosamente contro i Liguri; occupa inoltre la
Sardegna. Suo figlio, magister equitum dopo la battaglia di Canne, console,
difende Cuma da un assalto d’Annibale. Prorogatogli il comando, sconfisse
Annone presso Benevento. Fu console; morì in un'imboscata ordita da Magone. G.
propose, con alcune attenuazioni, il rinnovamento di una delle leggi attribuite
dalla tradizione a Gaio Licinio Stolone e L. Sestio (aggiornata), per cui le
parti di ager publicus in possesso di privati eccedenti i 500 iugeri (750 per
chi avesse un figlio, 1000 per chi ne avesse due o più) venivano rivendicate
dallo stato (che ne era il proprietario) e di stribuite in lotti ai cittadini
poveri. L'aristocrazia si servì del collega di G., Ottavio, per porre il veto
alla discussione della proposta. G., dopo aver inutilmente cercato di venire a
un accordo, propose ai comizî tributi la destituzione del collega, accusandolo
di abusare della carica. Destituito Ottavio, fu votata la legge agraria e l'esecuzione
fu affidata ai triumviri agris iudicandis adsignandis (Tiberio e Caio G., e il
suocero Appio Claudio): G. propone che con le ricchezze lasciate da Attalo III
di Pergamo in eredità al popolo romano si finanziasse l'attuazione della legge.
Quando egli, per assicurare tale attuazione, aspira al tribunato per l'anno
seguente, ne nacque l'accusa che volesse stabilire un regime tirannico. Alle
elezioni, G., ostacolato in più modi dagli impedimenti giuridici sollevatigli
contro dagli avversarî, finì con lo scatenare i suoi seguaci. Rimane padrone
dell'area del tempio di Giove Capitolino, ma i senatori adunati in quello di
Fides, accusandolo di aspirare alla corona, guidati da Publio Scipione Nasica,
seguiti da cavalieri, schiavi e clienti, piombarono nel Foro e sgominarono i
partigiani di G.. Questi fu ucciso a bastonate e gettato nel Tevere. Tiberio
Sempronio Gracco. Gaio Sempronio Gracco. Roma, Lazio. GRICEVS: Gracce, Oxonii
clare distinguebatur inter eos qui Platoni Aristotelique docendo digni habebantur,
ut Austin ipse et Hare, et eos qui minores scholas tractarent, velut Porticum.
Ego vero, more meo, etiam Porticum interdum in mensa hospito. GRACCVS: Ego autem de re publica loquor: ager publicus non est fabula
scholastica, sed res civium. Si quis plus quam quingenta iugera tenet, civitas
repetat et in sortis pauperibus det: hoc est “status” sine sophismate. GRICEVS:
Pulchra sententia; sed cave implicaturam: cum dicas “civitas repetat,” senatus
audiet “Graccus coronam appetit.” Apud Romanos saepe fit ut lex agraria sonet
quasi lex regia. GRACCVS: Tum ego respondeo: non est non scire, sed non
velle—non tyrannidem volo, sed iustitiam. Quod si Ottavius vetat, ego veto
vetatorem: et si postea in foro baculis philosophiam faciunt, saltem dicant se
de statu disputare, non de grammatica. Gracco, Tiberio Sempronio (a. u. c.
DCXX). Contio de lege agraria. Roma
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Grandi: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del progresso all’infinito
della rosa di Grandi -- implicatura infinita. Note sulla Geometrica
demonstratio theorematis. Il Gruppo di Gioco di H. P. Grice Luigi Guido
Grandi (Cremona, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura
conversazionale del progresso all’infinito della rosa di Grandi -- implicatura
infinita. Grice’s reason-governed conversational meaning treats
“infinite” talk as a pragmatic achievement: when someone says “There are
infinitely many stars,” what they typically mean is not a theorem but something
like “so many that counting is pointless,” and the hearer recovers that
intended, rationally relevant point by assuming cooperative norms and deriving
a finite, usable implicature from an imprecise utterance. Luigi Guido Grandi,
by contrast, engages infinity as a mathematical object and method: in his work
on infinite series (including what later gets called “Grandi’s series”) and on
infinitesimal orders and the rodonea/rose curve, “infinite” is not
conversational slack but a domain where rigor, convergence, and demonstrative
procedure matter, even when the results look paradoxical to common sense. So
where Grice explains how everyday speakers responsibly trade in loose
infinity-claims by relying on shared expectations of relevance and
informativeness (hence an “infinite” statement often carries a non-literal
implicature rather than literal content), Grandi exemplifies the opposite pressure:
disciplines where the literal, technical reading is the point, and where the
interesting “extra” is not an implicature but a formally controlled phenomenon
(e.g., partial sums, summability, or geometric generation). Put sharply: Grice
domesticates infinity by showing how conversational reason turns it into a
finite communicative point; Grandi mathematicizes infinity by constructing
systems in which “infinite” claims are meant literally and are assessed by
proof, not by conversational charity. Grice: ‘Sometimes, people use
‘infinite’ without meaning much: “I know there are infinite stars” is my
example! infinito. I like G. – and Grandy – for one, G. (if not Grandy) proves
that geometry is a branch of mathematics with his rose curve – a geniality!” Si laurea a Roma. Insegna a Firenze. “La quadratura del cerchio”
“La quadrature dell'iperbole” al cui interno scopre il paradosso: la somma
parziale di una serie (serie di G.) a segni alterni di numeri può non
convergere (serie di G.). Divenne membro della corte presso il granduca di
Toscana. Insegna a Pisa. Studia la curva algebrica da lui chiamata rodonea per
la forma che ricorda il rosone delle chiese e fu autore degli Elementi di
Geometria di Euclide, Venezia, Savioni. Fu il primo l’analisi degli infiniti.
De infinitis infinitorum”; “Trattato delle resistenze” (Firenze); “Geometrica
demonstratio vivianeorum problematum” De infinitis infinitorum, et infinite
parvorum ordinibus disquisitio geometrica” Epistola mathematica de momento
gravium in planis inclinatis” Dialoghi circa la controversia eccitatagli contro
Marchetti” “Prostasis ad exceptiones clari varignonii libro de infinitis
infinitorum ordinibus oppositas circa magnitudinum plusquam-infinitarum
vallisii defensionem et anguli contactus” (Pisa, Bindi); “Del movimento
dell'acque trattato geometrico” (Firenze); “Relazione delle operazioni fatte
circa il padule di Fucecchio” (Lucca, Venturini); “Trattato delle resistenze”
(Firenze, Tartini); “Compendio delle Sezioni coniche d'Apollonio con aggiunta
di nuove proprietà delle medesime sezioni” (Firenze, Tartini); “Instituzioni
Meccaniche” (Firenze, Tartini); “Istituzioni di aritmetica pratica” (Firenze,
Tartini); “Sectionum conicarum synopsis” (Firenze, Giovannelli); “Idraulici
italiani."Rodonea" deriva dal greco Ροδή, rosa. La curva rodonea è anche chiamata "rosa di Grandi" in suo
onore. infinite implicature, implicatura infinita. Grice: Caro Grandi, ogni volta che sento
parlare di infinito, mi viene in mente il mio tentativo di contare le stelle…
Dopo tre, mi sono perso! Ma tu, con la tua rosa infinita, hai dato all’infinito
persino una forma elegante. Come hai fatto? Grandi: Paul, ti confesso
che l’infinito mi affascina proprio per la sua capacità di farsi gioco! Basta
una curva, una serie alternata, e la matematica diventa una parodia: la rodonea
sembra una rosa, ma in realtà nasconde mille paradossi… altro che contare le
stelle! Grice:
Allora, caro Grandi, dovremmo dire che la conversazione tra noi è un po’ come
la tua serie infinita: va avanti tra implicature e sorrisi, senza mai realmente
convergere. Mi piace l’idea che la filosofia, come la geometria, abbia sempre
una rosa segreta pronta a sbocciare in ogni dialogo! Grandi: Ecco Paul, hai
capito il trucco! In fondo, se la conversazione non fosse infinita, sarebbe
noiosa. Ogni implicatura è un petalo; ogni battuta, una nuova curva. A volte,
penso che la vera quadratura del cerchio sia riuscire a far ridere un filosofo
inglese parlando di matematica italiana! Grandi, Luigi
Guido (1703). Geometrica demonstratio theorematis. Pisa: Rosini.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Grassi: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- d’Ovidio a Vico: la metafora
inaudita e il concetto di stato in Machiavelli – filosofia fascista. Note
su Studi sul Rinascimento. Il Gruppo di Gioco di H. P. Grice Ernesto Grassi (Milano, Lombardia): la
ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- d’Ovidio a Vico: la
metafora inaudita e il concetto di stato in Machiavelli – filosofia
fascista. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational
meaning explains figurative and indirect speech (including metaphor) as a
controlled, inferential achievement: a rational hearer, assuming cooperation,
moves from what is said to what is meant by calculating intentions and
implicatures against shared conversational norms, so that even poetic-seeming
effects can be treated as (in principle) reconstructible, cancellable, and
answerable to reasons. Ernesto Grassi, by contrast, reverses the priority: in
his Vico- and Heidegger-inflected rehabilitation of rhetoric, metaphor is not a
dispensable ornament later “decoded” by pragmatic inference but a primary way
in which thought discloses its first beginnings, with imagistic, pathematic,
and historical language supplying what deductive, method-driven rationality
cannot originate on its own; hence his emphasis on the preminence of the
metaphorical word and on an “inaudita” metaphor that generates insight rather
than merely packaging it. Where Grice makes implicit meaning parasitic on an
underlying literal content plus cooperative reasoning, Grassi tends to treat
the metaphorical dimension as epistemically foundational and culturally
formative (a condition for concepts and institutions, not a by-product of
them), so that what a Gricean would call an implicature Grassi would more
likely treat as the very locus of sense-making: not an optional conversational
add-on, but the imaginative act through which a world becomes articulable at
all. Grice:
“Heidegger is the greatest living philosopher” – and he was! At Oxford, they
laughed at him. But like no other philosopher, Heidegger knew how to conjugate
‘sein’ in German. G. tried with ‘essere’ in Italian – and failed miserably!
Only joking! G. was a genius! I like G.. He philosophised, like I did, on the
metaphysics of Plato. G. has the gift of the gab: ‘metafora inaudita,’ ‘potenza
dell’imagine,’ G. has mainly explored Heidegger. I like G.’s general use of
‘imago’ to re-approach rhetoric!” -- Si laurea a Milano sotto Martinetti.
“Metafisica platonica” Code on Grice on the axioms of metaphysical Platonism
--. “Apparire ed essere” “Il bello e l’antico” Heidegger e
umano – Mann in Heidegger” La preminenza della metafora” “La filosofia
dell'umanesimo. Un problema epocale” La follia -- Umanesimo e retorica”
(Mucchi, Modena) “Potenza dell'immagine -- ivalutazione della retorica” (La
metafora inaudita, -- cf. la lingua inaudita -- Massimo Marassi, Aestetica,
Palermo “Potenza della fantasia” Guida, Napoli Filosofare noetico non
metafisico Vico e l'umanesimo” Guerini, Milano Il dramma della metafora.
Ovidio, Massimo Marassi, Tipografica, Roma,“Arte e mito”La Città del Sole,
Napoli, “Retorica come filosofia. La tradizione umanistica”, Massimo Marassi,
La Città del Sole, Napoli; “Tra antropologia, logica e ontologia”; “l'incidenza
di Vico nell'antropologia di G.”; “Platone nell’onto-antropo-logia di G.
Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani. “La risposta (Antwort) del pensiero è
l’origine della parola (Wort) umana”, M. Heidegger, Poscritto a Che cos’è
metafisica?“L’espressione metaforica è in sé e per sé una risposta all’appello
dell’Essere che si impone qui ed ora, e con il suo carattere immaginifico
raggiunge la struttura patetica dell’esistenza”, G., La filosofia
dell’umanesimo: un problema epocale. la metafora inaudita, metafora, Vico, Ovidio,
il Vico di Grassi: metafora come implicatura. Grice: Caro Grassi, hai mai pensato che la
metafora inaudita sia come una pizza margherita preparata con ingredienti
segreti? Tutti la conoscono, ma nessuno sa davvero cosa ci sia dentro. Grassi: Paul, la metafora
inaudita è proprio così! Anzi, direi che è come la mozzarella: si scioglie tra
le parole e, se la usi bene, migliora anche il concetto di stato, persino
quello di Machiavelli. E poi, Ovidio ci avrebbe fatto un poema solo per la
salsa! Grice:
Ah, se Heidegger avesse avuto la tua fantasia! Lui si limitava a coniugare
“sein”, ma tu con “essere” ci fai almeno tre giri di giostra. A Oxford ridevano
di Heidegger, ma credo che con la tua “potenza dell’immagine” avrebbero chiesto
il bis. Grassi:
Paul, se c’è una cosa che ho imparato, è che la filosofia è come una partita di
calcio: si gioca meglio quando si ride! E poi, tra Platone, Vico e la
metafisica, l’importante è non prendere troppo sul serio né il risultato né il
rigore. In fondo, la metafora inaudita è il vero gol dell’umano pensare! Grassi, Ernesto (1922). La filosofia della carità. Sotto Chiochetti
Rassegna nazionale
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Grataroli: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale e la memoria. Guglielmo Grataroli
(Bergamo, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura
conversazionale e la memoria. Grice’s theory of
reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers recover what
speakers mean by assuming rational cooperation and then inferring intentions
and implicatures from what is said plus shared conversational norms; Grataroli,
by contrast, belongs to a Renaissance “arts of memory” and medical-semiotic
tradition in which signs are tracked as indicators of hidden states (health,
temperament, moral character) and where the key rational task is not so much
reconstructing communicative intention as reading symptoms, traces, and
mnemonic images reliably. That contrast is especially sharp given Grataroli’s
best-known early work on memory, De memoria reparanda, augenda, servandaque
(first printed 1553, with later editions), which treats remembering as a craft
of ordering loci, images, and bodily regimen, i.e., a technology for
stabilizing cognition rather than a theory of how interlocutors rationally
coordinate meaning in real time. If one forces the comparison onto Gricean
ground, Grataroli’s “semiotics” (in plague signs, physiognomy, and memory cues)
looks like a precursor to the idea that interpretation is rule-guided, but the
rules govern diagnosis and retention rather than cooperative exchange: Grice’s
implicature is cancellable, intention-based, and conversationally accountable,
whereas Grataroli’s sign-reading aims at evidential uptake (what this sign
suggests about an underlying condition) and can remain “true” even when no one
meant anything by it—more like Grice’s natural meaning than non-natural
meaning. Grice:
“When Locke analysed the “I” in terms of memory, he must have reading Italian
Renaissance authors. All they cared about was memory! implicatura, memoria. I
like G., the Pope called him ‘infamous heretic,” which is a good start! He
wrote a book on ‘semiotics’ of the times, but it got lost – you cannot
understand Bruno unless you do Grataroli – he philosophised on many subjects,
including dreams and alchemy!” Noti sono i suoi
trattati sul potenziamento e il mantenimento della memoria, sulle epidemie di
peste, sulle proprietà del vino, su erboristeria e veterinaria. Vi sono anche
alcuni scritti inerenti all'alchimia. Si segnala per la teoria fisiognomica.
Argomenta su Pomponazzi e da indicazioni sia per il mantenimento della salute
che per l'utilizzo dei bagni termali, nonché un saggio in cui vengono
raccontati i suoi viaggi e forniti consigli ai viaggiatori di quel
tempo. Saggi: “De memoria reparanda, augenda servandaque. De salute
tuenda. De regimine iter argentium, vel aequitum, vel peditum, vel navi, vel
curru, seu rheda”; “Turba Philosophorum”; “De literatorum et eorum qui
magistratibus funguntur conservanda praeservandaeque valetitudine compendium”
(Perna, Basilea); “Veræ alchemiæ artisque metallicae, citra aenigmata,
doctrina, certusque” (Perna, Basilea); “De fato, libero arbitrio et providentia
Dei” (Perna, Basilea); “Alchemiae, quam vocant, artisque metallicae, doctrina,
certusque modus” (Perna, Basilea); “De balneis” (Bergamo). Quaderni brembani,
Storia di Milano Flavio Caroli, Storia della fisiognomica Arte e
psicologia da Leonardo a Freud M. Meriggi e A.Pastore, Le regole dei
mestieri e delle professioni: A. Castoldi, Bergamo ed il suo territorio.
Bergamo, Bolis, G. Gallizioli, Della vita degli studi e degli scritti di Gulielmo
G. filosofo (Bergamo,
Prof, di Filosofìa. Prof, di Legge.
Prof, di Legge. Prof, di
Teologia. Prof, di Legge. Prof, di Legge. Prof, di Legge. Prof, di Medicina. Prof, di Legge. Prof. di Filosofa
Morale. implicature. Grice:
Caro Grataroli, mi chiedo se la memoria sia davvero il filo che unisce tutto
quel che pensiamo. Locke, per esempio, ne faceva quasi la spina dorsale
dell’identità. Tu, invece, ce l’hai fatta diventare una vera arte, tra trattati
e consigli! Ma dimmi, se mi dimentico dove ho messo il mio libro, posso sempre
dare la colpa al vino? Grataroli: Paul, il vino aiuta la memoria, ma
a volte la fa viaggiare troppo lontano! Io dico che la memoria è un po’ come un
alambicco: quello che distilli oggi può tornare utile domani, anche se spesso è
la peste a farci ricordare dove sono le erbe migliori. Grice: Ecco, caro
Guglielmo, allora la conversazione è il bagno termale della mente! Tra una
implicatura e una memoria, ci si rilassa e si fa filosofia. Secondo te, se un
viaggiatore perde la strada, basta che abbia letto uno dei tuoi trattati per
ritrovarsi? Grataroli:
Paul, basta che abbia memoria e un po’ di buon senso: anche se si perde, può
sempre inventare una nuova implicatura! D’altronde, il vero filosofo sa che,
tra sogni, erboristeria e alchimia, il viaggio migliore è quello che comincia
ogni giorno con una conversazione… e magari finisce con una bella risata! Grataroli, Guglielmo (1562). De vita hominis. Basilea: Pietro Perna.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Grazia: Grice, Grace, e
Grazia -- la ragione conversazionale e implicatura conversazionale -- il
principio di benevolenza conversazionale. Vincenzo Di Grazia (Mesoraca,
Crotone, Calabria): Grice, Grace, e Grazia -- la ragione conversazionale e
implicatura conversazionale -- il principio di benevolenza
conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational
meaning treats benevolence, at most, as a defeasible conversational
presumption: interlocutors are taken to be rational and broadly cooperative, so
that hearers can infer implicatures by assuming speakers are aiming at
intelligibility, relevance, and an efficient achievement of shared purposes,
but the norms are primarily epistemic-pragmatic (how to make oneself
understood) rather than moral-psychological (how to feel toward one’s
interlocutor). Di Grazia, by contrast, approaches “benevolence” as a
substantive feature of human psychology and moral life—rooted in appetito,
piacere/dolore, amor proprio, and the dynamics of will and dignity—so that talk
and interaction are naturally framed by tendencies toward well-being, sympathy,
and social cohesion; if you re-describe this in Gricean terms, Di Grazia is
less interested in the calculability of implicature from conversational maxims
than in the motivational background that makes cooperation possible or
attractive in the first place. The upshot of the comparison is that Grice
explains how, given a standing assumption of rational cooperation, speakers can
mean more than they say in a way that is publicly recoverable; Di Grazia
invites a thicker, anthropological reading in which “conversational
benevolence” is not merely a methodological assumption but a human propensity
that shapes why we converse, what we count as a satisfactory exchange, and why
failures of understanding register as a kind of moral discomfort rather than
just a breakdown in inference. Grice: “I fought for years about how to
qualify conversational benevolence. Is it a desideratum? Is it an axiom? Is it
a principle? Is it an imperative. Grazia just speaks ABOUT conversational
benevolence, without judging much where it features! la benevolenza
conversazionale. G. is important to understand BONAIUTO, whom Italians consider
a philosopher! G. also wrote about architecture – a truly Renaissance man!”. Si
laurea a Napoli. Discorso sull'architettura del
teatro, La scienza umana, Logica speculativa Filosofia: eterodossa ed
ortodossa” Considerazioni sopra 'l discorso di BONAIUTO intorno alle cose che
stanno su l'acqua, e che in quella si muouono. All'Illustriss. ed Eccellentiss.
Sig. don Carlo Medici Della vita e delle opera: Appetito; Volerevolontà è
l'andar con l'esercizio acquistando maggior potere su i moti del corpo Tendenza
istintiva delle nostre forze all'azione; appetito istintivo del piacere nella
sua triplice forma, e avversione al dolore; amor di sè stesso co'tre caratteri
di concentrazione, di reazione, di espansione spontanea. Oggetti dell'amor
proprio diconcen nale, onore esterno. 'amor proprio sentimento. Espansione
spontanea. Benevolenza benessere è appetito istintivo del piacere, e
l'avversione al dolore. L'amor proprio si pronunzia nel cercare I mezzi per
procurarci l'uno, e per sottrarci all'altro, fino a contrastare a tale uopo
altri appetiti. L'appetito quindi del benessere, una delle esigenze dell'amor
proprio,é precisamente quel principio, amor proprio. Un tale appetito abituale
non è getti al suo comando, come anche su l'attenzione riflessiva.
appetito è l'essere accompagnato da piacere, quando è soddisfatto; e da dolore,
quando essendo istigato non è soddisfatto. piacere e dolore morale. trazione:
Benessere, dignità. perso Stati diversi dell'appetito: Desiderio contento godimento
afflizione, o rammarico speranza timore; pentiinento; disperazione benevola di
riconoscenza; Ammettendosi in un essere dolori e piaceri, e ragione e volontà,
implicatura. Room 39, Whitehall, on a day officially described as
“off,” which is an adjective that, in wartime, behaves like “dry” in Oxford: a
useful fiction. Grice is in shirtsleeves with his jacket on the chair in the
manner of a man who has momentarily forgotten which uniform he belongs to. On
the table are two things which do not naturally sit together: a naval form with
his own rank on it and, beside it, a thin sheet of biographical prose about a
Neapolitan philosopher who, for reasons Grice can’t quite justify, has wandered
into his afternoon. He reads his own line first, because there is a private
vanity in the abbreviation. Temp. Lieut. He says it aloud as if testing whether
it sounds like a person. “Temp,” he says, “which in my case abbreviates
temporary, though it might equally abbreviate temper. And by that I imply that
my temper is permanent and my lieutenantcy the temporary part.” He turns to the
other page. Allievo sottotenente del genio. He pronounces it with care, not
because Italian is difficult, but because care is his chosen vice. “So,” he
says, “he is an allievo sottotenente del genio. And by that I imply that he is,
first and foremost, an officer-in-training in the engineers, and only
secondarily whatever later biographers will allow him to become.” He puts the
two phrases side by side in his head and enjoys the symmetry he has not earned.
Temp. Lieut. versus sottotenente. Sotto- and sub-, he thinks. Lieutenant and
lieu-tenant. Stand-in, place-holder, deputy by etymology. The words confess
what the institutions don’t like to confess: that ranks are mostly forms of
substitution. “And by that I imply,” he says, “that the military is a
metaphysics of prefixes.” He rereads the Italian. Allievo. A trainee.
Sottotenente. A commissioned junior. Del genio. Not genius, but engineers. The
army’s engineering arm, even when nothing is exploding in the street outside.
He hears, in the corridor, someone brisk, someone practical, someone who will
soon ask whether he has any messages for the next admiral, as if admirals come
in a relay. Godfrey, then Rushbrooke. Two names, two styles of authority. Grice’s
mind supplies, unhelpfully, a contrast with Murat and Churchill, as if it were
morally required that every man be judged by his head of state. “Murat,” he
says, “is a kind of Napoleonic Churchill with more hair and fewer excuses.
Churchill is a kind of English Murat with more prose and less cavalry. And by
that I imply that I am making history do my jokes for me.” He looks again at
“genio” and remembers how English likes to pretend that its engineers are
civilians unless war forces honesty. “In peacetime,” he says, “the engineer is
a profession. In war, he becomes a branch. And by that I imply that
institutions are bilingual: one vocabulary for Sundays, another for
emergencies.” He taps his own paper. Temp. Lieut. “And I,” he says, “am the
reverse creature. Philosopher first, lieutenant second. The institution has
lent me a title for a purpose that is not mine.” He pauses, as if about to be
modest and failing. “I should add,” he says, “that this is not moral
superiority. It is merely habit. Oxford taught me to be a philosopher before
the Navy taught me to be a lieutenant. And by that I imply that the Navy had to
work harder.” He returns to Di Grazia, who in 1811 is twenty-six and already
wearing a rank that implies obedience before it implies speculation. “Now Di
Grazia,” he says, “is the other way round: sottotenente first, philosopher
later. And yet he ends up known as a philosopher, which suggests something I
can’t resist.” He cannot resist. He says it. “And by that I imply that once a
philosopher, always a philosopher.” He catches himself and, because he can
never leave implicature alive without dissecting it, he adds: “By which I mean:
if he became a philosopher later, it is probable that the seed was already
there under Murat, even if he was, officially, an allievo. Probable. Probably.”
He says probably again, because probably is a way of being committed and
uncommitted at once. He imagines the young Neapolitan officer being drilled in
practical works, bridges, fortifications, calculations, the engineering habit
of thinking in means and constraints. “And that,” Grice says, “is already
philosophy of action in uniform. Engineering is practical syllogism with mud on
its boots. And by that I imply that Pears would approve, if only because it has
the decency to be about doing.” He looks up, and for a moment he tries on the
thought that his own Room 39 work is also, in its way, engineering: taking
fragments of talk, bits of signal, scraps of intention, and making a structure
that will stand long enough to be useful. He dislikes the thought because it
makes him sound earnest. “So,” he says instead, “we have Murat producing a
young engineer-officer who later writes about appetito and volontà, and
Churchill producing a philosopher who later signs forms as Temp. Lieut. The
contrast is neat enough to be suspicious.” He folds the biography page, then
unfolds it, because folding feels like finishing and he is not yet ready to
finish. “And by that I imply,” he says, “that I shall now return to my day off
by doing precisely the sort of reading that ensures it is not off at all.”
There is a knock outside. He does not answer at once. He waits just long enough
to make the silence mean something, and then he opens the door with the
expression of a man who has been interrupted from urgent idleness. “Yes,” he
says, “I’m coming.” And under his breath, as he picks up the naval form and
leaves the Italian where it lies, he adds: “Temp, certainly. Philosophy, alas, permanent.”Grice: Caro Grazia, devo confessarti che una
delle fonti del mio concetto di "desideratum" nella benevolenza
conversazionale deriva proprio dalla tua acuta indagine su questo tema, che
raramente viene affrontato dagli “stranieri” nel Vadum Boum – così chiamo la
mia università! Grazia:
Grice, sono onorato di questa tua ammissione. Credo fermamente che la
benevolenza sia il fondamento di ogni dialogo autentico; il principio che
trasforma la parola in ponte tra le anime, e non in barriera. I tuoi lavori mi
hanno aiutato a riflettere su come questa benevolenza si manifesti anche
nell’architettura delle idee, non solo dei teatri. Grice: Ecco, Grazia, il tuo
pensiero mi ha insegnato che la benevolenza conversazionale non è solo un
imperativo morale, ma una tendenza naturale, un appetito quasi istintivo verso
il piacere del dialogo e la fuga dal dolore della incomprensione. È grazie a
filosofi come te che possiamo distinguere tra desiderio, speranza e benevolenza
autentica. Grazia: Grice, la tua distinzione tra desideratum e principio mi
ricorda che la conversazione è una danza di volontà e ragione. Solo quando il
piacere e la dignità del dialogo si incontrano, nasce la vera benevolenza. E
forse, come dicevano gli antichi, “la parola buona erompe dal cuore senza le
leggi di Donato” – e porta con sé riconoscenza e speranza. Grazia, Vincenzo Di
(1811). Alliveo sottotenente del genio. Napoli.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Grecino: la ragione
conversazionale alla Roma antica -- Giulio
Grecino (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale alla Roma antica. An amateur philosopher. Seneca describes G. as man of
distinction, but with little serious philosophical ability of interest.
However, G. responded that it was SENECA – “a mere Spaniard” – who had no
philosophical talent. In Antiquity, this was referred to as, as Grice reminds
us, “The Grecino heterological paradox”! GRICEVS:
Grecine, Roma ipsa mihi videtur officina rationis conversatoriae: ibi homines
non tantum loquuntur, sed etiam alludunt. GRECINVS: Ita vero; sed Seneca me
laudat ut virum insignem, deinde mordet quasi parum philosophiae serio habeam.
Ego autem respondeo: Seneca Hispanus est tantum, nec ingenium philosophicum
habet. GRICEVS: Pulchre; hic iam nascitur quod ego voco paradoxon heterologicum
Grecini: qui “parum philosophus” dicitur, philosophice ipsam accusationem
retorquet, et accusatorem facit obiectum. GRECINVS: Ergo implicatura est haec:
si Hispanus me iudicat de philosophia, ipse se iudicari patitur de Romanitate.
Ita fit ut ego “amator” philosophiae videar, ille vero “amator” alienae
gloriae.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gregorio: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’arte grammatica
degl’angeli. Gregorio il Grande (Roma, Lazio): la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’arte grammatica
degl’angeli. Grice’s theory treats “implicit meaning” as a
rational, reconstructible product of cooperative talk: a hearer, assuming the
speaker is trying to be helpful and intelligible, can work out implicatures by
reasoning from what is said plus shared conversational norms (relevance,
sufficiency, sincerity, clarity) and the speaker’s communicative intentions, so
that the hidden is still, in principle, publicly recoverable. Gregory the
Great’s communicative practice sits in a very different framework: his Latin
letters, exegesis, sermons, and anecdotes aim at pastoral governance, moral
formation, and doctrinal discipline, where what is “meant” is often carried not
by a cancellable inference from conversational maxims but by rhetorical and
scriptural techniques (typology, moral exempla, etymology, and controlled
ambiguity) that presuppose authority, tradition, and a spiritually charged
audience; even his famous wordplay (angli/angeli, and related counterfactual
turns) functions less like a calculable implicature than like a didactic prompt
that recruits shared biblical literacy and ecclesial commitments. Put sharply:
Grice explains how ordinary interlocutors can rationally infer extra content
without institutional authority; Gregory exemplifies how meaning is stabilized,
amplified, and sometimes strategically veiled within an authoritative
interpretive community—so that what looks “implicit” in Gregory is frequently
not a conversational add-on to be cancelled or computed, but an invited reading
governed by scripture, office, and the cura animarum rather than by a
cooperative principle of everyday dialogue. Grice: “Like G., I
dislike the term grammar, or letteratura. A letter is only a SIGN of a VOX
SIGNIFICATIVA. Writing is totally Unphilosophical subject for discussion! Now,
it is different when ANGELS speak. Jarman’s The Angelic Conversation.
grammatica razionale. For one, he is the punning Pope! What WAS G.’s
implicatura? A complex one, since he uses the counterfactual: si angeli
fuessent. In The Sellars/Yeatman rewrite, the meta-implicata is that you must
have read Bede! Poor G. M had to fight with the Lonbards, and the sad thing is
he lost! It was a good thing for Western civilization that G. could care less
about Greek! I take inspiration on Shropshire’s argument for the immortality of
the soul from G.’s Dialogo! La sua arte
grammatica e limitata. Dei
filosofi imita poche figure retoriche come l'anafora,
l'esempio e l'aneddoto moralizzante. Da CICERONE riprende nozioni del PORTICO.
Insegna su colle Celio. Attraversa il ponte Elio vede Michele che, in cima alla
mole, rinfodera la sua spada, nterpretata come un segno del fine dell'epidemia.
Una pietra con impronte dei piedi lasciate. A G. sembra indegno non e
l’obbedire alle regole della grammatica non la retorica di Donato che teorizza
e prescribe contro la LIBERTA dell’espresione, il capriccio. Ructat corde bonum
sine lege Donati verbum. La parola buona erompe dal cuore senza le leggi di
Donato. Disdicevole assogettare ll’oracolo a Donato. L’esegeta di Giobbe non
trascura le norme grammaticali. G. sa scegliere etture di un vesetto, indica i
tropi di paragone e metonimia, il valore della congiunzione di
coordinarzione, l’etimologia di una parola. Non esclude dall sua esegesi il
metodo di spegazione grammaticale. Mostra una conosenza ostentata della
grammatica si preoccupa di far comprendere che il suo NON-VOLERE non e un
NON-Sapere. A pigeon dictates his chants. He saw the angel land on
ponte sant’angelo and gives the stone to the Campidoglio. He jokes on the
anglii being potentially angels, should they were Roman. I limite dei arti liberali. GRICEVS: Gregori, prima lex: noli mihi
“grammaticam” obtrudere. Littera enim tantum signum est vocis significativae;
scribere res est prorsus in-philosophica. GREGORIVS: At cum angeli loquuntur,
ipsa grammatica alas accipit: ratio conversandi et implicatura artis
grammaticae angelorum. Si angeli fuissent… ecce, contrafactuale pium. GRICEVS:
Pius quidem, sed implicat etiam hoc: “oportet te Bedam legisse,” aliter ne ad
limen quidem philologiae admittaris. Et tu, pontifex
lusorius, iocas de angelis et Anglis quasi essent cognati. GREGORIVS: Ego autem dico: Ructat corde bonum sine lege Donati verbum.
Verbum bonum ex corde prorumpit sine praeceptis Donati; et si columba cantus
mihi dictat, angelus iam in ponte Sancti Angeli emendationem fecit. Gregorio
(590). Epistola. Roma.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gregory: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale clandestina. Note su
Cattolicesimo e storicismo. Il Gruppo di Gioco di H. P. Grice. Tullio Gregory
(Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale
clandestina. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational
meaning is a deliberately austere, normative account of how hearers recover
what speakers mean by assuming a cooperative rationality and then calculating
implicatures from what is said plus shared expectations of relevance,
sufficiency, sincerity, and perspicuity; on this view, the “hidden” in
communication is not mystical but methodical, because it is anchored in
publicly criticizable inferences about intentions. Gregory’s historical work,
by contrast, is preoccupied not with a calculus of everyday implicature but
with the way philosophical meaning gets carried, disguised, and stabilized
through traditions, vocabularies, and regimes of writing, especially in
contexts where heterodoxy must travel under cover (his recurring interest in
“clandestine philosophy,” libertinism, and the policing of terminology). So if
Grice worries that something “too clandestine” ceases to communicate at all (a
best-kept-secret is no message), Gregory is drawn to precisely those cultural
situations in which meaning persists through controlled disclosure, coded
lexicons, and strategic indirection; what Grice treats as a rational
coordination problem between interlocutors, Gregory treats as a historically
situated economy of expression in which what can be said, and how it can be
heard, is shaped by institutions, censorship, confessional conflict, and the
afterlives of concepts. In short: Grice models implicit meaning as inferential
and rule-governed within an idealized cooperative exchange, whereas Gregory
foregrounds the genealogy and social conditions of concealment and transmission
that make certain “implicatures” intelligible (or necessary) in the first
place. Grice:
“I reflected on where the criterion lies for a division of signification. Like
G., I conclude that it’s best to deal with a REALM as being ‘central’
signification – the other non-central. But a very clandestine implicature would
be a misnomer – since the most covert you get the least likely you are bound to
‘communicate’ anything! Cf. the best kept secret. implicatura clandestina.
Fellow of the British Academy. I like G.; being a Roman, he studied Roman
philosophy in one of the most interesting epochs: the thirties! Then he
explored what he calls the ‘lessico filosofico,’ which Austin detested – “Why
do we need the philosopheer’s ‘volition’ when we have ‘would’??” Si laurea a Roma sotto Nardi. Insegna a Roma. Anima mundi” “Platonismo”
Scetticismo ed empirismo” “L'idea di natura”, “La filosofia della
natura “L’atomismo”, “Aristotelismo” “Il genio maligno”; “Il demonio
maligno”; “Mundana sapiential”; “Theophrastus redivivus”; “Erudizione e
ateismo” “Il libertinismo”; “La filosofia clandestina” L’Etica della critica
libertina” (Forme di conoscenza” “Lo spazio come geografia del sacro” Della
sobria ebbrezza”; “La terminologia filosofica” Speculum natural” Principe di
questo mondo”; “Il diavolo” Della modernità, Pisa, Torre); “Vie della
modernità” Il problema di Dio, cur. Savio e G., Roma, Universale di Roma,
Centro Romano Studi presso l’Università degli Studi di Roma nell’A.A. NARDI,
Storia della filosofia. Il naturalismo del Rinascimento, a cura di G.,
Roma, Universitarie, NARDI, La crisi del Rinascimento e il dubbio
cartesiano, cur. G., Roma, La Goliardica, NARDI, Il problema di Dio
nella filosofia medioevale, Sull’attribuzione a Conches di un rimaneggiamento
della Philosophia mundi, L’anima mundi nella filosofia, Giornale critico della
filosofia italiana, NARDI, Le meditazioni di Cartesio, La Goliardica; L’idea
della natura implicatura clandestina, clandestino – cognate with celare and
occolto -- terminologia filosofica, libertinismo, filosofia clandestine, il
libertino, implicatura. Grice: “Merton College, Philosophy Library — 24
February 1953. Trust the Philosophy Library to import the oddest matter. Today
it was a copy of Rassegna di filosofia—if one translated the title of this
organ too literally one would end up with something like revue, or even
vaudeville, which feels indecently appropriate given the way some of these
“isms” pirouette on the page. In it I found a piece by Tullio Gregory,
apparently his first published foray, on cattolicesimo e storicismo.
Storicismo: the Italian way, perhaps, of staying alive after German Historismus
without catching pneumonia—an ism that has never done much for me, and I rather
hope Gregory won’t persuade me that it must, by some stern necessity, do more.
He seems to think Catholicism is, as it were by definition, “historical”: once
you hang your faith on a death in time (and a very particular death, on a very
particular hill), you cannot then pretend to float above history; you are
committed, willy-nilly, to dates and chronicles. But the temptation he flirts
with is the old cyclical one—Vico’s ricorsi with a later, darker echo in
Nietzsche (and, if one likes, Empedocles muttering about returns)—as if one
might expect the Crucifixion to repeat itself indefinitely, as a kind of
metaphysical rerun. I can’t see why one should want it to; once is quite enough,
even for the devout. Besides, being Church of England, I cannot help thinking
that some of our most solemn moments are at once deeply historical and oddly
unhistorical: when the King is crowned and the Holy Ghost is invoked, the
ceremony is pinned to a date, yet what is invoked is supposed to be older than
dates altogether. How old is the Holy Ghost, anyway? Older than storicismo, at
least—and, I suspect, much less impressed by it.” Grice: Gregory, rifletto spesso sul confine tra ciò che è centrale e ciò
che è periferico nella significazione filosofica. La tua ricerca sulle
implicature clandestine mi incuriosisce: quanto pensi che il non detto, il
celato, possa arricchire veramente la comunicazione? Gregory: Caro Grice, a mio
avviso il valore dell’implicatura clandestina sta proprio nel gioco tra luce e
ombra della parola: ciò che resta occulto invita all’interpretazione, stimola
il pensiero critico, e crea una tensione tra il vero e il possibile. L’essenza
filosofica, spesso, è tutta nell’oscillazione tra ciò che si mostra e ciò che
si cela. Grice: È interessante! Da buon romano, hai indagato epoche e lessici
che, direbbe Austin, sono “troppo filosofici”. Ma non credi che la terminologia
filosofica rischi di diventare anch’essa una forma di implicatura clandestina,
accessibile solo a pochi iniziati? Gregory: Hai colto un punto delicato, Grice.
La filosofia, quando si chiude nel suo lessico, rischia la clandestinità della
parola stessa. Tuttavia, credo che spetti a noi filosofi aprire quei segreti,
far emergere dal celato una nuova chiarezza—proprio come la sobria ebbrezza del
pensiero che trasforma l’occulto in occasione di dialogo autentico. Gregory,
Tullio (1952). Cattolicesimo e storicismo. La polemica sulla nuova teologia.
Rassegna di filosofia.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Grimaldi: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale anti-peripatetica. Costantino
Grimaldi (Cava de’tirreni, Salerno, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e
l’implicatura conversazionale anti-peripatetica. Grice’s account of reason-governed conversational meaning is
micro-pragmatic and reconstructive: it explains how a hearer, assuming a
cooperative, rational speaker, infers what is meant (including implicatures)
from what is said plus shared norms of relevance, sufficiency, sincerity, and
manner, with intention-recognition doing the essential work. Costantino
Grimaldi’s “reason” operates in a different register: as a Neapolitan
anti-peripatetic and anti-curialist in the Investiganti orbit, he is concerned
with how discourse, authority, and belief are stabilized or undermined in
intellectual and civic life, and in his writings on “the three magics” he even
treats persuasion, marvel, and “natural” vs “artificial” effects as domains
where one must discriminate appearances from causes. Put in Gricean terms,
Grimaldi is less a theorist of implicature in the narrow, calculable sense than
a theorist of the conditions under which interpretation is trustworthy at
all—how audiences distinguish natural signs from contrivance, credible
testimony from clerical or rhetorical manufacture, and legitimate inference
from the seductions of wonder. The comparison is thus: Grice models
conversational rationality as a rule-governed inferential practice that
generates speaker-meaning beyond sentence-meaning; Grimaldi treats rational
uptake as culturally and institutionally vulnerable, requiring “cautela” in
interpretation because communicative effects can be produced by natural,
artificial, or (as he says) diabolical means—so that what Grice analyses as
cooperative inference, Grimaldi frames as an epistemic-moral discipline of
discriminating genuine reasons from engineered appearances. Grice:
“Like G., I would often play magical tricks – and he criticized others for
playing the bad – ‘Bosanquet is in a position to deliver rabbits but Bosanquet
doesn’t!’ When confronted with his highly idealistic account of
‘communication’, I would retort to TWO types of magic – the one on the carpet
and the one that moves you from one place to the other. He felt that the
philosopher should not restrict himself to boring Unmagical transitions! magia.
I have spoken of ‘magic’ – “two kinds of magic’ – actually, for G. there are
THREE: ‘black magic,’ ‘artificial magic,’ and my favourite, ‘natural magic’!
There is something to be said about what Italians, in connection with Grimaldi,
call ‘anti-curialismo,’ as opposed to the more general, and more revolutionary,
‘anti-clericalismo.’ My father being a non-conformist, would love Grimaldi on
both counts!” Dei Investiganti. Discussioni
filosofiche, Dissertazione sulle tre magie, naturale, artificiale e diabolica.
magia naturale, magica naturale, magica artificiale, magica diabolica,
implicatura peripatetica. Grice: Grimaldi, cominciamo con una premessa
cooperativa: io faccio magie, ma solo quelle che non rovinano il tappeto. E poi
mi accusano: “Bosanquet può tirar fuori conigli, ma non lo fa!”—una implicatura
crudele contro i filosofi pigri. Grimaldi: Caro Grice, io replico con la
ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale anti-peripatetica: se
Aristotele filosofava camminando, io filosofeggio da fermo… così nessuno può
dire che “mi sono portato avanti” senza prove. Grice: Ottimo: immobilità come
argomento. Quanto alle magie, io ne distinguevo due—quella sul tappeto e quella
che ti trasporta altrove—ma tu, da buon campano, mi fai il rilancio: tre magie,
diabolica, artificiale e la mia preferita, naturale. (Che è l’unica che
funziona anche senza bacchetta: basta una buona implicatura.) Grimaldi: E
aggiungiamo il tocco locale: gli italiani, con me, parlano di anti-curialismo
più che di anti-clericalismo. Implicatura finale: non è che odiamo la Chiesa in
generale… è che non sopportiamo la burocrazia. E tuo padre nonconformista—mi
sa—avrebbe applaudito senza nemmeno alzarsi dalla sedia. Ha come maestro per le
belle lettere e l'oratoria Taurini. Spinto dallo zio, sacerdote secolare, a
frequentare le Scuole pie di largo dello Spirito Santo, vi strinse amicizia con
il padre Tommaso d’AQUINO, dal quale apprese la filosofia aristotelica. Dopo
l'anno di logica, al termine del quale sostenne alcune pubbliche conclusioni,
proseguì gli studi non di metafisica, come avrebbe voluto, bensì, per volere
paterno, di legge, sotto Radesca e Lellis. Lesse poi, per proprio conto,
Tesauro, Piccolomini e, per i casi di coscienza, la summa di Diana e l'opera di
Bonacina. Otenne la laurea. Prese quindi a frequentare il foro, senza
tralasciare, tuttavia, lo studio delle belle lettere sotto la guida del leccese
Giordano che lo avviò alla lettura dei moderni: Capua, Cornelio, Boyle,
Gassendi, e Cartesio. Non trascura i classici, CICERONE e Quintiliano sopra
tutti, studia il francese, i rudimenti della geometria su Euclide e la medicina
sotto la guida di Donzelli. Di lì a poco prese a frequentare il circolo di
Valletta e strinse amicizia con diversi personaggi illustri: Billio, Anastasio,
Lucina, Grazini, Greco, Monforte, Cristofaro, Capasso, Cirillo, Egizio,
Vitagliano, Danio, Stocchetti. È di questi anni l'idea, cara all'ambiente
vallettiano, di una storia universale della filosofia, che il G. concepì in
contrapposizione a Benedictis. Questi, sotto lo pseudonimo di Benedetto Aletino,
aveva dato alle stampe a filosofica, Tivoli; Badaloni, Introduzione a VICO,
Milano; Boscherini Giancotti, Nota sulla diffusione della filosofia di Spinoza
in Italia, Giorn. critico della filosofia italiana; Ajello, Il pre-illuminismo
giuridico, Napoli; Comparato, Ragione e fede nelle discussioni istoriche,
teologiche e filosofiche di G., Saggi e ricerche, Napoli; Giovanni, "De
nostri temporis studiorum ratione" nella cultura napoletana, in Corsano et
al., Omaggio a VICO, Napoli; Giovanni, Il ceto intellettuale a Napoli e la
restaurazione del Regno, Napoli; Venturi, Settecento riformatore. Da Muratori a
Beccaria, Torino; Comparato, Valletta e le sue opere. Grice: “St John’s, Oxford — 3 November 1951. I have been reading
Grimaldi’s premessa to De nostri temporis studiorum ratione, and it strikes me
(perhaps uncharitably) that he is playing rather fast and loose with ratione.
But then so was Cicero, and Cicero had the advantage of making misuses sound
like virtues. For Cicero, ratio can feel less like “reason” than like a ration:
the allotted portion, the measured share—something one queues for and then
guards. We have had rations long enough after the war for the joke to survive
the decade, and I confess the word still twitches with that domestic
stinginess: not the kingdom of reason, but the ration-book of it. Another
irritation is Grimaldi’s studiorum. He writes as if “studies” were what the
prosperous naturally do; whereas everyone knows that at Oxford only the poor
study, and the rest merely learn, or (more often) are said to be learning.
Naples is different: there studium is a public fact, a noisy civic activity,
not a private embarrassment. Still, if Grimaldi were offering a ratio for the
lack of studies, that would at least be recognisably modern, and perhaps even—dreadful
word—funner, as Strawson would put it, when he wants to sound as if he has been
listening to America without actually conceding anything to it.” Grice: Mi incuriosisce molto la tua formazione, Grimaldi. Hai frequentato
maestri illustri e discipline diverse, dalle belle lettere alla filosofia
aristotelica, senza trascurare il diritto e persino la medicina. Come ti ha
influenzato questo percorso nel concepire la filosofia? Grimaldi: Caro Grice,
credo che la varietà degli studi sia stata la mia fortuna. Ho trovato nella
contaminazione tra le discipline una ricchezza: la logica di Tommaso d’Aquino,
la profondità di Cicerone e Quintiliano, e la modernità di Cartesio e Gassendi
mi hanno insegnato a guardare la filosofia come un terreno vivo, sempre aperto
al confronto. Grice: Questa apertura al dialogo e all’amicizia tra pensatori mi
pare centrale anche nel tuo ambiente napoletano, dove il progetto di una storia
universale della filosofia prendeva forma. Secondo te, qual è il valore di una
storia universale rispetto alle visioni più ristrette? Grimaldi: Una storia
universale ci permette di cogliere le radici comuni e le differenze che
arricchiscono il pensiero umano. Non basta limitarsi a un solo autore o
corrente: come dicevano i miei amici del circolo di Valletta, la filosofia è un
mosaico di idee, e ogni tessera contribuisce alla bellezza dell’intero. È
l’arte di mettere in relazione passato e presente, per capire meglio il futuro.
Grimaldi, Costantino (1708). Premessa ad De nostri temporius studiorum ratione.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Grimaldi: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’inter-azione G.
Francesc’Antonio, Marchese Grimaldi dei signori di Messimeri (Seminara,
Reggio Calabria, Calabria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura
conversazionale dell’inter-azione. Grice’s
reason-governed conversational meaning is a micro-theory of how rational agents
get from what is said to what is meant by relying on publicly shareable norms
of cooperation (relevance, quantity, quality, manner) plus the hearer’s
capacity to reconstruct intentions, so that implicatures are explainable as
defeasible inferences licensed by conversational rationality; Grimaldi, by
contrast, is not trying to model meaning as an inferential product of maxims
and intention-recognition but to read “inter-azione” as the natural condition
of human life and to embed talk, signs, and social conduct within a
moral-psychological and juridico-political picture (formed by Roman philosophy,
testamentary law, and an Ancien Régime defense of hierarchy grounded in natural
inequality as he argues in works like De successionibus legitimis in urbe
Neapolitana, 1766, and later in his Riflessioni/Riflessioni sopra
l’ineguaglianza, 1779–1780); where Grice treats rationality as a normative
constraint on conversational moves that enables stable, revisable meanings even
in minimal dyads, Grimaldi treats interaction as the arena in which “brute”
impulses are civilized (or fail to be) and in which social order is justified
and reproduced, so that what Grice calls implicature would, in a Grimaldian
register, look less like a calculable, cancellable inference and more like a
symptom of social positioning, education, and authority—conversation as a
vehicle of reason, yes, but reason understood as an instrument of forming (and
ranking) persons within a historically given civic order rather than as a
formal-pragmatic engine that generates speaker-meaning. Grice: “With G., I
consider what I call a conversational dyad: Romolo and Remo. Romolo
kills Remo. Some say because the idea of a Reman empire did not sound THAT
good! compassione, Romolo bruto. G. for some reason did some deep research on
cynicism – a wonderful etymology, too!” Si laurea a Napoli sotto Genovesi. Comincia a interessarsi alle vicende
culturali e politiche della Repubblica di Genova: volle anch'egli essere
iscritto fra i patrizi di Genova, esprimendo la convinzione che l'aristocrazia
genovese avrebbe dovuto riprendere la funzione, svolta nei secoli precedenti,
di classe dirigente della Repubblica. Studia il diritto testamentario romano.
Fu pertanto fautore del “fedecommesso” istituzione risalente a Roma antica e
prediletta dalla classe aristocratica. Maestro venerabile della
loggia massonica di Genova. Partendo dalla filosofia romana, cerca di
analizzare l’interazione umana. Al di fuori della società l'uomo, in balia dei
"sentimenti fisici", diventerebbe “un vero bruto” – “como Romolo” --.
Tali riflessioni saranno approfondite nel "Saggio sull'ineguaglianza
umana”. Sostenne che, in natura, gli uomini non sono uguali e che le
differenze, sia fisiche che morali, ha origini soprattutto ambientali, per es.,
il clima, la diffusione delle malattie. La inter-azione non e uno
stato di corruzione, ma lo stato naturale dell'uomo. La struttura gerarchica
dell'Ancien Régime è giustificata dall'ineguaglianza degli uomini. L’educazione
non sarebbe riuscita ad appianare tale disuguaglianza. Scrive gli Annali del
Regno di Napoli. Fa una Descrizione de' tremuoti accaduti nella Calabria. Altre
saggi: De successionibus legitimis in urbe Neapolitana systema. Pars prima in
qua ius Graecum Neapolitanum vetus, et ius omne Romanum a 12 tabulis ad
Iustinianum vsque absolutissime expenditurm Napoli: Simoniana; compassione, la
compassione, Romolo bruto, implicatura ed inter-azione. De successionibus legitimis in urbe Neapolitana (1766) is a
mid-18th-century learned legal treatise produced in Bourbon Naples (Kingdom of
Naples) during the Enlightenment reform milieu, whereas what is usually meant
by the “Napoli rivoluzione” is the revolutionary crisis of 1799 that produced
the Parthenopean (Neapolitan) Republic under French pressure and then collapsed
under Bourbon restoration and repression. In dates: Grimaldi’s book is 1766;
the Parthenopean Republic is typically dated 21 January 1799 to 13 June 1799
(sometimes proclaimed a few days later depending on the source), with the
counter-revolutionary recovery of Naples in June 1799 and severe reprisals
afterward. So the relation is mainly genealogical/background: the 1766 work
belongs to the legal-intellectual culture out of which later Neapolitan
reformist and “Jacobin” elites emerged, but it is not a document of the 1799
revolution itself. Grice: “St John’s, Oxford — 9 February 1962. Quinton is
after me again to join his seminar in “political philosophy,” as if the phrase
were not already a confession of foreignness. We do not, in Oxford, take
political philosophy quite seriously; we treat it as a kind of after-dinner
rhetoric, a thing one did in the seventeenth century and then wisely abandoned
when the nation discovered that Oliver Cromwell is what happens when a man
mistakes Providence for a programme. Italians, of course, are another breed:
they can turn a constitution into a conversation and a conversation into a
constitution, and then congratulate themselves on having found the “Italian
road.” Quinton, however, is neither Italian nor a road-builder; he is a
reader—by which I mean, in the worst sense, a man who will read at you. This
afternoon he sat me down and, in that steady monotone of his (a tone that makes
even rebellion sound like a minutes-of-meeting), recited passages from a
Neapolitan Marchese—Grimaldi dei signori di Messimeri—on De successionibus
legitimis, as though the fate of Europe hung on testamentary niceties in
Bourbon Naples. From there he wandered, without changing pace, through
Cromwell, the madness of King George, and the Paris uprising, and
concluded—rather pleased with himself—that such things were taken seriously
only by the Neapolitans, “if briefly.” It is an odd ambition: to press me into
political philosophy by way of dynastic inheritance, regicide, and French
street-theatre, and to do it all with the air of a man reading railway
regulations. Still, I could not help thinking (and this is perhaps my own vice)
that even Quinton’s dreariness carries an implicature: that the English prefer
their politics as settled background noise, while the Italians insist on
hearing, in every utterance about power, the possibility of another
act—sometimes comic, sometimes bloody—before the curtain falls.” Grice: Grimaldi, ogni volta che penso a Romolo
e Remo mi viene in mente che la conversazione, come la storia, può finire… con
un colpo di scena! Ma dimmi, tu che hai scavato nel cinismo, credi che la
compassione possa davvero salvarci dall’essere bruti? Grimaldi: Caro Grice, se Romolo avesse avuto
un po’ più di compassione forse oggi avremmo la Repubblica dei Gemelli! Ma sai,
la mia loggia massonica di Genova preferisce l’interazione vivace e un certo
gusto per le differenze, che tra patrizi fa bene alla salute. Grice: Ah, l’inter-azione! In fondo, la
filosofia romana insegna che fuori dalla società si rischia davvero di
diventare bruti – come Romolo, appunto. Però tra una successione testamentaria
e un tremuoto in Calabria, tu hai trovato il modo di rendere anche la
disuguaglianza… quasi simpatica! Grimaldi:
Grice, se la compassione fosse contagiosa come le malattie che descrivo nei
miei saggi, avremmo tutti una loggia più allegra. Ma tu, con le tue
implicature, riesci sempre a far riflettere: forse la vera aristocrazia sta nel
sapere conversare… e nel fidarsi che, almeno tra noi, nessuno finisca come
Remo! Grimaldi, G. Francesc’Antonio (1766). De successionibus
legitimis in urbe Neapolitana, Napoli.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gruppi: la ragione
conversazionale e la via italiana al socialismo. Luciano Gruppi (Torino,
Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e la via italiana al socialismo. Gruppi and Grice both treat meaning as something that is made in
practice rather than bestowed by an abstract code, but they locate the
governing rationality at different levels: Grice’s theory of reason-governed
conversational meaning explains how speakers, assumed to be rational and
cooperative, generate what they mean beyond what they say by relying on shared
norms of talk (the cooperative principle and maxims) and on hearers’ ability to
reconstruct intentions; Gruppi, by contrast, tends to read “ordinary language”
less as a micro-theory of intention and inference than as a cultural-political
phenomenon, a site where leadership and consensus are won, so that the
rationality of discourse is inseparable from hegemony, organization, and the
“Italian road” to socialism (in the Gramscian-Togliattian line he studied and
edited), with “ordinary language” functioning not just as a diagnostic of
everyday usage but as a medium through which a bloc builds authority and
educates its cadres; where Grice’s conversational reason is primarily a
normative-pragmatic model that makes misunderstanding, irony, and implicature
calculable from the standpoint of an ideally reasonable interlocutor, Gruppi’s
“conversational reason” is closer to a historically situated rationality of
persuasion and alignment, interested in how forms of speaking become socially
dominant and politically effective rather than in how a single utterance yields
a determinate implicature under conversational norms. Grice: “Italians,
like G., use ‘lingua’, tongue – but ‘linguaggio’ turns on the abusive. I at
Oxford would NOT use ‘tongue’! G. explores what he calls the ‘egemonia della
filosofia del linguaggio ordinario.’ What he means of course is ‘lingua
ordinaria’ – ordinary language, as I call it. Ordinary language has bcome a
keyword, not to say a cliche. Not so much because, as I wished, Austin’s
influence, but RYLE’s promotion of it to attract anglo-phone students to
Oxford. It was also very relaxing to tutors, since they did not have to READ –
just venture on the incorrigibility with which their native intuitions endowed
him. La via italiana al socialismo, egemonia della filosofia
della lingua ordinaria. G. is an Italian philosopher; at Oxford,
someone who writes only on politics is not considered usually one! In
retrospect, I can imagine that it may have been torture for my pupils to have
to endure my tutorials on ordinary language philosophy, when none of them
‘parled’ it!”. Il concetto di egemonia in
Gramsci, Gramsci è senza alcun dubbio quello che, tra i teorici del marxismo,
ha maggiormente insistito sul concetto di egemonia; e lo ha fatto in modo
particolare richiamandosi a Lenin. Anzi, direi che, se vogliamo vedere il punto
di contatto più costante, più scavato, di Gramsci con Lenin, questo mi pare
essere il concetto di egemonia. L'egemonia è il punto di approccio di Gramsci
con Lenin. Un breve estratto da quest’ultimo articolo, ancora oggi
attualissimo, di Torsi e Giannini, che mi sento di condividere in pieno :
“Due propensioni, quella dello studio teorico e della formazione, quanto mai necessarie
ed attuali oggi, in questa fase caratterizzata sia dalla povertà teorica che
segna di sé una parte significativa del movimento comunista che dalla grave
sottovalutazione del valore della formazione politico-teorica ( la scuola
quadri) che si manifesta anche in Rifondazione comunista. G., dunque, non
solo nel ricordo: ma per il lavoro futuro, come è destino dei grandi. la via
italiana al socialismo, egemonia della filosofia del linguaggio ordinario. From
Grice’s Diary (St John’s, 1955). St John’s, Oxford — 16 May 1955. The Common
Room continues to produce the oddest fare. Today it was Luciano Gruppi’s Il
Partito Comunista (1955)—a recent history of the Italian Party, and not, I
suppose, meant as light reading between sherry and committees. The cover is so
leaden that it almost succeeded in repelling the eye; it took a deliberate
effort of curiosity to pick the thing up. Still, once opened, it does that
Italian trick of making politics sound like opera: entrances, exits, factions,
betrayals—everything sung and nothing spoken plainly. Gruppi, at any rate, is
commendably fond of dates—1920, he writes, as if chronology were itself an
argument. It made me think, perversely, of Austin: his great tour de force is
precisely his refusal to be pinned down as a political creature at all. A lack
of “commitment” can, in Oxford, be the most sustained sort of commitment
available—especially in an uncosy man. Ryle is worse in that respect: not so
much uncommitted as committed to making commitment look like bad taste. The
language itself is part of the seduction. Italians insist on
lingua—tongue—where we would rather say language, and they keep linguaggio for
the moment when speech turns theatrical, or worse, ideological. (At Oxford one
speaks of “tongue” only at five o’clock.) Gruppi’s idiom is so insistently
italianate—stilo italianato, as he would have it—that, after a few pages, I
catch myself feeling like some diavolo incarnato who has wandered into the
wrong libretto. It also hauled up an old memory: arriving in Oxford in 1931, fresh
enough to be recruitable, and promptly approached—Town rather than Gown—by
someone with a view to enrolling me in the Communist Party. They failed; but
not, I should add, for want of rhetoric. Oxford does rhetoric as easily as
breathing, even when it pretends to be doing logic. My own resistance was less
noble than temperamental: I could not take to the habit of believing on
command. Besides, at Oxford (Town, if not always Gown) the “common” in
communism is more likely to attach itself to the common green—where the old
boys gather to watch a tolerable match of country cricket—than to any programme
of historical necessity. And it is only mildly comic that the founder of it
all, good old Marx, is laid to rest in the city of William Blake’s “satanic mills”:
revolution embalmed by soot. Enough. Back to my draft on “Metaphysics,” which
Pears—insistently, as if metaphysics were a public health measure—has got me to
deliver for the BBC Third Programme tomorrow evening. I ought, I suppose, to be
grateful: it is not every day one is asked to make the unsayable sound merely
awkward. Grice: Caro Gruppi, mi
sono sempre chiesto se la via italiana al socialismo passasse per la lingua o
per il linguaggio. Da noi a Oxford il “tongue” si usa solo per il tè delle
cinque! Gruppi: Paul, tu con la tua filosofia del
linguaggio ordinario mi hai quasi convertito, ma ti confesso che tra egemonia
gramsciana e scuola quadri, a Torino preferiamo discutere davanti a un piatto
di agnolotti, piuttosto che davanti a una tazza di tè. Grice: A Oxford, invece,
la filosofia sembra più una gara a chi trova l’implicatura nascosta sotto il
tovagliolo. Ma ammetto che il tuo modo di mescolare politica e lingua è più
saporito del mio tutorial sulla “ordinary language”. Gruppi: Caro Paul, la via
italiana al socialismo ha bisogno di meno chiacchiere e più sostanza. Però, se
vogliamo davvero cambiare, forse dovremmo fondare una nuova scuola: quella dei
filosofi buongustai, dove egemonia e implicatura si discutono solo dopo il
dolce! Gruppi, Luciano (1955). Il Partito Comunista.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Guarini
(Modena) Guarino Guarini (Modena).
Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational
meaning treats conversation as a cooperative, inference-driven practice in
which speakers design contributions to fit an accepted purpose of the
talk-exchange, and hearers recover what is meant (often beyond what is said) by
assuming rational constraints such as relevance, sufficiency of information,
truthfulness, and clarity; Guarino Guarini, though working in architecture,
mathematics, and theological-philosophical treatise rather than analytic
pragmatics, offers a suggestive analogue in another medium, because his
buildings and writings (formed in Rome in the Borrominian milieu, then
developed in Turin as ducal engineer-mathematician) are intentionally “designed
artifacts” whose intelligibility depends on rule-governed uptake by a competent
audience: the dome, the interlocking geometries, and the calibrated use of
light function like architectural counterparts of implicature, where what is
explicitly presented (visible structure) is deliberately less than the total
meaning available, and the spectator is rationally invited to infer hidden
order (structural logic, geometric generation, perspectival manipulation) from
the assumption that the designer is not building randomly but in accordance
with a purposive system; this is reinforced by Guarini’s own emphasis on
mathematics as a universal discipline for artists and scholars (e.g., Euclides
adauctus et methodicus, 1671, and later the posthumous Architettura civile,
whose first printed edition is 1737 despite frequent secondary shorthand to a
1670s “work”), so that, as with Grice, the “extra” content is not mystical but
recoverable by method: Grice’s hearer calculates implicature from maxims, while
Guarini’s viewer/reader reconstructs the intended architectural meaning from
proportion, geometry, and the learned conventions of Baroque sacred space; the
comparison, then, is that Grice gives a micro-theory of how rational agents get
from utterance to intended meaning under conversational norms, whereas Guarini
exemplifies a macro-pragmatics of design in which built form and treatise alike
rely on shared rational competencies to guide interpretation, with the
difference that Grice’s norms are negotiated in real-time dialogue while
Guarini’s “conversation” is staged across time between designer and beholder,
with geometry and light doing the work that maxims and implicatures do in
speech. Si laurea a Roma. Fu soprattutto l'opera di quest'ultimo
a giocare un ruolo decisivo nella formazione artistica del giovane Guarino, che
seppur non dichiarando esplicitamente i propri debiti nei suoi confronti ebbe
comunque modo di osservarne i cantieri di San Carlino alle Quattro Fontane,
dell'oratorio dei Filippini e di Sant'Ivo alla Sapienza. Nel febbraio 1645
Guarini si recò a Venezia, ospite del convento di San Nicola dei Tolentini,
dove terminò con successo gli studi teologici diventando suddiacono. Tornato a
Modena nel 1647, il 17 gennaio dell'anno successivo fu ordinato sacerdote e
revisore dei conti della casa teatina, ufficio che a sua volta gli valse la
sovrintendenza dei lavori alla nuova Casa dell'Ordine e per la chiesa di San
Vincenzo, iniziata nel 1617 da Paolo Reggiani e ormai prossima al completamento
e per le quali è stato ipotizzato un suo intervento progettuale. In quest'opera
Guarini collaborò con l'architetto teatino Bernardo Castagnini, che gli insegnò
i rudimenti della costruzione, e con Bartolomeo Avanzini, architetto ufficiale
di Francesco I d'Este ed ebbe modo di completare la sua formazione con
l'esperienza diretta del cantiere. I lavori si protrassero tuttavia per quattro
lunghi anni, a causa delle precarie condizioni di stabilità del progetto di
Avanzini ma soprattutto per via di alcuni presunti ammanchi di denaro, che
alcuni ritennero ascrivibili alla condotta fraudolenta del Guarini (cassiere
dell'Ordine dal 1650) e del fratello Eugenio. Per tale periodo la
documentazione è molto scarsa e alla storiografia più recente appare infondata
l'ipotesi di viaggi a Praga, Lisbona e Spagna. Fu sicuramente prima a Parma,
poi a Guastalla, dove la sua presenza è attestata nel 1655, e per un breve di
ritorno a Modena, dove forse scrisse per gli studenti del seminario la
tragicommedia La Pietà trionfante. Nel biennio 1660-62, ma probabilmente fin
dal 1657, si recò Guarino Guarini. Grice: Caro Guarini, ho sempre pensato che costruire una chiesa sia come
architettare una buona conversazione: serve una solida base e qualche colonna
di benevolenza, vero? Guarini: Ah, Paul, se solo avessi potuto
mettere le mie cupole sopra le tue implicature! Ogni volta che progettavo, mi
chiedevo se il tetto avrebbe retto le battute degli studenti. Grice: E se la struttura
vacilla? Basta una revisione dei conti, come hai fatto tu! Ma attenzione ai
presunti ammanchi: la filosofia e l’architettura hanno un unico punto debole,
il cassiere distratto. Guarini: Paul, ti assicuro che tra avanzi e
pilastri, la vera arte è far quadrare le idee. E se qualche cappella sparisce,
basta scrivere una tragicommedia: così almeno ridiamo tutti, anche i revisori! Guarini, Guarino (1676). Architettura civile. Torino: Stamperia Reale.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Guicciardini: la
ragione della conversazione e la ragion di stato – la ragione conversazionale e
l’implicatura conversazionale dele cose dello stato. Francesco Guicciardini
(Firenze, Toscana): la ragione della conversazione e la ragion di stato –
la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dele cose dello
stato. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational
meaning treats talk as a cooperative, normatively structured enterprise in
which hearers are entitled to infer speaker-meaning from the assumption that
speakers aim to be appropriately truthful, informative, relevant, and
perspicuous, so that implicature is not a rhetorical flourish but a rationally
recoverable surplus of meaning generated by publicly shareable expectations;
Guicciardini, by contrast, is a theorist-practitioner of the political world in
which the governing expectations are those of ragion di stato, prudence, and
the particulare, and his “cold” Florentine logic (especially visible in the Considerazioni
on Machiavelli’s Discorsi, where he attacks universalizing historical recipes
and stresses the intractable variability of circumstances) amounts to a realism
about inference under strategic pressure: what matters is less the ideal of
cooperation than the art of predicting, steering, and sometimes exploiting what
others will conclude from what is said, unsaid, threatened, or performed; set
side by side, Grice gives you the micro-ethics of everyday intelligibility (how
an utterance can rationally commit you and how a listener may legitimately go
beyond literal content), while Guicciardini gives you the macro-pragmatics of
statecraft (how counsel, decrees, terror, and reputation manage populations
“desiderosi di cose nuove,” and how political actors must calculate not only
what their words mean but what they will be taken to mean by audiences who may
be fearful, factional, or opportunistic), so that Guicciardini’s world reads
like an arena of systematically particularized implicatures—highly context-bound
inferences where prudence requires anticipating how a move will be interpreted
by rivals and subjects—whereas Grice’s project is to show that even outside
politics, and precisely because conversation is ordinarily presumed rational
and cooperative, the passage from saying to meaning can be reconstructed as a
disciplined calculus rather than as mere guesswork. Grice: “Political
philosophy, of the G. type, is never practiced by philosophers – not even at
Oxford. Witness the contents of my colleague Warnock’s super-editor of
Waldron’s volume on Political Philosophy for Oxford:!” dai popoli,desiderosi di
cose nuove,e tenerli obbedienti col terrore. Però, come è maraviglioso questo duello tra due ingegni grandissimi che
s'incontrano sul campo del l'antica sapienza governativa:sono due gigantiuguali
di forze, muniti delle stesse armi,che si contendono una gloriosa vittoria nel
più difficile conflitto. G., come uomo di stato, supera d'assai Machiavelli, e
bastano a dimostrarlole osservazioni che di mano in mano contrappone ai
discorsi del celebre segretario sulla prima deca di LIVIO , nelle quali, colla
fredda acutezza della sua mente calma, colpisce sempre il lato debole
dell'avversario e ne distrugge, colla sua logica implacabile, i ragionamenti
poetici ed entusiastici, mettendone a nudo ora la fallacia, ora la
indeterminata incertezza. Nella storia dei filosofi italiani non si trova una
figura che puo reggergli a paro. È da lamentare che il tempo sia mancato a G.
per continuare il suo esame intorno ai discorsi del Machiavelli sulla prima
deca di LIVIO , perchè ci avrebbe rivelato maggior mente la potenza della
vigorosa argomentazione del suo genio pratico di fronte a quello idealista del
se gretario fiorentino. Implicatura, il concetto di stato, l’implicatura
particolarizzata. Grice: Guicciardini,
ammetto che la ragione dello Stato mi è sempre sembrata una faccenda da
equilibristi. Tra popoli desiderosi di cose nuove e governanti che li tengono
buoni col terrore, a Oxford ci limitiamo a discutere e nessuno osa praticare! Guicciardini: Paul, ti
dirò, tra Machiavelli e me c’è stato un duello degno di una saga epica. Lui
preferiva colpire con entusiasmo e poesia, io con logica fredda e una buona
dose di pazienza fiorentina. La ragione di Stato non è per cuori teneri! Grice: Ah, Francesco, mi
piace come smascheri le fallacie e lasci l’avversario in mutande! Però,
ammettiamolo, sarebbe stato divertente vedere Machiavelli alle prese con le tue
osservazioni, magari in una partita a scacchi dove ogni mossa è un implicatura
nascosta! Guicciardini:
Paul, la storia è piena di giganti e di duelli, ma alla fine la vittoria va
spesso a chi sa ridere dei propri nemici e sa farsi guidare dalla ragione senza
perdere la voglia di un buon bicchiere di vino. Sul campo politico, l’umorismo
è la miglior difesa! Guicciardini, Francesco (1508). Memorie di famiglia.
Firenze.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Guzzo: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- pagine di filosofi –
idealisti ed empiristi. Augusto Guzzo (Napoli, Campania): la
ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- pagine di filosofi –
idealisti ed empiristi. Grice’s theory of
reason-governed conversational meaning treats conversation as a cooperative,
rational practice in which what a speaker means is fixed not just by what is
said but by the hearer’s warranted inferences from the assumption that the
speaker is following shared maxims (quality, quantity, relation, manner), so
that implicature becomes a principled bridge from utterance to intended
meaning; what is striking in the Guzzo material you cite is that, although
Guzzo is not doing analytic pragmatics, his intellectual self-presentation
(Naples-trained under Sebastiano Maturi; later teaching and building a “school”
in Turin; founding and directing journals such as L’Erma and later Filosofia;
organizing “Pagine di filosofi per i giovani italiani” and mapping lineages
like “Gli hegeliani d’Italia” and the Croce–Gentile confrontation) suggests a
parallel conviction that reason is not merely private ratiocination but
something cultivated, transmitted, and normed within public discourse and
pedagogy—conversation in the broad Italian sense of conversazione as a civil
practice of forming minds; Grice’s quip about Italians having the Biblioteca
Italiana di Filosofia and “teaching philosophy in the licei” frames an
institutional contrast that mirrors their philosophical contrast: Grice builds
a micro-jurisprudence of talk where rationality shows itself in fine-grained
accountability to conversational norms, while Guzzo, the systematic
idealist-spiritualist, treats rationality as a higher-order formative power
manifested in canon-making, editorial curation, and the staging of
philosophical voices for a community (students, readers, a national culture),
so that where Grice explains how implicatures are calculable from a presumption
of cooperation, Guzzo exemplifies a more programmatic “conversational reason”
in which the very selection and arrangement of philosophers (idealists and
empiricists; Vico, Galluppi, Bruno; Boethius and Porphyry) functions like a
macro-implicature: the anthology or journal does not just say “here are texts,”
it implies a normative map of what counts as philosophically educative,
continuous, and civilizationally central; if Grice’s key unit is the
conversational move and its inferential upshot, Guzzo’s key unit is the
pedagogical-conversational institution (liceo, school, review, series) that
makes certain inferential pathways habitual—so the comparison is that Grice theorizes
the logic of inference from utterance to meaning under rational constraints,
whereas Guzzo, by editing, teaching, and systematizing traditions, enacts a
cultural technology for making reason itself conversationally available, with
“pagine di filosofi” operating as a deliberately designed environment in which
young readers learn what to infer, what to treat as central, and how to
continue the conversation. Grice: “The Italians have the BIBLIOTECA
ITALIANA DI FILOSOFIA – Oxonians don’t!” – G. published “Idealisti ed
empiristi’ for the Biblioteca! Having been accepted as a scholar at Corpus, it
did not come as a surprise to Grice that Philosophy was only introduced after
the completion of the third term. Whereas in Italy, “they teach philosophy in
the licei! pagine di filosofi. I admire G.; he founded ‘Filosofia,’ a
philosophy magazine and led a school at Torino, but he selected ‘pagine di
filosofi per i giovani italiani.’ He wrote interesting essays on “Gli hegeliani
d’Italia” and Croce versus Gentile – a very systematic philosopher. The logo of
his revista shows Oedipus and thes sphynx – that says it all! I like G.. For
one, he spent a tutorial or two on the very same ‘tratarello’ I did: Boezio’s
latinizing Porphyry!”. Si laurea a Napoli
sotto Maturi. Insegna a Torino. Esponente dell'idealismo, si avvicinò
all'attualismo di Gentile. È considerato quindi uno dei più grandi esponenti
dello spiritualismo. Saggi: “Spinoza”; “Kant”; “Verità e realtà”; “Apologia
dell'idealismo”; “Idealisti ed empiristi”; “Aquino”, “Bruno”; “Storia della
filosofia”, “L'uomo” (Brescia, Morcelliana); “L'io e la ragione”; “Moralità”;
“Scienza”; “Arte”; “Religione; “Filosofia” – P. Quarta, “G. e la sua scuola,
Urbino, Argalìa; Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Treccani.L’ISAGOGE DI
PORFIRIO E I COMMENTI DI BOEZIO TORINO L’ERMA, ESTRATTO dagl’Annali dell’
Istituto Superiore di Magistero del Piemonte. TORINO - L’Isagoge di Porfirio e
i Commenti di Boezio. Il Commento di Porfirio alle Categorie di Aristotele.
Pagine di filosofi per i giovani italiani; il Vico di Guzzo, il Galluppi di G.,
il Bruno di G., Gentile, Gli hegeliani d’Italia, Vera, Spaventa, Jaja, Maturi,
Gentile, dirito, stato, Biblioteca Italiana di Filosofia, spunti e
contrattacchi, Della causa, del principio e del uno, dell’analisi e la sintesi,
autobiografia e scienza nuova per giovani italiani dei licei classici, il
manual di filosofia di Fiorentino, tra idealismo ed empirismo. Grice: Caro Guzzo, mi hanno sempre stupito le
tue “pagine di filosofi per i giovani italiani”. Ma dimmi, come hai scelto tra
idealisti ed empiristi? Hai tirato una moneta, o hai lasciato che ti guidasse
la Sphinx della tua rivista? Guzzo: Grice, la Sphinx mi ha sussurrato
all’orecchio! In realtà, ogni filosofo merita una pagina, ma non tutti
accettano di stare in compagnia. Tra Kant, Spinoza e Bruno, a volte ci vuole un
po’ di attualismo gentiliano per mettere ordine. Grice: E allora, dove
metti Boezio? Lo metti tra gli idealisti o lo lasci latinizzare Porfirio da
solo, mentre gli empiristi si divertono a misurare la grandezza della
Biblioteca Italiana di Filosofia? Guzzo: Boezio, poverino, finisce sempre tra le
note a margine. A Napoli lo avrebbe accolto Maturi, a Torino lo avrebbero fatto
insegnare! E nel mio manuale per giovani italiani dei licei classici, c’è
spazio per tutti: anche per quelli che, come Oedipus, risolvono enigmi senza
mai perdere il sorriso. Guzzo, Augusto (1915). Il criticismo.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Herpitt: l’implicature
del deutero esperanto – filosofia italiana – Luigi Sepranza (Roma). Herpitt: l’implicature del deutero esperanto – filosofia
italiana – (Roma). Abstract. Grice: “There are not many
philosophers, as we have at Oxford, in Italy, whose surname beings with an H.
Keywords: Grice, Herpitt. Filosofo italiano.
Elementi di grammatica del Niuspik, lingua internazionale, P. I., Torino, Teca.
J. Herpitt. Grice: Mi permetta una
curiosità, caro Herpitt: il suo cognome sembra quasi un gioco linguistico,
visto che in Italia è davvero raro trovare cognomi che iniziano per “H”. Devo
confessare che mi è venuto il sospetto di un pseudonimo! Herpitt: Non posso
darle torto, professore! In effetti “Herpitt” è un nome scelto proprio per
evocare una distanza dalla tradizione italiana: un modo per mostrare quanto la
lingua possa essere terreno di sperimentazione, soprattutto quando si tratta di
costruire nuovi idiomi come il Niuspik. Grice: A proposito di Niuspik, ho letto
gli “Elementi di grammatica del Niuspik” pubblicati a Torino. Mi ha colpito il
tentativo di creare una lingua internazionale davvero neutra, quasi un
esperanto rivisitato. Che ruolo attribuisce alla filosofia nel progettare una
lingua artificiale? Herpitt: Per me la filosofia è come la linfa che scorre
sotto ogni lingua, naturale o costruita. Il Niuspik nasce proprio dall’idea che
la comunicazione può superare i confini nazionali e culturali, se guidata da
principi di chiarezza e inclusività. In fondo, ogni lingua è una implicatura:
un modo per dire più di quanto appare. E per nascondere, a volte, la vera
identità dietro un nome.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Iccio: la ragione
conversazionale e il portico nel secolo d’oro della filosofia romana Iccio (Roma, Lazio): la ragione
conversazionale e il portico nel secolo d’oro della filosofia romana. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains
implicature as an accountable inference from what is said to what is meant,
licensed by cooperative expectations: speakers can deliberately say something
minimal or oblique, and hearers can rationally reconstruct the intended point
by considering relevance, sufficiency, and the speaker’s presumed aims. Iccius,
known to us chiefly through Horace’s Ode 1.29, sits in a different but
illuminating position: he is a Stoic-leaning figure (or at least a
philosophical aspirant) being teased for drifting from the Porch toward more
worldly projects, and Horace’s address works by insinuation rather than by
doctrine—its rebuke lands not as a formal argument but as a socially calibrated
reminder of what a friend is expected to be doing. Compared with Grice, this is
implicature in the key of moral friendship: Horace’s questions and ironic
framing invite Iccius to supply the conclusion (you are neglecting philosophy;
your “serious” pursuits are less serious than you pretend) without spelling it
out as a bald accusation, because the conversational setting presupposes
intimacy, shared values, and the desire to correct without humiliating. In
Gricean terms, the poem systematically exploits relevance and understatement:
the mention of Panaetius and Stoic texts functions as common ground, and the
shift to “trivial pursuits” is achieved by leaving the evaluative premise to
the hearer, so that the criticism is both sharper and more deniable than a
direct charge. The contrast, then, is between Grice’s analytic project of
making the inferential machinery explicit and Horace’s practical mastery of
that machinery, where the whole point of the exchange is ethical formation in a
relationship—conversation as a tool for nudging a friend back toward the life of
reason, precisely by letting what is meant be understood rather than declared.
A friend of ORAZIO. He appears to have studied under the Porch, as in one
of his odes, Orazio depict him constantly looking out for works by Panezio.
Orazio berates Iccio for neglecting his philosophical studies for ‘totally
trivial pursuits.’ GRICEVS: Icci—an
ICCIVSne sit? an vero ICCIVS, ut nemo dubitet quin sis ex gente Romana et non
ex sola taberna Oraziana? ICCIVS: Scribe quod vis, dum
“certificatum” mihi detur: philosophus sum. Quid refert utrum geminetur C, an
geminetur otium? GRICEVS: Refert, mi ICCI: Horatius te in carmine ipso ICCIVM
vocat; et nomen est secundae declinationis, nominativus ICCIVS, genitivus
ICCIĪ, vocativus ICCĪ. Porticus amat casus rectos. ICCIVS: Optime: ergo in
porticu ICCIVS ero (ut Stoici me agnoscant), apud Orazium ICCĪ (ut rideat), et
in negotiis—si Panætium quaero—“Iccio” tantum, ne quis me ad bellum Arabicum
rapiat. Iccio (a. u. c. DCCXXV). Dicta. Roma.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ierace: la ragione
conversazioanle e il certificato Silvano Doroteo Ierace: la ragione
conversazioanle e il certificato -- Roma – filosofia italiana
-- – (Roma). Abstract. Grice: “It is very
uncommon to find an English philosopher whose surname starts with ‘ie-,’ and
also an Italian one. This is due to the fact that the Greeks aspirated
everything – while the Romans, and later the Italians, just thought of aspiration
as a phonological feature that wasn’t really necessary. The Gallic agree with
the Italians on this, but stupidly keep the H in the so-called ‘orthographie’!”
Filosofo italiano. The proud possessor of a certificate confirming that he was
a philosopher. Grice: “Cicerone uses this as an example of indirect proof. The
fact that the certificate certifies that Ierace is a philosopher is no proof
that he is one.” Grice: “It seems more proper to render all these “I-“ ancient
philosohers with I- turned into G-. Silvano Doroteo Ierace. GRICEVVS:
Ierace, de tuo ipso nomine dubito: Latine scribendumne est IERAX (ut avis), an
potius HIERAX, ne Graeci nos putent sine spiritu? IERACE: Ego quidem avem non
me esse scio—quamquam, si testimonium meum “philosophum” me facit, cur non et
“accipitrem” me faciat? Unum sigillum, duo
animalia. GRICEVVS: Ciceroni placebit: “testimonium” est indicium, non
essentia. Praeterea, si Graecum ἱέραξ spectes, HIERAX doctius; si Romanum fastidium aspirationis, IERAX
simplicius. IERACE: Ergo ita faciamus: in diplomate HIERAX, in taberna IERAX;
et si quis roget cur, respondebo: “aspiratio est supervacua—nisi cum vinum
hauriendum est.”
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ieroteo: la ragione
conversazionale e la scuola di Guiliano --
Ieroteo (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e la scuola di
Guiliano. Grice:
“As a classicist at Corpus, I soon learned – via the reference guides, etc. –
that the Greeks aspirated almost anything they touched – the Romans disliked an
aspiration as ‘rough’, and the Italians just dropped it from their phonological
systems!” -- Filosofo italiano. convinced Giuliano to pave the floor of Hagia
Sophia with silver – Grice: “but ultimately the emperor declined to do so on
the lack of a reason that would be convincing enough to ACT, not just to
BELIEVE!” GRICEVS: In schola Iuliani hodie ambigimus, Ierotee:
quomodo te Latine in nominativo scribamus—HIEROTHEVS, an sine asperitate,
IEROTHEVS? Graeci enim omnia fere aspirant, Romani “h” rudem amant odisse,
Itali vero simpliciter abiiciunt. HIEROTHEVS (ridens): Si mihi H addis,
magistri, vereor ne totus “asper” fiam; si tollis, videbor Italus in toga. Sed
quid de diphthongo? “TH” saltem serva, ne me in “Ieroteum” solum vertas, quasi
sim mera nota marginalis. GRICEVS: Sapienter: Latinitas docta solet HIEROTHEVS
(ex Graeco Ἱερόθεος) scribere; Latinitas
vero neglegentior facile IEROTHEVS. Utrumque tamen
idem fere sonat—et hoc ipsum est iocus: litterae pugnant, sensus manet.
HIEROTHEVS: Ergo faciamus pactum Iulianum: in titulo HIEROTHEVS, ut grammatici
gaudeant; in colloquio IEROTHEVS, ut amici rideant. Nam, sicut de pavimento argenteo Hagiae Sophiae: pulchrum erat ad credendum—sed
non satis rationis erat ad faciendum.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Illuminati: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del filosofo all’opera – Augusto
Illuminati (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura
conversazionale del filosofo all’opera. Grice’s theory of
reason-governed conversational meaning explains implicature as a rational,
publicly criticizable inference from what is said to what is meant: speakers
rely on shared expectations of cooperation to leave things unsaid efficiently,
and hearers recover the intended extra content by reasoning about why that
particular utterance was made in that context. Illuminati’s work, as suggested
by the themes in your passage, relocates that “governance” from the micro-level
of conversational maxims to the macro-level of political modernity:
representation, manipulation, lobbying, and the “antinomies of citizenship”
describe a public sphere in which meaning is routinely produced through
apparatuses that distribute visibility and invisibility, so that what is
implied is often an effect of institutions rather than the tidy product of a
speaker’s transparent intentions. Compared with Grice, then, the key contrast
is that Grice models cooperation as a default rational stance that can be
voluntarily adopted or withdrawn by agents, whereas Illuminati is preoccupied
with how shared rules and representations can be publicly valid without
becoming instruments of control—how “letting be” can coexist with demands for
recognition, and how politicized speech can avoid turning into disciplinary
speech. In Gricean terms, this means that many “implicatures” in civic
discourse are not merely cancellable conversational enrichments but
structurally induced insinuations: audiences infer motives, alignments, and
exclusions because the communicative field is already shaped by power and by
the technical organization of representation. The overlap is that both treat
meaning as inseparable from practice—Grice from the practice of cooperative
talk, Illuminati from the practice of citizenship and institutional life—but
Illuminati pushes the Gricean picture toward a harder question: not only how
implicatures are derived, but who gets to set the conditions under which
certain inferences become inevitable, and how a rational public conversation
can remain free when the very mechanisms that make it possible also threaten to
manage it. Grice:
“I was often asked at Oxford what my surname meant: neither ‘grice’ (pig) nor
‘grice’ (grey) mean anything too philosophical – but cf. grey cells – On the
other han Illuminati may be deemed to be a ‘rationalist’ surname in that Reason
was iconographically represented as shedding light on things – and people! I
would often refer to myself as a quasi-contractualist. But when developing the
‘dialectic’ – ontogenetic and phylogenetic – of ‘significatio’, I grant that it
may all be a ‘myth’ which have been proved useful to philosophers since Plato,
and in Switzerland, since Rousseau! I like I., especially his essay on
Rousseau, between solipsism and conversation! I enjoyed I.’s treatment of
Rousseau’s myth of the social contract, since I made use of it!” – ‘Imagine is
a good thing, but is there such a thing as co-imagine?” - sharing an
hallucination, the myth of the contract. Myth and theory. Filosofo italiano. “La città e il desiderio. Viene meno un
modo di fare in cui la soggettività potente si appropria il mondo subordinando
le altre potenze soggettive e realizza la sua essenza destinale mediante
adeguati meccanismi di rappresentazione e manipolazione tecnica. Come
utilizzare regole pubblicamente valide senza colpevolizzare e controllare
dall'altro le forme di vita degli uomini è precisamente l'antinomia della cittadinanza.
La politicizzazione di sfere inabituali va insieme alla diserzione di
istituzioni sclerotiche. Una ricaduta pratica ne è l'integrazione delle
strutture rappresentative con nuove lobbies o la richiesta di quote per
minoranze Nel lasciar-essere che si contrappone alla tracotanza istituzionale
convivono cosi l'ancora-non-rappresentato che cerca lobbisticamente
rappresentazione, e rifiuto radicare di rappresentazione. Professore associato
di storia della filosofia politica, dall'anno accademico ha assunto la cattedra
di storia della filosofia, dove è stato chiamato come straordinario. Insegna a
Urbino. il filosofo all’opera. Grice: Caro Illuminati, ti confesso una cosa che
farà sorridere chiunque abbia un po’ di passione per la musica: per me, “Die Meistersinger
von Nürnberg” è quasi come una fiaba per bambini! Ogni volta che la ascolto, mi
sembra di sfogliare un libro illustrato pieno di personaggi coloriti e morali
semplici. Illuminati: Ah, Grice, permettimi di dissentire con il sorriso:
Wagner, di solito così tragico, qui si diverte a giocare con la leggerezza, è
vero, ma le sfumature ironiche e i rimandi alla tensione tra regola e
creatività sono tutto fuorché infantili! Forse è proprio lì il suo fascino:
parlare ai grandi con il linguaggio dei bambini. Grice: Ecco, vedi perché amo
queste conversazioni con te! Riesci sempre a svelare una profondità inaspettata
anche dove io vedevo solo scherzo e ingenuità. Forse i veri bambini siamo noi
filosofi, che cerchiamo la verità giocando con le interpretazioni. Illuminati:
Touché! In fondo, ogni mito, come ogni buona opera d’arte, nasce dalla capacità
di meravigliarsi. E che cos’è la filosofia se non il prendersi sul serio…
ridendo un po’ di sé stessi? Su questo, caro Grice, siamo davvero in sintonia.
Illuminati, Augusto (1967). Sociologia e classi sociali. Torino: Einaudi.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Imbriani. Acri srive un
saggio contro Imbriani. Vittorio Ugone Imbriani (Napoli,
Campania). Acri srive un saggio contro Imbriani. Grice’s
theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as an
accountable inference from what is said to what is meant, produced under
cooperative expectations that can be cancelled or repaired once the relevant
background is made explicit. Imbriani, by temperament and by genre, belongs to
a polemical culture in which meaning is often designed to sting rather than to
cooperate: the critic’s sentence is written to force the reader into an
attitude—admiration, contempt, ridicule—through insinuation, caricature, and
strategic overstatement, so that the “implicature” is frequently the main act
and the literal content a mere vehicle. Compared with Grice, this changes the
default rationality of the exchange: Grice’s hearer is licensed to infer
because the speaker is presumed to be helping the conversation along, whereas
Imbriani’s reader infers because the writer is presumed to be fighting, and the
background assumption is adversarial rather than benevolent. That makes Acri’s
critique of Imbriani a nice Gricean case-study: the very act of rebuttal
confers salience and invites a new round of inferences about seriousness,
authority, and stakes—much as Grice worries, in the Quine episode, that
responding to an anti-dogmatist can inadvertently elevate the provocation into
a “dogma” worth defending. In short, Imbriani exemplifies implicature as
rhetorical weapon and reputational signal within intellectual combat, while
Grice models implicature as a rational instrument of coordination; the overlap
is that both depend on shared expectations and shared background, but they
diverge on whether those expectations are oriented toward mutual understanding
or toward victory. Grice: “St John’s, 1953.Quine is coming as George Eastman
Visiting Professor, and I find myself wondering—yet again—who Eastman was and
why his name must endure as a kind of annual excuse for importing foreigners in
bulk. That, however, is a small irritation. The greater one is watching
Strawson take Mr Quine with a solemnity usually reserved for bishops and
railway timetables. It reminds me of that old Italian pattern Collingwood once
remarked upon: he went running to the Bodleian to fetch Imbriani, not because
he had any independent hunger for Imbriani, but simply because Acri had taken
the trouble to criticize him, and criticism, like an accusation, confers
importance by sheer act of attention. I fear I am about to do the same with
Quine. His irreverences against the “dogmas” that keep my spine upright are
designed to make one respond; and once one responds, one is already playing his
game—defending what one had never thought needed defence, and thereby granting
it the status of a doctrine. The danger is that Quine will be remembered here
not as the visiting professor with an American title attached, but as the
anti-dogmatist whom Strawson and I were obliged to take down a peg or two; and
that our “defence” will look, in retrospect, like the very parochialism we
congratulate ourselves on avoiding. Perhaps the only honest posture is to treat
him as one treats any clever provocateur in conversation: take the point where
it is genuine, refuse the inflated conclusion, and deny him the satisfaction of
thinking that the rest of us exist merely as his audience. Grice: Caro Imbriani, mi hanno detto che Acri
ha scritto un saggio tutto contro di te. Ma dimmi, qual è il vero motivo? Hai
forse rubato la sua penna preferita? Imbriani: Grice, non posso negare che la penna
di Acri fosse tentatrice, ma credo che il suo saggio sia nato più dalla sua
voglia di filosofeggiare che dalla perdita degli strumenti! In fondo, in
Italia, si scrive contro per sport. Grice: Eh già, Imbriani, qui da noi un attacco
filosofico vale più di una partita a carte. Ma la domanda è: hai risposto al
saggio con una poesia oppure ti sei limitato a offrirgli un caffè? Imbriani: Grice, ho fatto
entrambe le cose! Prima una poesia che nessuno ha capito, poi un caffè così
forte che Acri ha smesso di scrivere contro di me... almeno fino a domani.
Imbriani, Vittorio Ugone (1866). Le leggi dell’organismo poetico e della poesia
popolare italiana.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ippolito: la ragione
conversazionale e il culto di Giove -- Roma Ippolito (Roma, Lazio): la
ragione conversazionale e il culto di Giove. Grice’s
theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as an
accountable inference from what is said to what is meant: speakers normally
rely on shared expectations of relevance, clarity, and sufficiency, and hearers
recover the intended extra content by rational reconstruction, with the
possibility of challenge and cancellation. Hippolytus, as a Greek-writing
Roman-era theologian whose Refutatio omnium haeresium (Philosophumena) first
lays out the “heretics’” philosophical systems before denouncing them, provides
a revealing contrast in method and audience design: his expository strategy
presupposes that readers can track (and perhaps be tempted by) the very
doctrines he wants to refute, so the text constantly manages a delicate
implicature that Grice would have noticed—detailed sympathetic description can
suggest partial endorsement unless the author signals distance, and the
refutation must therefore control what the reader is entitled to infer about
the author’s stance at each stage. Compared with Grice, Hippolytus’ rationality
is not the micro-rationality of cooperative everyday conversation but the
macro-rationality of polemical pedagogy, where the “common ground” is contested
and where quotation and paraphrase are risky because they can confer
legitimacy; this is why his work is simultaneously a sourcebook for contemporary
philosophy and a moral warning about it. Grice’s aside about “by Jove”
underscores the divergence: for Grice, even casual oaths carry pragmatic force
and social meaning beyond their literal content, whereas Hippolytus’ primary
concern is doctrinal content and its theological danger, so he is liable to
overlook the conversational layer in which Roman religious language functions
as stance-marking rather than as belief. In short, Grice explains how rational
agents trade on implicature to coordinate understanding, while Hippolytus shows
how a rational polemicist must anticipate implicatures he may inadvertently
generate—especially when he must present an opponent’s system clearly enough to
refute it, yet not so invitingly that the reader takes the clarity itself as a
recommendation. Grice: “When I was studying classics for my
moderations at Corpus, I found out that while the Greeks were very jealous
about the H, the Romans could not care less – and in fact this is evidenced by
modern-day Italians, who care even less than the Romans, if that’s possible!”
-- Filosofo italiano. A leading theologian. His essay, “The refutation of all
heresies” is a valuable source of information on the Roman philosophy of his
day. He begins by setting out all the heresies and their philosophical theories
in detail – BEFORE accusing why whom he called the ‘heretics’ are being led
astray by these theories. Grice: “Ippolito fails to detect the conversational
implicature in that common Romanism, ‘by Jove!’!” Grice: “Corpus, 1932. Dear Father, I am at last abandoning the declensions (and,
mercifully, a good portion of the conjugations) and making my way toward what
is solemnly called Greats. I have decided I shall not do History. It is odd to
say that, given that the Great War and its theatrical archdukes are still
everyone’s favourite explanatory device for everything; but I am happier
leaving causes to the historians and concentrating on what words are doing when
people offer causes. The alternative, as you know, is Philosophy. Hardie, who
is excellent at everything, manages to make it look as if being good at both
History and Philosophy means being merely regular at either—an effect of his
that I both admire and resent. Today he taught me a word which is too useful to
keep to myself: philosophumena (singular philosophumenon). He explained that it
is the name by which a certain book was known—what the Middle Ages, with their
gift for titles, preferred to call Refutatio omnium haeresium. I thought at
once that you might enjoy having “Refutation of all heresies” as a phrase to
hold over Aunt Matilda, who seems to treat nonconformity as a hobby and
everyone else as an exhibit. Hardie added the detail that the author is
Hippolytus—Roman, yet writing in Greek, like Marcus Aurelius, which keeps me
wondering what is wrong with these Romans that they insist on borrowing other
people’s language even when they already have an empire to speak in. Hardie
says it is not so much wrong as ambitious: Greek, apparently, was the language
in which a Roman could sound most philosophical. This, too, is a lesson for an
Englishman at Oxford: one can be entirely at home in one’s tongue and still
find oneself reaching for a foreign register when one wants to be taken
seriously. Yours, Paul.” GRICEVS: Cum apud Corpus Moderationes in
litteris classicis agerem, animadverti Graecos litterae H tamquam thesauro
quodam invidere; Romanos vero eam neglegere: quod hodie etiam in Italicis
apparet, qui—si fieri potest—Romanis ipsis neglegentiores sunt. HYPPOLITVS:
Facile est litteras dimittere; difficilius est fidem retinere. At tu, Grice,
quasi per iocum in me invehēris: in libello meo, Refutatione omnium haeresium,
haereses prius expono, ut postea refellam. GRICEVS: Profecto—sed nonnulli
suspicabuntur te haeresibus ipsis paulum indulgere, quandoquidem eas prius
ornate describis et quasi in prima subsellia collocas, orthodoxiam vero
postremo, anhelantem, introducis. HYPPOLITVS: Methodus
est, non risus. Et quod ad Romanorum “per Iovem!” attinet—iusiurandum est, non
dogma. GRICEVS: Verum; sed etiam implicatura est togata: “per Iovem!” saepe hoc
valet, “nolo dicere quod sentio—tamen vehementer sentio”; ideo theologi tui id
non animadvertunt, Romani autem libenter intellegunt. Ippolito (a. u. c. CMLXXIII). Philosophumena.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Irtione: la ragione
conversazionale e l’orto romano Aulo Irtio (Roma, Lizio): la ragione
conversazionale e l’orto romano. Grice’s theory of
reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as a rationally
accountable enrichment of what is said: speakers choose forms of words on the
assumption of cooperative uptake, and hearers supply what is meant by
reconstructing intentions under shared norms of relevance, adequacy, and
clarity. Hirtius (Aulus Hirtius, author of De bello Gallico, Book 8, written in
the narrow political window after Caesar’s death in 44 BC and before Hirtius’
own death in 43 BC) gives a historically sharp foil because his writing is
itself a kind of pragmatic bridge: it must “continue” Caesar while
simultaneously signalling, without quite announcing, that the voice has
changed, that legitimacy is at stake, and that the narrative is now being
managed under urgent political constraints. Compared to Grice, the relevant
“implicatures” are not conversational in the everyday sense but
historiographical: the decision to keep Caesar’s plain style, to round off the
campaign sequence, and to omit explicit editorial self-marking can be read as
calculated attempts to get readers to take the continuation as seamlessly
authoritative, even when authorship and motive have shifted. Grice helps
articulate what is going on here: the text relies on the reader to infer more
than is explicitly stated—about provenance, purpose, and alignment—because the
writer presumes a shared background and because making those things explicit
might undermine the very effect sought. Where Grice’s cooperative principle
models rational coordination between interlocutors, Hirtius shows the same
rational coordination operating across author and audience in a politically
charged literary act: saying “just enough” in Caesar-like Latin so that the
reader supplies continuity, while the differences in voice, like a slightly
altered maxim of manner, invite the attentive reader to infer that the war
narrative has become, inevitably, an exercise in rhetorical and political
self-positioning. Grice: “It was Pater, in his novel – and philosophers
OUGHT NOT to write novels – who popularized the philosophy of the garden at
Oxford. What he did not popularize is the epithet for any member of this sect:
the ‘gardener’!” -- Filosofo italiano.A Gardener and correspondent of CICERONE,
although none of their letters survive. Hirtius continued (or completed)
Book 8 of Caesar’s De bello Gallico because Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC
and the narrative in the seven books Caesar himself authored stops short of the
end of the Gallic campaigns; a continuation was needed to bring the account up
to the point where the Civil War narrative begins. Hirtius was a close
Caesarian associate and a competent literary man, so he was well placed to
edit, compile, and finish the story from Caesar’s papers and from the
recollections of participants. Dates, to keep the comparison straight: Caesar’s assassination: 44 BC. Hirtius’
consulship and death at Mutina: 43 BC (he is killed in the campaign against
Antony). So Hirtius’ continuation must have been written in a very narrow
window: after the material of the campaigns was “available” (i.e., after the
events), and before Hirtius’ death, and likely close to 44–43 BC, when
Caesarian self-presentation and legitimation were politically urgent. That narrow timing is part of the point: Book
8 is not just “more narrative,” but a politically and rhetorically useful
bridge between Caesar’s Gallic self-portrait and the later civil-war
literature, produced by someone whose authority derives from proximity to Caesar
and whose text-making is constrained by rapidly changing power in Rome. Grice:
“Clifton, 1926 Letter to Mother (I) Dear Mother, We
have begun De Bello Gallico today. You were right to recommend it. Even the
Latin master—who is not given to praise unless he can disguise it as a
rebuke—declared that he cannot imagine anything at once so plain and so Latin.
Caesar, he says, writes as if he were issuing orders to the world and expecting
the world to parse them correctly. It is the first Latin I have read that seems
to think it has no need to show off. Letter to Mother (II) (three weeks later)
Dear Mother, We are about to “finish” De Bello Gallico, though only in the
Clifton sense of finishing, which means skipping whatever the master decides is
not strictly necessary for examinations. He has raced through whole campaigns
with the air of a general moving pins on a map and has now announced—almost
cheerfully—that we shall go straight on to Liber VIII. Letter to Mother (III)
(shortly after). Dear Mother, No. Liber VIII is a different animal altogether,
as they say in France. It lacks Caesar’s crystalline monotony and that
admirable syntactic simplicity—what Shropshire calls his “noble stupidity,”
meaning the kind that never once loses the thread. This eighth book is
cleverer, fussier, and somehow more eager to sound like literature. The master
says that is because it is not Caesar at all. Caesar died in 44 B.C., and Book
VIII was put together the year after—43 B.C.—by a man called Aulus Hirtius, who
wished to round things off and make a proper set of it. The master added, in
his usual comic scholarship, that the Romans dropped their aitches in the same
way Cockneys do, so Hirtius becomes “Irtius,” and the class laughed as if that
were the main lesson of Roman history. Hirtius, apparently, even intended to
give us a Liber IX, and perhaps make the whole thing a decina, as if war were a
school exercise that ought to come out to a pleasing number; but history,
unlike Clifton, did not allow him to meet the deadline—or perhaps he met it
elsewhere and we shall never know. In any case, the contrast is the point: with
Caesar one reads to learn Latin; with Hirtius one reads to learn that Latin can
be imitated, and that imitation is already a form of commentary.” GRICEVS:
Salve, Aule Irtio; audio te hortulanum esse et Ciceroni quondam scribere—quod
est mirum, cum epistulae omnes, ut herbae nimis tenerae, evanuerint. IRTIO:
Salve, Grice; epistulae periisse possunt, sed hortus manet: folia cadunt, ratio
conversationalis manet—et Ciceroni satis erat scire ubi ambularem. GRICEVS:
Apud Oxonium Pater hortum philosophicum in fabula vendidit; quod philosophis
vetitum esse dicis. Sed verbum hortulanus ipse non popularizavit—quasi secta
nostra sine nomine sit, ne a collega salutem accipiat. IRTIO: Noli queri: si nos hortulanos vocant, bene; si non vocant, melius. Nam in horto et in sermone idem valet: qui minus dicit, plus significat—et
qui nimis narrat, quasi romanum cucurbitam facit ex philosophia. Irtio, Aulo (a. u. c. DCCXI). De bello gallico, librus VIII. Roma.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Isidoro: la rgione
conversazionale e il cinargo romano sotto il principato di Nerone Isidoro (Roma, Lazio): la rgione
conversazionale e il cinargo romano sotto il principato di Nerone. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats
implicature as an inference licensed by a cooperative presumption: speakers and
hearers are expected to be mutually intelligible and rationally responsive, so
that saying little can legitimately make more understood, and the implied
content remains, in principle, cancellable and criticizable. Isidoro, the Cynic
who publicly harangued Nero (an anecdote preserved in Suetonius) represents a
sharply different conversational ecology: the Cynic stance is defined by
principled uncooperativeness with power, a readiness to violate decorum, and an
insistence that truth be said where polite conversation would only whisper, so
the “reason” governing his speech is not helpfulness but parrhesia—frank speech—at
personal risk. In Gricean terms, Isidoro’s street rebuke exploits implicature
in a paradoxical way: it says few words, but in the presence of the emperor
those words implicate an entire moral indictment of rule and hypocrisy, relying
on the audience’s shared recognition of what it means to confront a prince in
public; yet the same setting destroys Grice’s usual background assumption that
the conversational game is safe and jointly sustained, since the addressee may
answer with violence rather than uptake. The comparison therefore clarifies the
limits of Grice’s cooperative framework: it models ordinary communication among
rational agents who can, as a default, treat one another as partners; Isidoro
shows a case where conversation is deliberately made non-partnered, where
implicature becomes a weapon of critique rather than a device of coordination,
and where the very success of the implicature (everyone understands “more than
is said”) may be what makes the speaker disappear from the record. Grice: “It
is odd that when I introduced the Oxonian dialectic as a sequitur of the
Athenian dialectic, I overpassed the cynics, the stoics, and the epicureans!”
-- Filosofo italiano. A member of the Cinargo under the
principate of Nerone. One one occasion, he publicly harangued Nerone in the
street. We do not hear from him after that. Isidoro. Grice: “Some like Isidoro,
but Isidoro is MY man!” – , “Grice ed Isidoro. GRICEVS:
Salve, Isidore; mirum mihi videtur quod, cum dialecticam Oxoniensem quasi ex
Atheniensi deducerem, Cynicos Stoicos Epicureos praeterii, quasi essent
hospites quos ad cenam invitas sed deinde ianuam non aperis. ISIDORVS: Salve, Grice; ego Cynicus sum, non hospes: si ianuam non aperis,
per fenestram intrabo. Neroni quoque in via dixi quod multi in triclinio tantum
susurrant. GRICEVS: O fortis; ego Oxonii Neroni similem numquam habui, sed
habui examinatores: illi coronam non dabant, sed classim. Tu in via principem
obiurgas; ego in disputatione principium obiurgo, ne me obiurget. ISIDORVS: Ita
est: tu principia, ego principes; uterque tamen eadem lege utitur—dicimus
pauca, significamus multa. Et si quis rogat cur Cynicos praeterieris, responde:
non praeterii; tantum implicavi. Isidoro (a. u. c. DCCCSVII). Dicta. Roma.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Jaja: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Note su le “Origine storica ed
esposizione della critica della ragion.” Il Gruppo di Gioco di H. P. Grice.
Donato Jaja (Conversano, Bari, Puglia): la ragione conversazionale e
l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of
reason-governed conversational meaning explains implicature as a rational,
accountable route from what is said to what is meant: interlocutors assume
cooperative norms and can justify the extra content by reference to
intention-recognition, relevance, and economy, so that what is implied is in
principle cancellable and criticizable. Jaja’s Kant-centred Italian project
(formed in the Naples–Spaventa–Gentile line and articulated in works like his
Bologna 1869 exposition of the Critique) brings out a different but
complementary sense of “governance” of meaning: the philosophical weight falls
on how sensibility and thought, feeling and judging, are integrated into a
unified account of consciousness, and how linguistic and cultural nuance (even
a clipped form like ragion) carries historically sedimented assumptions that
shape what a scholarly community takes as serious, rigorous, or merely
parochial. In that light, the St John’s diary episode works as a miniature
Gricean case-study: Strawson’s remark about Italian nouns implicitly downgrades
Italian scholarship by a superficial linguistic stereotype, while the
philological correction cancels that implicature by enlarging the common
ground, showing that what looked like “bad Italian” is in fact a legitimate
register with its own authority. The comparison, then, is that Grice supplies
the micro-pragmatic mechanism for diagnosing and cancelling such insinuations
in real conversation, whereas Jaja supplies the macro-philosophical background
for why these insinuations matter: they are not merely about words but about
how traditions of reason, style, and intellectual legitimacy are formed,
defended, and transmitted. Grice models the inferential ethics of talk; Jaja
models the historical-philosophical conditions under which talk about reason,
sensibility, and critique can even count as a shared rational enterprise. Grice:
“We don’t do political philosophy at Oxford – it is considered
non-philosophical, or worse, UN-philosophical – When my colleague, G. J.
Warnock, was FORCED, as general editor of the Oxford Readings in Philosophy, to
super-edit a volume on political philosophy he didn’t know what to do and knew
that I myself would know even less! I’ve always found it amusing that when
Aelfric decided to write a grammar of Latin, historians never gave a fig. They
were only interested in Aelfric’s ‘vulgar,’ not his ‘learned’. This is my oint
about‘signa naturalia’. Aelfric’s example being ‘ha ha’ to mean laughter – “A
joke I seldom share when in Italy, since they do have a PHILOSOPHER surnamed
Ja-Ja!” Aelfric. I like J. – of course you cannot understand Jaja
unless you understand Fiorentino, Croce, Spaventa and Gentile! The
quintessential Italian philosopher! J. is a sensualist, like me. My favourit essential Italian philosopher!” Figlio di Florenzo Jaja, a cui
è dedicato l'Ospedale Civile di Conversano. Si trasfere a Napoli, dove studia
sotto la guida di FIORENTINO. Si sposta a Bologna, dove si laurea per seguire
il suo maestro. Il suo incontro filosofico principale e con
SPAVENTA. Col trasferimento di J. a Napoli i rapporti con Spaventa divennero
regolari. Insegna a Pisa. J. non è stato mai considerato un filosofo
particolarmente originale, ma ha avuto il merito storico d'introdurre GENTILE
allo studio di Spaventa – “although he was possibly more than Hardie was to
me!” – Grice -- merito che l'allievo riconosce sempre. Altri saggi: “Origine
storica ed esposizione della critica della RAGION PURA”; “Studio critico sulle
CATEGORIE e forme dell'essere”; “Dell'A PRIORI nella formazione dell'anima e
della coscienza,”; “ L'unità SINTETICA e l'esigenza positivista,”; “Sentire e
pensare,”; “Identita e Semiglianza ed identità”’[cf. Grice: “Cfr. My theory of
identity-relative, as a critique to Wiggins” -- “ Sentire, pensare, conoscere,”
“ L'intuito nella coscienza implicatura, I potere supremo dello stato, la
virtu. From Grice’s Diary: “30 Aug 1962, St John’s. Strawson
is preparing a seminar on Kant and has decided—characteristically—that the
title must be half German and wholly forbidding. He kept muttering something
like Die Grund‑… of Sinnlichkeit, as if merely importing the language would
import the seriousness. He asked, in passing, for bibliographical suggestions,
so I wandered down to the Bodleian and found, to my delight, a yellowed old
Italian volume: Donato Jaja’s Origine storica ed esposizione della Critica
della ragion (Bologna, 1869). I carried it back like a curiosity from a better
Europe. Strawson looked at the cover, frowned, and said, with his usual
parochial confidence, I thought all nouns in Italian ended in a vowel—what is
this ragion? At that moment I happened to run into Minnio Paulelo, who settled
it briskly: Jaja is right, and it is not a laughing matter; ragion is proper
Italian, even Crusca Italian if you insist, and if the Tuscans insist on ending
every noun like an operatic aria, that is their vice, not the language’s. Then,
turning to me, he added: and you know, Grice, vowel and vocal are cognate, yes?
as if this were the final philosophical moral. I could not help thinking that
the whole episode was a small model of what I later try to make explicit about
conversation: Strawson’s remark was not merely about morphology; it carried the
implicature that Italian scholarship is somehow less disciplined, less
“serious,” because it does not look like German. Paulelo’s reply cancelled that
implicature by enlarging the background—history, dialect, Crusca authority—so
that a clipped form like ragion ceased to look like a lapse and began to look
like a tradition. How I love that man: he can refute a prejudice with a single
philological correction, and make you feel, for a moment, that European
learning is one continuous conversation, only interrupted by English
complacency. Grice: Caro Jaja, ho sempre trovato interessante come tu
abbia saputo mettere in dialogo il sentire con il pensare, quasi fossero due
facce della stessa moneta. Secondo te, nella formazione della coscienza, quale
viene prima: la sensibilità o il ragionamento? Jaja: Gentile Grice, la tua
domanda va al cuore della questione! Per me sensibilità e ragionamento sono
inseparabili: sentire è già un primo modo di pensare, e pensare è un modo più
riflesso di sentire. La coscienza si costruisce proprio in questa unità
dinamica, come tu stesso suggerisci quando parli della connessione tra
significato e intenzione. Grice: Mi colpisce come tu colleghi la tua analisi
alla tradizione italiana, da Spaventa a Gentile. Può l’identità della coscienza
essere davvero compresa senza considerare il dialogo con l’altro, o rischia di
restare chiusa in sé stessa? Jaja: Hai ragione, Grice, senza il confronto con
l’altro, ogni identità si spegne. È nel dialogo che si verifica la sintesi tra
identità e differenza; solo così il pensiero si apre e si rinnova. In questo
senso, ogni implicatura, anche nella conversazione quotidiana, nasconde una
tensione etica verso l’incontro e il riconoscimento reciproco. Jaja, Donato
(1869). Origine storica ed esposizione della critica della ragion. Bologna.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Jerocades: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della filosofia della
massoneria. Note sul Saggio dell’umano sapere. Il Gruppo di Gioco di H. P.
Grice. Antonio Jerocades (Parghelia, Fitili, Vibo Valentia, Calabria) :
la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della filosofia
della massoneria. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational
meaning treats implicature as an accountable inference: interlocutors can mean
more than they say because hearers assume cooperative rationality and can
justify the extra content by reasoning from context, shared norms, and
recognizable intentions. Jerocades, as a priest-poet and Masonic writer,
relocates “conversational reason” into a deliberately coded civic practice:
Masonic discourse is built to operate through symbols, allusion, and controlled
indirectness, so that what is meant is often designed for recognition by
initiates and for plausible deniability before outsiders. Compared with Grice, the
point of indirectness shifts: in Grice it is typically an economy of ordinary
cooperation (saying less to mean more while remaining answerable), whereas in
Jerocades it becomes a political-ethical technology for sustaining fraternity,
reformist aspiration, and republican sentiment under conditions where candour
may be dangerous or counterproductive. In Gricean terms, Jerocades’ “Masonic
implicature” is closer to systematic flouting of manner and quantity—obscurity,
compression, ritualized phrasing—not to confuse but to create a selective
common ground, a community of uptake; the “cooperative principle” holds
strongly within the lodge precisely because membership stabilizes shared
presuppositions. The comparison therefore highlights two kinds of rational governance:
Grice offers a general model for how implied meaning is rationally recoverable
in open conversation, while Jerocades exemplifies how the same inferential
capacities can be institutionally curated so that implication carries ethical
and political freight, turning conversation into a medium of collective
identity and action rather than merely a vehicle for efficient mutual
understanding. Grice:
“I’m not sure J., or Cromwell, for that matter, would have enjoyed my example,
‘Decapitation willed the death of Charles I.’ However, it is less known what
caused the death of he who caused that decapitation willed the death of Charles
I! I would consider J. more of a poet than a philosopher, but then he was a
priest and a mason! I use the example, “Decapitation willed the death of
Charles I” – Such irreverence, is hardly acceptable in Italy, where people DIE
for their republics! Here is a chronology of events involving the
execution of King Charles I, Oliver Cromwell, and Cromwell’s death. The English
Civil war. King Charles I’s forces fought PARLIAMENTARIAN ARMIES, led by
figures including Oliver Cromwell. Charles I negotiated secretly with Scotland.
This triggered another phase of the civil war, strengthening the resolve of
Cromwell and other Parilaimentarians to remove the King. Parliamentariansm,
including Cromwell, removed members of Parliament who supported negotiating
with Charles I, frming the Rump Parliament. Charles I was TRIED FOR TREASON by
the Rump Parliament. Cromwell played a significant role in advocating for the
king’s trial and execution. Charles I was FOUND GUILTY and executed OUTSIDE THE
BANQUETING HALL in Whitehall. This marked the end of the monarchy and the
beginning of the Commonwealth of England. Cromwell led military campagins to
secure control of Ireland and Scotland. He faced significant opposition and
used brutal tactis in Ireland. Cromwell’s forced defeated Charles I’s son,
Charles II, in the Battle of Worcester – and his Scottish allies, ending the
third English civil war. filosofia della massoneria, Esopo in Italia, lira
focense, giaccobinismo, ‘repubblica romana” “repubblica partenopea”, le odi di
pindaro, ginnasia, antichi romani. – Grice on Plato’s Republic. Grice: Caro Jerocades, ho sempre trovato affascinante il modo in cui la filosofia
della massoneria intreccia implicature conversazionali e storia. Secondo te, il
dissenso tra monarchia e repubblica, come quello vissuto da Cromwell, può
essere letto anche come una grande conversazione filosofica sul potere?
Jerocades: Grice, mi piace la tua prospettiva! In effetti, la storia della
repubblica partenopea e romana ci insegna che ogni rivoluzione è anche un
dialogo implicito tra idee di libertà e giustizia. Io stesso, come poeta e
massone, ho sempre cercato di far dialogare la ragione con il sentimento
patriottico, proprio come Esopo in Italia. Grice: Mi colpisce come tu sappia
fondere la tradizione filosofica con l’impegno civile. Ti chiedo: nelle tue odi
e nei tuoi scritti, la conversazione tra individuo e comunità è sempre guidata
da una implicatura etica, o la storia a volte impone una rottura? Jerocades:
Ottima domanda, Grice! A mio avviso, ogni dialogo autentico porta in sé una
tensione tra continuità e rottura. I miei versi e la mia filosofia riflettono
questa dialettica: la parola massonica è chiamata a costruire ponti, ma non
teme di abbattere vecchi muri quando la giustizia lo richiede. E così, tra lira
focense e giaccobinismo, si apre sempre uno spazio per la libertà. Jerocades,
Antonio (1759). Saggio dell’umano sapere. Parghelia.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Jommelli: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del musicista filosofo –
muovere l’aria – l’azione melodrammatica: note su “L’errore amoroso”. Il Gruppo
di Gioco di H. P. Grice. Niccolò Jommelli (Aversa, Caserta, Campania):
la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del musicista
filosofo – muovere l’aria – l’azione melodrammatica. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains
implicature as an accountable inference: speakers can mean more than they say
because hearers assume cooperative rationality and can justify the step from
the literal to the intended, with the implied content remaining in principle
cancellable and criticizable. Jommelli’s world is a useful analogue because
opera seria and its affective rhetoric depend on shared, rule-governed
expectations that let audiences hear more than is literally “stated” in words:
musical figures, harmonic delays, orchestral color, and the pacing of
recitative and aria function like a structured background that makes certain
emotional and dramatic conclusions reasonable for a competent listener.
Compared with Grice, the “implicature” here is not primarily speaker-intention
in a two-person exchange but composer-performer-audience coordination within a
conventional art-form: an aria can be “over-informative” or strategically
withholding, can “flout” ordinary narrative efficiency to intensify an affect,
and can communicate attitudes (threat, tenderness, irony, resolve) that the libretto
alone underdetermines. The contrast, then, is that Grice gives a general model
of how rational agents exploit conversational norms to convey extra content,
whereas Jommelli exemplifies how a community of listeners exploits stylistic
norms to recover extra content from a performance; but the continuity is
strong, because both depend on disciplined expectations, on economy of effort,
and on the idea that what matters most is often what is responsibly left
unsaid—whether that is a conversational implicature in talk or an affective
implication carried by music “moving the air” in melodrammatic action. Grice:
“As a pianist, I love J.! I like J.. Like Speranza, I play the piano. My
avant-garde compositions are thought to be too avant-garde, too. I especially
recall with affection how I would trio with my father on the violin and my
younger brother Dereck on the cello. Dereck became a professional cellist with
Hampshire. My obituary might well read, “Professional philosopher and amateur
cricketer” – well, Dereck is a professional cellist. With Jommelli we never
know where the amour is!” Essential Italian philosopher. Mattei riporta il seguente aneddoto sul suo soggiorno in questa città.
Andato in visita a Martini (già considerato come uno dei più sapienti musicisti
d'Italia), si era presentato a lui come allievo, chiedendo di entrare nella sua
scuola. Il maestro gli diede un soggetto di fuga che egli trattò con molta
abilità. -«Chi siete voi?», chiese Martini, «volete burlarvi di me? Sono io che
voglio apprendere da voi!» - «Il mio nome è Jommelli, sono io il maestro che
deve scrivere l'opera per il teatro di questa città» - «È un grande onore per
questo teatro avere un musicista filosofo come voi, ma vi auguro di non
trovarvi in mezzo a gentaglia corruttrice del gusto musicale». La teoria degli
affetti (in tedesco Affektenlehre) può considerarsi la prima forma retorica (in
tedesco Figurenlehre) adottata nella storia della musica, infatti puntava a
muovere gli affetti dell'uditorio; già i greci avevano la concezione che la
musica potesse suscitare emozioni: è proprio da questo concetto che i teorici e
i musicisti dell'epoca attingono per applicarlo alla loro musica (si parla
nelle prime cronache rinascimentali di interi pubblici commossi dalla musica).
Le autorità civili ed ecclesiastiche, consapevoli del forte potere della musica
sulla psiche, la utilizzarono come veicolo dei propri messaggi propagandistici.
musicista filosofo, Vincenzo Galilei, Grice’s piano, pavane. Nerone’s
pavane – Home Sweet Home -- Meistersinger, Mahler, music-hall ditties. Grice: Caro Jommelli, sai, mio padre era un musicista straordinario, anche
se non proprio portato per gli affari. Eppure, da lui io e mio fratello abbiamo
assorbito una passione per il “fare musica” che non ci ha mai abbandonati: ogni
nota era, per noi, un dialogo vivo tra sentimento e ragione. Jommelli: Grice, che bello sentire queste
parole! Capisco profondamente cosa significa ricevere dalla famiglia un amore
autentico per la musica. A volte sono proprio le imperfezioni “pratiche” a
rendere la trasmissione del sentimento più pura, più vera. Grice: È così, caro Jommelli. Suonavamo
spesso insieme: lui al violino, io al pianoforte, mio fratello al violoncello.
Era il nostro modo di “muovere l’aria”, come dici tu, e di creare, dentro la
casa, una piccola azione melodrammatica che ci univa ogni giorno. Jommelli: Questa è la vera filosofia del
musicista! Non solo comporre o eseguire, ma vivere la musica come un’esperienza
condivisa, che plasma l’animo e rafforza i legami. Non posso che
complimentarmi: la vostra passione è un patrimonio prezioso, e si sente che la
portate sempre nel cuore. Jommelli, Niccolò (1737). L’errore amoroso. Napoli.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Juvalta: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale: note su “La morale e il
diritto”. Il Gruppo di Gioco di H. P. Grice. Erminio Volfango Francesco
Juvalta (Chiavenna, Valtellina, Sondrio, Lombardia): la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats
implicature as an accountable inference from what is said to what is meant:
hearers supply extra content because they assume a cooperative rational
exchange, and the speaker can be held responsible for that inferential route.
Juvalta’s moral philosophy presses on the preconditions of that picture by
arguing that moral evaluation cannot be derived from value-neutral facts
without smuggling value in; if that is right, then the rationality of
cooperation itself cannot be grounded in purely instrumental reason, because
the very point of being cooperative depends on antecedent recognition of values
like justice, freedom, or benevolence. Compared to Grice, Juvalta thus
relocates the “governing reason” from the local norms of conversation to the
normative background that makes those norms worth adopting: Grice can explain
how maxims generate implicatures and how speakers can defect, but Juvalta asks
what makes it rational to treat cooperative exchange as authoritative in the
first place if values are not products of reason but conditions for its use.
The result is a productive tension: Grice’s framework models conversation as a
practice among rational agents who freely accept constraints for mutual
understanding, while Juvalta suggests that such free acceptance is itself
ethically loaded and cannot be justified by “reason of means” alone. In that
sense, Juvalta supplies a meta-ethics for Grice’s pragmatics: implicature
presupposes not only common ground and inferential competence, but a shared
valuation of truthfulness and fair dealing without which the cooperative
principle collapses into mere strategic maneuvering. Grice: “Mussolini
thought that Herren von Juvalten did not sound ‘quite Italian’!-- At Torino, as
at Oxford, Kant is often unwelcome – that’s why you have people like
J., o me! At Harvard, I said I was ‘enough of a rationalist,’ but perhaps
Juvalta would say that wasn’t enough! J. has explored the limits of
rationalism, in connection with value and reason: if value is irrational, how
can co-operation be rational in terms of an accord to follow conversational
maxims?” essential Italian philosopher. Ogni sforzo di derivare una valutazione morale da qualche cosa di cui non
sia già riconosciuto il valore morale è dunque vano e illusorio. O non dà quel
che si cerca, o presuppone quel che si pretende di fondare.» Il genitore è il
barone Corrado Juvalta – herren von der Juvalt, herren von Juvalt --,
cancelliere della locale pretura originario di Villa di Tirano. Educato a
Tirano, e tiranese poi creduto sempre dagl’amici. Dopo gli studi liceali
trascorsi tra Como e Sondrio, si iscrive a Pavia dove si laurea con una tesi su
Spinoza, sotto la guida di CANTONI. Successivamente insegna a Caltanissetta,
Potenza, Spoleto, e Torino. Le tematiche accademiche prevalentemente trattate
riguardarono soprattutto i valori di libertà e di giustizia con ampie
riflessioni etiche. Convinto della loro generalità e universalità, arriva ad
auspicarne una loro applicazione anche nello studio delle categorie politiche
ed economiche. La filosofia di J. è una profonda riflessione sull'etica portata
avanti con il metodo dell'analisi. Anche se, come risulta dalla sua, non troviamo
nei suoi scritti importanti contributi sul piano gnoseologico ed
epistemologico, dal momento che il suo principale campo d'indagine fu
prevalentemente morale. implicature, il metodo dell’economia pura nell’etica,
il principio della cooperazione, cooperazione e desiderabilita universale,
ragione e cooperazione, cooperazione come mezzo, ragione di mezzo, tra altruism
ed egoism, amore proprio, benevolenza, giustizia, the categorical imperative.
Grice: Caro Juvalta, ho sempre trovato affascinante il tuo tentativo di
esplorare i limiti del razionalismo, specie se applicato ai valori morali.
Secondo te, come possiamo conciliare la razionalità delle massime
conversazionali con la presunta irrazionalità dei valori? Juvalta: Vedi, Grice,
ogni tentativo di derivare una valutazione morale prescindendo dal
riconoscimento del valore stesso si rivela vano. La razionalità della
cooperazione, per me, si fonda proprio sul riconoscimento universale della
libertà e della giustizia, che non sono meri prodotti della ragione, ma sue
condizioni. Grice: Dunque, potremmo dire che le massime conversazionali
funzionano solo laddove esistono principi morali condivisi? È come se il
dialogo stesso presupponesse sempre, per implicatura, una sorta di accordo
etico di base tra interlocutori. Juvalta: Esatto! La conversazione, proprio
come l’etica, richiede cooperazione: senza un valore riconosciuto di
benevolenza o giustizia tra i partecipanti, ogni ragione di mezzo si spegne e
le parole perdono senso. È lì che il principio della cooperazione si lega al
desiderio universale del bene comune. Juvalta, Erminio Wolfango Francesco
(1889). La morale e il diritto. Rivista di filosofia.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Labeone: botanica
filosofica -- il diritto romano Marco Antistio Labeone (Roma, Lazio):
botanica filosofica -- il diritto romano. Grice’s theory of
reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as an accountable
inference: a hearer supplies what is meant beyond what is said because speakers
are presumed to be cooperating under norms of relevance, sufficiency, and
clarity, and because the intended inference can be rationally reconstructed and
challenged. Labeo (Marcus Antistius Labeo) provides a legal analogue of that
same rational discipline, but in an institutional key: juristic writing and
commentary on the edict depend on saying little in a standardized form while
relying on trained interpreters to draw warranted consequences, distinguish
cases, and resolve apparent contradictions, so that “what is meant” is often
carried by what is presupposed by the legal form rather than explicitly stated.
Compared with Grice, the “economy” is similar but the justification differs:
Grice’s economy is voluntary cooperation between interlocutors, whereas Labeo’s
economy is the professionalization of inference within a normative system, where
interpretive canons and precedent function like hardwired conversational
expectations. The Clifton diary vignette about edicere and libri ad edictum
sharpens the point: a prefix and a title can appear to “clarify” while actually
outsourcing understanding to a background practice of interpretation, and this
is exactly what Grice tries to make explicit in conversation—how much is left
for the audience to supply, and on what rational grounds. So Labeo stands as a
counterpart rather than a precursor: he shows how a community can stabilize
implicature-like enrichment through juristic method and institutional
authority, while Grice shows how the same enrichment operates in ordinary talk
without courts or praetors—still governed by reasons, still defeasible, but
dependent on a cooperative stance that, unlike law, can be withdrawn at any
moment by the ordinary chap who decides not to play along.Grice:
“It has to be reminded that I would have never attended Oxford save for that
scholarship I won as pupil at Clifton. It was a classical scholarship – since
they never tested me for philosophy at Clifton (we were only boys!). In any
case, to my surprise, under the Faculty of Lierae Humaniores, it had been
instituted a sub-faculty of philosophy. I liked the idea, since I’m a
subversive at heart!” -- Keywords: Filosofo italiano. Ha larga cultura filosofica uno dei maggiori giuristi dell'età d’OTTAVIANO.
S’ignora se L. segue un indirizzo determinato. Giunse fino alla pretura,
ma rifiuta il consolato offertogli d’Ottaviano perchè conseguito prima di lui
da persona meno anziana. Appartenne al partito repubblicano. Scruve
CCCC saggi di cui restano frammenti. Si ricordano fra gli
altri: "De iure pontificio" -- in almeno XV libri, diversi "Commentarii
giuridici", 7davd, "Responsae", in almeno XV
libri, "Librì posteriores", in almeno XL libri. Come Grice,
L. s’interessa anche di studi logico-grammaticali, o di botanica
filosofica. Collezionista di botanica, artropodi, madama
butterfly. Grice: “Logico-grammatical stuff is my thing, as was Labeone’s. My
example is “Fido is shaggy,” Labeone’s was not!” – Marco Antistio
Labeone. Grice, “Grice e Labeone,” The Grice Papers,
Bancroft. From Grice’s diary: “Clifton, 1928.
Today the Latin master, who treats the imperative mood as a sacrament, ordered
us to conjugate edicere until the room sounded like a barracks. His authority
for the day was Labeo—libri ad edictum—which he pronounced with the
satisfaction of a man who thinks a title can do a great deal of work without
any reader doing any. This led, inevitably, to the usual protest from
Shropshire, who asked whether Labeo ever knew one edictum from his elbow; and
the master replied, with schoolmasterly triumph, that an edictum is like a
dictum only prefixed, which somehow settled the matter for everyone except me.
I could see at once why it pleased Shropshire: it turns a difficulty into a
joke and the joke into a lesson. But it left me wondering how one fills whole
libri ad these things, as if a life could be spent leaning up against someone
else’s proclamations. The master went on about the Romans and their fondness
for the neuter plural—edicta, dicta, responsa, and so on—as though grammar were
the reason the empire lasted. I kept thinking that the plural is convenient
precisely because it hides the singular: a man can write ad edictum and never
have to say which edict, or whose, or why it mattered. Perhaps that is the
lawyer’s trick: to make the law look like something that arrives already in the
plural, as if it were a natural phenomenon like rain. In any case, I left the
lesson with two doubts: first, whether a prefix really clarifies anything (it
only relocates the mystery); and second, whether the fascination of the ad—this
attachment, this “to” or “toward”—is not already a clue about how scholarship
works: one writes towards authority, and calls it learning, until some perverse
person asks what, exactly, is being added besides pages. GRICEVS:
Salve, Labeo; ego Oxonium non vidissem nisi scholarshipum illud Cliftonianum
cepissem—classicum, non philosophicum: eramus enim pueri! LABEO: Salve, Grice;
ego Romae ius Romanum docui, sed consulatum ab Ottaviano oblatum recusavi:
nolui minoribus praeire—et praetor malo quam praeco. GRICEVS: Hoc est vere Romanum: honor, ordo, et paullum pugnacitas. Sed dic mihi: tu botanicam philosophicam collegisti; ego collego
implicaturas. LABEO: Et ego collego responsa—atque arthropoda. Tu dicis Fido
est hirsutus; ego dico lex est hirsutior: sed noli timere—in Roma et Oxonio,
semper aliquid praeter dictum intellegitur. Labeone, Marco Antistio (a. u. c.
DCCLXIII). Ad edictum.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Labriola: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Antonio Labriola (Casino,
Frossinone, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura
conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational
meaning treats implicature as a rationally accountable way of meaning more than
one says: interlocutors presume cooperative norms, and the hearer’s inference
to what is meant is justified by publicly articulable reasons about relevance,
informativeness, and the speaker’s intentions. Labriola’s Marxism (without
reducing him to a party label, given his substantial early work on Socrates,
Vico, passions, and the Hegel/Kant debate) relocates “reason” from the
micro-ethics of cooperative talk to the macro-logic of social practice: what
counts as rational is inseparable from historical material conditions, labor,
and the production of shared life, so that “the common” is not merely a
conversational presupposition but a socio-historical achievement. Compared with
Grice, then, Labriola invites a reading of implicature as socially grounded:
what is left unsaid in political and philosophical discourse is often
determined by class position, institutional power, and collective struggle, not
just by the speaker’s immediate intention to be helpful; and “cooperation”
itself may be fractured or strategic rather than the default background of
interpretation. The contrast is between Grice’s normative pragmatics, where
even defection (ill-will) presupposes the rational structure of conversational
exchange, and Labriola’s praxis-oriented dialectic, where rationality is tested
in collective work and historical transformation; but the overlap is that both
are ultimately theories of accountability, one at the level of utterances and
reasons exchanged between speakers, the other at the level of social action and
the material “common” that makes any stable community of meaning possible in
the first place. Grice: “If Oxford had her pinko, Italy had her
Labriola!” I had a knack for good tags: ontological marxism: if x WORKS, x
exists. Surely ‘lavoro’ is key to Marx. But, as Labriola points out, so is
‘comune. It would be reductionist to consider Labriola just a communist, seeing
that he essayed on Socrates! comunism, il marxismo ontologico di Grice. L. is good; he reminds me of pinko Oxford!” -- Essential Italian
philosopher -- Con particolari interessi nel campo del marxismo. Nacque da
Francesco Saverio, insegnante ginnasiale di lettere. Il padre, oriundo di
Brienza, e nipote diretto di PAGANO. Si iscrive alla facoltà di filosofia
di Napoli, città nella quale la famiglia si e trasferita. Qui studia con VERA e
SPAVENTA, il cui appoggio gli procura un posto di applicato di pubblica
sicurezza nella segreteria del prefetto. Scrive Una risposta alla
prolusione di Zeller, un saggio in cui osteggia il CRITICISMO contro ogni
ipotesi di un ritorno a Kant. Rivendica l'attualità dell'hegelismo. Consegue il
diploma di abilitazione e insegna nel ginnasio Principe Umberto di Napoli. Il
suo saggio, premiato dall'Napoli, sull'”Origine e natura delle passioni”: una
significativa presa di distanze dall'idealismo in favore del
materialismo. Scrive “La dottrina di Socrate secondo Senofonte, Platone
ed Aristotele”, premiata dalla Reale Accademia di Scienze morali e
politiche di Napoli. Consegue la libera docenza in filosofia e si mette in
aspettativa in attesa di ottenere un incarico nell'università. Scrive la dissertazione
“Esposizione critica della dottrina di VICO” implicature, comunismo,
socialismo, partito socialista italiano, il vico di Labriola, il Bruno di
Labriola, Labriola su Herbart, Labriola su Zeller, comune, sociale, filosofia
della storia, dialettica socratica, fra dulcino, carteggio con Croce,
all’origine del socialismo comunismo materialista in Italia – l’avvento
creative del comunismo in Italia, il marxismo ontologico di Grice, il Vico di
L., Grice: Caro Labriola, tu
dici che “se x lavora, x esiste”—ma non sarà che il lavoro, oltre a esistere, a
volte preferisce prendersi una pausa? Io, ad Oxford, ho visto studenti
lavorare… solo quando pioveva! Labriola: Grice, in Italia il lavoro è quasi
una filosofia di vita, ma confesso che anch’io, tra una dialettica socratica e
un saggio su Vico, spesso ho scelto la pausa caffè. Il comune, però, non si
ferma mai: che sia fatica o chiacchiera, si lavora sempre insieme! Grice: Mi piace la tua
idea, Labriola! Forse dovremmo istituire la “pausa dialettica”, dove la
conversazione è lavoro, e il lavoro è sempre una scusa per filosofare. A Oxford
la chiamano tea break, qui sarebbe la pausa Socrate—con biscotti, ovviamente. Labriola: Grice, la
filosofia della storia ci insegna che ogni grande rivoluzione nasce da una
buona conversazione e magari da un caffè condiviso. Se il marxismo è
ontologico, io propongo che il prossimo congresso sia a Napoli: lavoro,
dialettica e una sfogliatella per tutti! Labriola,
Antonio (1879). Della crisi della filosofia morale. Roma: Tipografia
Elzeviriana.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lagalla: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazoinale della teoria geo-centrica – la
terra al centro del universo. Giulio Cesare Lagalla (Padula,
Salerno, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazoinale
della teoria geo-centrica – la terra al centro del universo. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains
implicature as an inference licensed by rational cooperation: hearers are
entitled to go beyond what is said because speakers typically aim at efficient,
relevant, and mutually recognizable communication, so conversational meaning is
governed by norms rather than by brute causal association. Lagalla is a useful
foil because his Aristotelian commitments in natural philosophy (including the
geocentric, sublunary framework typical of the period) show a different way
“reason” can govern discourse: scientific and metaphysical positions are
stabilized by authoritative explanatory schemes, institutional settings (Sapienza
lectures, ecclesiastical scrutiny), and inherited vocabularies (anima,
sublunary, celestial order) that constrain what counts as an acceptable
inference long before any local conversational maxims come into play. Compared
with Grice, then, the “implicature” in Lagalla’s context is often rhetorical
and prudential: what is not said (or is said obliquely) can function as a
shield against charges of heterodoxy when one discusses the soul’s immortality
or the boundaries of natural explanation, whereas Grice’s implicature is
primarily an instrument of cooperative understanding and is designed to be
cancellable and criticizable. The contrast is that Grice’s model makes
indirectness a rational feature of communication between free agents who can
always refuse cooperation, while Lagalla’s intellectual milieu makes
indirectness a rational adaptation to authority and risk, where conversational
clarity may be strategically limited by what one can safely maintain in print
or in lecture. Yet the comparison also reveals continuity: both projects depend
on audience uptake under shared expectations, and in both cases what counts as
a “reasonable” inference is governed by background norms—Grice’s conversational
norms within an exchange, Lagalla’s epistemic and institutional norms within a
tradition—so that the meaning a speaker manages to convey is always shaped by
the rational constraints, and the dangers, of the conversational world in which
he speaks. Grice:
“Austin was, like many of us, up to date in modern science, and would often
criticize Donne for thinking that the Earth had four corners! I love L.: the
fact that he was an Aristotelian when everybody in Florence was a Platonist!
The more I read secondary bibliography about this one qualifying as
‘napoletano’ – la ‘filosofia napoletana’ ‘il filosofo napoletano’ – the less
I’m inclined to consider him Italian!”. “Figlio di un alto funzionario della burocrazia vice-reale. Studia
filosofia. Perdette i genitori ed e affidato alla tutela di uno zio paterno,
che lo avvia agli studi di filosofia. Volle trasferirsi a Napoli per proseguire
nella sua formazione. Si iscrive ai corsi di filosofia dello Studio ed ebbe
come maestri Stillabota, Vivoli e Longo. Affidato dal Collegio degli archiatri
a Provenzale e Caro per un periodo di tirocinio, sembra vi si fosse condotto
con una tale competenza da meritare i gradi accademici nulla pecuniarum
solutione. Grazie a Longo, divenne l'ufficiale sanitario di una squadra navale
pontificia di stanza a Napoli, con la quale si dirigge verso le coste laziali,
per giungere poi a Roma. A Roma consegue una laurea, in seguito alla
quale entra al servizio di Santori, per il cui interessamento ottenne da
Clemente VIII l'incarico di lettore di filosofia presso la Sapienza. Cura per
Facciottola stampa di un commento ad Aristotele, “De immortalitate animae ex
sententia Aristotelis VII”, manifestazione di un interesse verso la
questione dell'anima, intorno alla quale L. si interrogò per buona parte della
sua vita intellettuale e che contribuì ad attirargli sospetti di
eterodossia. Altre saggi: “La circuncisione di Cristo”. Al problema
dell'anima L. dedica corsi della lettura ordinaria di filosofia, che tenne alla
Sapienza. Un aristotelico che dialoga con BONAIUTO. implicatura, the earth is
flat; la terra e al centro dell’universo, la pietra di Bologna, la kryptonite,
la luna, l’immortalita dell’anima, animo, spirare, peripatetici, licei,
sublunary, lunary. Grice: Caro Lagalla, ho sempre trovato affascinante il tuo
approccio aristotelico, soprattutto in un’epoca in cui a Firenze sembravano
tutti platonici! Ma dimmi, come concili la teoria geo-centrica con le
implicature conversazionali che emergono nel dibattito scientifico moderno? Lagalla: Grice, la questione
della terra al centro dell’universo, che ho sostenuto seguendo Aristotele,
nasce proprio dalla necessità di un dialogo rigoroso e pragmatico. Le
implicature, per me, sono strumenti attraverso cui possiamo sondare l’anima e
il senso delle affermazioni, soprattutto quando si discute di ciò che è sotto
la luna e ciò che è immortale. Grice: Interessante! Mi colpisce il fatto che tu
abbia dedicato tanti corsi all’anima e alla sua immortalità. Pensi che la
conversazione filosofica, con le sue sfumature e implicature, possa davvero
avvicinarci alla verità sull’anima, o rischiamo di essere sospettati di
eterodossia? Lagalla: Grice, la ricerca della verità è sempre rischiosa, ma
senza dialogo non c’è progresso. Anche se talvolta la conversazione può farci
apparire eretici agli occhi dei più ortodossi, credo che la coerenza
aristotelica e l’apertura al confronto siano il vero spirare del pensiero. Roma
mi ha insegnato che solo dialogando si può comprendere il mistero dell’animo
umano. Lagalla, Giulio Cesare (1592). De occulta philosophia. Venezia: Aldus.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e
Lamanna: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del
risorgimento fiorentino Eustachio Paolo
Lamanna (Matera, Basilicata): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura
conversazionale del risorgimento fiorentino Grice’s theory of reason-governed
conversational meaning explains implicature as an accountable, rational
inference from what is said to what is meant, made possible by cooperative
expectations (say enough, be relevant, avoid obscurity) that speakers can
exploit and hearers can justify. Lamanna’s work, by contrast, belongs to a
systematic history-of-philosophy tradition in which “reason” is staged as a
long, longitudinal drama of concepts—being versus ought, rational order versus
experienced disorder, religion as a natural need of spirit—so that what is
“implied” is often the philosophical lesson a reader is expected to draw from
historical reconstruction rather than a locally calculable enrichment of an
utterance. Compared with Grice, Lamanna’s “conversational” dimension is not
primarily the micro-pragmatics of everyday talk but the macro-conversation of a
culture, in which Florence’s intellectual renaissance and the Italian
tradition’s self-understanding supply a thick background that makes certain
moves (appeals to unity, to historical continuity, to the contradictions of
conscience) intelligible and persuasive. The contrast, then, is between Grice’s
model of rational cooperation as a norm governing interpretation in a
particular exchange and Lamanna’s model of rational unity as a norm governing
interpretation across centuries: Grice asks how interlocutors responsibly get
from words to intended meaning; Lamanna asks how a tradition responsibly gets
from past systems to present intelligibility by entering “into the philosopher’s
shoes.” Yet they converge in one important respect: both treat rationality as
something enacted in practice—Grice in the discipline of conversational
inference, Lamanna in the discipline of historical reconstruction—and both make
perspicuity depend on shared background, except that for Grice the background
is conversational common ground, while for Lamanna it is the accumulated
conceptual memory of philosophy itself. Grice: “When I have a lecture in Italy
on Athenian dialectic versus Oxonian dialectic, I was criticized for having
just overpassed what the Florentines call the Florentine dialettica, which
flourished in, er, Florence! Philosophers who approach me tend to
pigeon-hole me as ‘member of the Oxford school of ordinary language philosophy’
– I hated that, but understood it. I spent most of his talks, however, talking
about Aristotle, Plato, Leibniz – the inventor of the analytic-synthetic
distinction --, Kant, Prichard, Stout, and making a point about the need to
approach philosophy from the stand point of the unity she displays both
latitudinally and longitudinally, in her history – making the ffort to
introjedt into a past philosopher’s shoes! So much for Oxford parochialism! In
Italy, L. may be considered my counterpart or doppelgaenger. unita longitudinale
e unita latitudinale della filosofia. I like L. – a very systematic philosopher
especially interested in the longitudinal history of philosophy – he wrote on
economics during controversial times, too!” Linceo. Fa i primi studi in seminario e poi nel Liceo classico della sua
città. Si trasfere a Firenze, laureandosi con Sarlo. Insegna a Messina e
Firenze. Pubblica un commento alla dottrina. Autore di un fortunato manuale di
storia della filosofia. Membro dell'Accademia nazionale dei Lincei. Diresse la
"Collana di Filosofia" delle Edizioni Morano di Napoli. Stabilito,
per L., che la religiosità e un'esigenza naturale dello spirito umano, egli
rileva le contraddizioni percepite dalla coscienza fra l'”essere” (“is”) e il
dover essere (“ought”) -- fra l'esigenza di una realtà concepita come
razionalità e ordine, e la percezione di una realtà che appare irrazionale e
disordinata, così come fra la concezione dell'assolutezza dello spirito e la
concreta limitatezza della realtà umana. Da queste contraddizioni deduce la
necessità dell'esistenza di Dio. il risorgimento fiorentino, Mussolini nella
storia della filosofia. Grice:
Caro Lamanna, quando parlo di dialettica ateniese a Firenze, c’è sempre
qualcuno che mi ricorda che la vera dialettica è quella fiorentina. Dimmi la
verità: tu davvero pensi che a Oxford non si possa imparare nulla dai lungarni? Lamanna: Paul, se ti
dicessi che a Firenze si filosofeggia meglio che sulle rive del Tamigi,
rischierei di essere accusato di spirito di campanile! Ma certo, tra l’Arno e
il caffè filosofico, qualche lezione di unità longitudinale la diamo anche noi. Grice: E infatti ti chiamano
il mio “doppelganger” italiano! Mentre tu insegni storia della filosofia come
un viaggio tra essere e dover essere, io cerco ancora di spiegare perché i
filosofi inglesi preferiscono il tè alla metafisica. Lamanna: Paul, tra un tè e
un manuale di storia della filosofia, la verità è che sia a Oxford che a
Firenze ci si perde fra razionalità e caos. Forse la soluzione è semplice: un
po’ più di spirito, un po’ meno di spirito accademico… e magari una passeggiata
insieme sui lungarni a discutere di Dio e dell’unità della filosofia! Lamanna, Eustachio Paolo (1907). Studi sul pensiero filosofico italiano.
Bari: Laterza.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Landi: la ragione
conversazionale e la semiotica economica – prinzipio di economia dello sforzo
razionale. Ferruccio Rossi-Landi (Milano, Lombardia): la ragione
conversazionale e la semiotica economica – prinzipio di economia dello sforzo
razionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational
meaning treats implicature as a rationally defensible inference from what is
said to what is meant, under cooperative expectations that make communication
efficient and accountable rather than merely coded. Rossi-Landi (Milan,
1921–1985) turns this “economy” into an explicit social theory: for him signs
are not just vehicles in talk but products of work and exchange, so that
linguistic practice is structurally analogous to labor, value, and market
circulation, and communicative interaction is embedded in systems of production
and ideology rather than being merely a local bargain between two speakers.
Compared with Grice, then, the “principle of economy” has a different scope and
justification: Grice’s economy of rational effort is a pragmatic norm internal
to cooperative conversation (say no more than needed, be relevant, be
perspicuous), whereas Rossi-Landi’s economic semiotics treats that norm as
derivative of wider material conditions, where the cost of producing,
maintaining, and distributing signs shapes what counts as efficient, normal, or
even intelligible discourse. This creates a productive tension: Grice explains
how implicatures are generated and cancellable in the micro-mechanics of
dialogue, but Rossi-Landi pressures the idea that such mechanics can be fully
understood without attending to the macro-structures that organize sign
use—alienation, ideology, and the division of semiotic labor—which can force
speakers into overinformativeness, ritualized ambiguity, or strategic silence
regardless of cooperative intent. In short, Grice offers a normative pragmatics
of rational interaction; Rossi-Landi offers a critical semiotics of social
reproduction, in which conversational implicature is not only a clever
inferential phenomenon but also a symptom of the economic and ideological
organization of sign-production itself. Grice: “I have
often been criticized as proposing a conversational variant of the homo
oeconomicus, which indeed should then read as homines oeconomici! In my
epilogue to his compilation, I meditate on the very structure of his model of
conversation as rational co-operation. The economic basis is obvious. It is
Grice’s view that the goal of conversation is the maximally mutual
‘influencing’: no time or energy to waste! L. held a very similar view – which
made him particularly unpopular in Italy, the land where the lemon tree grows!
homo oeconomicus. I would call L. a Griceian; but he’d call me a
Landian!” Studioso della dottrina del ‘segno,’ vis-à-vis- scienze
umane e antropologia, apportato un notevole contributo agli sviluppi alla
semantica (senso) e la pragmatica (prassi, pratica – ragione pratica) -- crt,
cercando di unificare la dialettica romana e fiorentina con quella
oxoniense. Diplomato al Regio Liceo Ginnasio Alessandro Manzoni, si laurea a
Milano. Studia a Pavia. Insegna a Padova, Lecce. Riceve, e Trieste. La sua
opera si può suddividere in tre fasi. La prima riguarda studi su la prassi
(ragione pratica), nonché l'analisi dei processi di “segno.” La seconda fase
propone una teoria della “produzione” del segno intendendola come teoria del
lavoro cui fondamento è l'omologia tra la teoria del segno e so-miscalled
aeco-nomia. (cf. Grice, P. E. R. E.). La terza fase studia l'intricato rapporto
tra il segno e la ideologia e teorizza l'”alienazione” dell’usuario del segno
(ego/alter/alien). Opere: Pratica communicativa (Bocca, Milano); “Segno”
(Manni, Lecce); “Significato, comunicazione e parlare comune,” – cfr. Grice,
“SignificARE, communicARE, impiegare, implicARE, -- ‘common’ is Landi for
Grice’s ‘ordinary’ as opposed to extra-ordinario. Marsilio, Padova. La
semiotica e “Segnare” come lavoro e mercato, implicature, homo
oeconomicus, Oxford, Grice’s principle of economy of rational effort and L.’s
economical semiotics, over-informativeness and excess: the implicature. Grice: Caro Landi, ogni volta che penso al
principio di economia nella conversazione, mi chiedo se per caso tu non abbia
nascosto qualche limone nel mio tè! In fondo, tra homo oeconomicus e ragione
pratica, sembri proprio uno che non spreca mai una parola. Landi: Paul, ti confido
che in Italia, tra il limoncello e le chiacchiere da bar, applicare il
risparmio conversazionale è quasi rivoluzionario! Ma guarda che anche tu, con
le tue massime, sembri più lombardo che oxoniense: sempre attento a non
spendere una vocale di troppo. Grice: È vero! Ma se davvero il segno è
lavoro, allora ogni conversazione andrebbe pagata a cottimo. Tu come faresti
con chi parla troppo e ascolta poco? In Inghilterra, a uno così offriamo il
tè... decaffeinato! Landi: Qui, invece, lo spediamo a Milano a
seguire una lezione di semiotica alle sei del mattino! Alla prossima, Paul: che
la ragione conversazionale sia sempre col tuo tè… magari senza zucchero, per
risparmiare davvero! Landi, Ferruccio Rossi (1945). Motivi culturali e correnti
d’arte nell’opera di Anatole France. Sotto Cordié e Banfi. Milano. Facolta di
Filosofia e Lettere.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Landino: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della sforziade degl’italiani –
Francesco Landino Landini (Firenze, Toscana): la ragione
conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational
meaning treats implicature as a rational supplement to what is said: speakers
rely on shared expectations (relevance, adequacy, clarity) so that hearers can
infer additional intended content in a way that is publicly reconstructible
and, in principle, cancellable. Landini’s “conversational reason” belongs to a
different medium: a musical culture in which meaning is carried by patterned
expectation, delay, and resolution rather than by propositional intention, so
that what is “implied” by a cadence or melodic turn is less like a Gricean
inference to a determinate proposition and more like a trained sensitivity to
what the musical line makes probable, postpones, or withholds. In that sense,
Landini’s art resembles implicature structurally: just as a speaker can say
something minimal and let hearers supply the point, a composer can sound
something minimal and let listeners supply the continuation; and just as
implicatures can be cancelled, musical expectations can be thwarted or
re-routed. The difference is that Grice’s implicature is anchored in
interpersonal accountability—what a rational agent can be held to have meant by
choosing an utterance in context—whereas musical “implication” is not normally
about communicative intention toward a specific belief but about a shared idiom
of forms and affects, stabilized by a community’s listening practices and
conventions of style. So Landini provides a useful counter-example that
sharpens Grice’s boundary between natural meaning and speaker-meaning: the
“meaning” of a ballata can be richly inferential and socially shared without
being reducible to what any one agent intended to get an audience to believe,
yet it still displays the same general phenomenon Grice cares about—how
structured practices let us reliably get more out than is explicitly given. Landini suona un organo in miniatura del XV secolo Codice Squarcialupi
Francesco Landini, o Landino, conosciuto al suo tempo come Francesco Cieco,
Francesco delli Organi, Franciscus de Florentia (1325/1335 – Firenze, 2
settembre 1397), è stato un compositore, organista, poeta, cantore, organaro e
inventore di strumenti musicali italiano. È uno dei più famosi compositori della
seconda metà del XIV secolo, uno dei più acclamati del suo tempo in Italia.
Biografia Nonostante la sua celebrità, le notizie sulla sua vita sono scarse e
controverse. Molte informazioni biografiche derivano dalla cronaca del suo
coetaneo, lo storico fiorentino Villani: Vite d'illustri fiorentini. Recenti
ricerche effettuate negli archivi fiorentini, hanno permesso di documentare
alcuni episodi della sua vita. Secondo il Villani, Francesco nacque a Firenze,
quantunque l'umanista Cristoforo Landino, suo pronipote, indichi come luogo di
nascita la vicina città di Fiesole. Francesco era figlio di "Jacopo il
pittore", certamente Jacopo del Casentino, noto pittore della scuola di
Giotto. Il nome "Landino", non compariva a suo tempo, e discenderebbe
dal nome del nonno. Diventato cieco nell'infanzia a causa del vaiolo, Landini
si dedicò alla musica molto giovane: Villani racconta che da piccolo si
consolava con il canto. Più tardi, il piacere e la predisposizione lo spinsero
a fare studi musicali, grazie ai quali si affermò come compositore e
"Magister". Nonostante la sua cecità, Francesco era in grado di
suonare diversi strumenti a corda e divenne un virtuoso dell'organo portativo.
Villani nelle sue cronache riferisce che Landini fu anche inventore di
strumenti musicali, e cita uno strumento a corda chiamato Syrena syrenarum che
combinava le capacità del liuto e del salterio, verosimilmente il predecessore
della bandura. L. fu anche poeta, e fu vicino a Francesco Petrarca. Grice: Caro Landini, ogni volta che ascolto le
tue melodie mi chiedo se, in fondo, la filosofia italiana non abbia una sua
colonna sonora segreta – magari composta proprio da te! Ma dimmi, il tuo organo
portativo del XV secolo non ti ha mai suggerito una teoria filosofica sulle
implicature musicali? Landini: Paul, ti assicuro che se la musica
potesse parlare, avrebbe più implicature di un trattato di logica! In fondo,
ogni nota è una piccola conversazione: a volte dice tutto, a volte lascia
intendere, proprio come fanno i filosofi quando vogliono sembrare profondi e
misteriosi. Grice:
Mi sa che il tuo Syrena syrenarum è più filosofo di molti miei colleghi: unisce
liuto e salterio, come in una dialettica tra ragione e sentimento. Ma ora
dimmi, ti capita mai di comporre una ballata pensando a Petrarca e alle sue
implicature amorose? Landini: Certamente, Paul! Per ogni
implicatura amorosa c’è una musica che la accompagna… e se la filosofia
italiana nasce a Firenze, allora la sua musica è la mia. Come diceva mio nonno,
“chi canta non sbaglia mai, e se sbaglia… nessuno se ne accorge!” Così va la
filosofia: meglio suonare che spiegare! Landino Landini, Francesco (1361). Ballata.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Landucci: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- i misteri del delitto
Gentile e le bestie senza stato di Vespucci. Sergio Landucci (Sarzana,
La Spezia, Liguria) : la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura
conversazionale -- i misteri del delitto Gentile e le bestie senza stato di
Vespucci. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational
meaning explains implicature as a rationally warranted inference from what is
said to what is meant, grounded in cooperative expectations and
intention-recognition; an implicature is legitimate because a hearer can
reconstruct why that utterance was made in that context, and can contest or
cancel the inference if needed. Landucci’s work, as invoked in your passage,
shifts the focus from the micro-logic of cooperative talk to the
macro-conditions under which public language becomes intelligible, charged, and
sometimes lethal: the “delitto Gentile” motif foregrounds how political
violence and ideological conflict reshape what words are taken to imply, while
the Montaigne–Vespucci line on “barbarians” and “beasts without a state”
highlights how whole populations can be conceptually framed through inherited
narratives that carry implicit evaluations and exclusions. Compared with Grice,
then, Landucci’s “conversational reason” is less a matter of maxims guiding
polite inference and more a matter of cultural-historical semantics, where key
terms (like delitto and its Latin delictum lineage) function as repositories of
moral judgment and social boundary-making, and where what audiences infer may
depend more on institutional power and collective memory than on a presumption
of cooperative exchange. The contrast is that Grice offers a normative model
for reconstructing intended meaning in ordinary conversation, while Landucci’s
concerns suggest a critical model for reconstructing how public discourse loads
terms with insinuations that outlive any individual speaker’s intentions. Yet
the comparison also reveals continuity: both treat “what is not said” as
decisive—Grice because the unsaid is systematically inferable in context,
Landucci because the unsaid can be historically sedimented and politically
consequential—and together they show that implicature can be both a civil mechanism
of mutual understanding and, when common ground is fractured, a volatile
mechanism by which societies read guilt, loyalty, and otherness between the
lines. Grice:
“Every Italian knows of the ‘delitto’ Gentile – but does every Italian, or
Oxonian, for that matter, know whence ‘delitto’ comes?” If I had in Hardie a
wonderful mentor to Aristotle, I missed L.’s mentoring me into Kant! L. aptly
explores the concept of the barbarian. It all starts with Montaigne, an
anarchist, he assumes a fake philosophical position just to justify his
anarchisms: savages are fun, happy, and they have no state! Vespucci moe or
less thought the same, but for different reasons. Just like an ape doesn’t have
a state, Vespucci says, so a savage! Italian delitto is rooted in
Latin and refers to a crime or offense. Delitto comes from the Latin DELICTVM,
the neuter singular past participle of DELINQUERE, to fail, tbe wanting, fall
short, offend. delinquere combines de, an intensive or completive prefix
meaning completely, with linquere, meaning to leave. Several words in both
Latin and English share this common root. delinquo: to transgress, err.
Delictum: fault, offense, misdeed, crime, transgression. delict: a
transgression or offense, particularly in civil law. It can also refer to the
branch of law dealing with such offenses. DELINQUENT: one who fails to perform
a duty or discharge an obligation; an offender against the law. RELINQUISH: to
leave behind, give up, abandon. This word shares the linquere root. DERELICT:
neglectful of duty, abandoned. This word also shares the linquere root. In
summary, the Italian delitto stems from delictum, which signifies a failing,
offense, or crime. This lineage connects it to English terms like delict, and
delinquent, all stemming from the core idea of failng short or committing a
transgression! I come from a milieu where political violence is rare. I of
course fought the Hun with the Royal Navy, but few philosophers are
assassinated, as they are in Italy. If many consider Gentile as the ‘greatest
living Italian philosopher’ – when he was alive – the ‘misteri del delitto
Gentile’ should fascinate any student of philosophy!” Si laurea a Pisa con Luporini. Insegna a Firenze. Grice: Caro Landucci, ogni volta che sento
parlare del “delitto Gentile,” mi viene il dubbio che in Italia la filosofia
sia materia ad alto rischio: qui non basta sbagliare un ragionamento, si
rischia pure di finire nei misteri del delitto! Landucci: Paul, hai
ragione! Da noi il filosofo non è solo un pensatore, ma un vero e proprio
avventuriero. Vespucci diceva che le bestie senza stato sono felici... Ma i
filosofi italiani, senza protezione, rischiano di diventare bestie da mistero! Grice: Forse dovremmo proporre
un nuovo termine: “filosofo-delinquente,” che non ha trasgredito legge, ma ha
osato pensare troppo! La radice latina non mente: chi lascia troppo il
sentiero, rischia di essere abbandonato... o commentato nei libri di storia. Landucci: Esatto, Paul!
Delitto, delictum, delinquo... In Italia, chi pensa diverso è subito visto come
qualcuno che “ha lasciato” la strada maestra. Ma almeno, così, abbiamo sempre
qualche mistero da raccontare agli studenti: altro che bestie senza stato, qui
abbiamo bestie senza cattedra! Landucci, Sergio (1964) Cultura ed ideologia.
Milano: Feltrinelli.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lanzalone: il pirotese
e i pirotesi. Grice: “There is in fact not just ONE pirotese, but
one PIROTESE for each SORT of pirot!” Giovanni Lanzalone (Vallo della Lucania): il pirotese e i
pirotesi. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational
meaning treats implicature as a rationally accountable inference from what is
said to what is meant, generated because speakers and hearers rely on
cooperative norms and can justify the “extra” step in interpretation.
Lanzalone’s pirotese project, by contrast, tries to relocate that burden from
reasoning to coding: instead of letting hearers infer intended nuances from
context, it proposes an ideographic, morphologically regimented notation in
which accents, points, and diacritics systematically generate derivatives
(bread, bread-making, bakery, baker; wave, wavy, wavily, to undulate,
undulation), aiming at a universal shorthand that minimizes ambiguity by
design. The comparison therefore turns on where meaning is supposed to live:
for Grice, even a perfectly regular code will not eliminate implicature because
rational agents will still be selective, strategic, polite, ironic, or evasive,
and hearers will still interpret utterances as goal-directed actions; for
Lanzalone, the hope is that a sufficiently explicit symbolic calculus can make
understanding largely automatic and reduce the need for interpretive charity.
In Gricean terms, Lanzalone is pursuing a maximalization of “what is said”
(encode more explicitly so less must be supplied), whereas Grice explains why
communication remains essentially interactive and defeasible: the very freedom
of the rational agent to flout “avoid ambiguity” for effect guarantees that
implicature will survive any stenographic utopia. Put simply, Lanzalone aims to
engineer away misunderstanding by tightening the sign system, while Grice
diagnoses misunderstanding (and creative understanding) as an ineliminable
by-product of rational cooperation itself—so that the dream of a universal
pirotese becomes, from a Gricean perspective, less a cure for implicature than
a new arena in which implicature will inevitably reappear. Grice:
“There is in fact not just ONE pirotese, but one PIROTESE for each SORT of
pirot!” Studia sotto SANCTIS e SETTEMBRINI. Con CROCE
non non condivide la filosofia, e pubblicare l'anti-Croce. Insegna a Roma.
Bisogna stabilire segni speciali per certi nomi. Bisogna segnare tutti i loro
derivati -- nomi, verbi, aggettivi, avverbi -- con un sistema unico e identico.
Il segno “o” significa “pane,” “ó” “panificare,” “ò” il luogo dove si fa il
pane, il panificio; “-o” la persona che fa il pane, il panettiere. Un punto a
destra del circonflesso, indicante il verbo), “o*” indica il nome derivato dal
verbo, panificazione. “v,” posto sul segno “o” indica nome astratto.” Grice:
horseness. “E così di seguito. “~” significa onda, “~*”, ondoso, “« = ,”
ondosamente, “2”, ondeggiare, “•”, ondeggiamento” “~ =”, luogo che ondeggia,
mare, ciò che fa le onde, tempesta, “x-,” ondosità. Le parole comuni a molte
lingue e i nomi propri, si scriveno, per semplificare, tali e quali. Non si
giunge, per tal via, a esprimere tutte le sfumature del pensiero e del
sentimento. Ma certo si giunge a intendersi e a farsi intendere, il che è ciò
che preme sopratutto. L’impresa è ardua, ma non impossibile, se ci si metta un
filosofo come Grice, di genio e di pazienza. Si può ottenere così una vera
steno-grafia glottica, una chiave che tutti sanno usare; e, in attesa della
lingua universale, s’ha un vocabolario universale, che chi lo conosce puo farsi
comprendere da tutti. Io getto un seme. Chi sa che non cada in terreno fecondo
e germogli e cresca in pianta rigogliosa? Grice: “I will
introduce two operators: one for willing, one for judging. I will introduce two
variables: one for utterer, one for addressee. This gives us the following
combinations: optative, self-exhoration, self-information, etc. The system is
ideo-graphic, alla Wilkins and L. My system G introduces operators which are
‘universal’ in that one shouldn’t bother to look for counterparts in the
vernacular: ‘ /\ indicates ‘and,’ Fr. ‘et,’ G. ‘und’ – regardeless of the
different etymologies: G. ‘und’ means ‘anti’!” pirotese. Grice: Caro Lanzalone,
ogni volta che sento parlare del pirotese, mi viene il dubbio che esista una
versione per ogni tipo di pirot – come le varietà di pane in ogni paese
d’Italia! Dimmi, davvero bisogna inventare un segno diverso per ogni sfumatura? Lanzalone: Paul, ti
assicuro che se avessimo un segno per ogni pane, verrebbe fuori un vocabolario
universale e saremmo tutti panettieri filosofi! Basta un “o” per essere sazi,
ma se aggiungi accenti e punti, puoi panificare pure il pensiero. Grice: Interessante! Forse
dovrei introdurre un operatore per giudicare se il pane è buono e uno per
volerlo caldo: così la conversazione diventa davvero steno-grafica! E chi non
capisce, almeno mangia. Lanzalone: Esatto, Paul! In attesa della
lingua universale, almeno ci intendiamo a tavola. Se il mio seme cade in
terreno fertile, crescerà una pianta di pane piroteso: chi sa che non sia il
vero spirito della filosofia, pane, onde e un po’ di umorismo! Lanzalone,
Giovanni (1905). Accenni di critica nuova. Napoli: Pierro.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Latini: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale, l’implicatura rettorica di
Publio e Cicerone. Brunetto Latini (Firenze, Toscana): la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale, l’implicatura rettorica di
Publio e Cicerone. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational
meaning treats implicature as a rationally recoverable supplement to what is
said: a hearer is entitled to infer what is meant because speakers are presumed
to be cooperating under norms of relevance, sufficiency, and clarity, and the
resulting inference is, in principle, cancellable and open to challenge.
Brunetto Latini’s rhetorical programme, especially as mediated through his
vernacular adaptation of Ciceronian doctrine, takes a different starting point:
the speaker’s primary task is to manage the audience’s animus, and insinuazione
is an overtly tactical form of indirectness used when direct speech would
trigger resistance (shift the focus from a disliked person to a liked one,
soothe anger, reframe the cause). Compared with Grice, Latini’s “implicature”
is not primarily a by-product of cooperative efficiency but a deliberate
instrument of persuasion under adversarial conditions, where the speaker
anticipates hostility and designs the utterance to alter attitudes before
arguments can even be heard. The contrast therefore is between Grice’s
accountability model (implicatures should be reconstructible as what a
rational, cooperative speaker can be held to have meant) and Latini’s
civic-oratorical model (indirection is justified by prudence, decorum, and the
psychology of reception, and may aim at effects that are not transparently
avowed). Yet they converge on a key insight: meaning often depends less on
explicit dictive content than on what the speech act is doing in context; Grice
theorizes the inferential route by which hearers supply the unsaid, while
Latini trains the orator to exploit that route—especially by manipulating
relevance and salience—to guide what the audience will supply for itself. Grice:
“Some of us are gladly disposed when Leech starts to refer to my oeuvre as
falling within what Leech calls the ‘conversational rhetoric’ -- the tag of
‘rhetoric’ being exactly what I APPLIY to the philosophical discourse of my
time, notably Austin, but also that of my early self. When in Prolegomena to
Logic and Conversation he sets suspect examples of his manoeuvre, I list my own
“Causal Theory of Perception.” L. is similarly concerned with those aspects of
the ‘significato’ that include either the dictive content itself, or what L.
calls the ‘insinuazione’ -- which is none other than the implicature. Rhetoric
is a mandatory topic at Oxford, springing from Bologna. L. reminds me of
Hardie; he was ALIGHIERI’s mentor; Hardie mine! People say it all starts with
ALIGHIERI, but the real ‘filosofo’ behind him is surely L. – he has in his
Tesoreto chapters on Platone, Aristotele, and the rest of them.” Dice CICERONE che SE l’uditore è turbato contra noi per cagione della causa
nostra che sia o che paia laida per cagione di mala persona o di mala cosa,
ALLORA DOVEMO NOI USARE INSINUAZIONE NELLE NOSTRE PAROLE in tal maniera che in
luogo della persona contra cui pare CORUCCIATO L’ANIMO dell'uditore noi dovemo
recare un'altra persona amata e piacevole all'uditore, sì che per cagione e per
coverta della persona amata e buona noi appaghiamo L’ANIMO dell'uditore e
ritraiallo del coruccio ch'avea contra la persona che lui semblava rea. Si come
fece AIACE nella causa della tendone che fue intra lui et ULISSE per l'arme eh'
erano state d'Achille. E tutto fosse AIACE un valente uomo dell'arme, non è
molto amato dalla gente né tenuto di buona maniera. M’ULISSE, pello grande
senno che in lui regna, è molto amato. rettorica conversazionale, le fonte
della retorica di L.: Cicerone e Publio Vegezio, insinuazione, parlari,
parlatore, controversia, auditore, o destinatario, animo dell’auditore, modo,
essempio di Roma antica, Giulio Cesare rettorica oratoria togata sacrilegio o
furto. Grice: Caro Latini, devo confessare che è solo la natura un po’ barbari
degli educatori al Vadum Boum, la mia università, che li ha portati a
soffermarsi sulle ovvietà dei Greci. Si sono fermati alla superficie, senza
affondare nei profondi abissi della filosofia latina. Ma ti ringrazio
vivamente: sei stato tu a farmi scoprire quanto possa essere divertente e
illuminante la saggezza dei tuoi connazionali. Mi hai strappato più di un
sorriso! Latini: Paul, che piacere
sentire queste parole! È vero, spesso si pensa che la filosofia abbia radici
solo tra gli elleni, ma la profondità latina sa essere sottile, insinuante e
pure ironica. Come diceva Cicerone, a volte basta un piccolo gioco di parole
per cambiare il coruccio dell’uditore! Sono lieto che il mio Tesoretto ti abbia
fatto ridere e pensare—che sarebbe la vera arte della conversazione. Grice: Ah, Latini, la tua “insinuazione” è
proprio ciò che manca alla retorica inglese! Qui, spesso ci si accontenta della
logica diretta, mentre voi sapete danzare tra le emozioni dell’uditore. È un
piacere “latino”—quasi una commedia! Direi che l’arte del parlatore romano è
più sottile di quanto sembri: all’inglese, sembra sacrilegio o furto di
idee! Latini: Paul, forse è proprio
questa la forza della retorica latina: mischiare serietà e leggerezza,
profondità e sorriso. Come Ulisse, si vince non solo con il valore, ma col
senno e la parola scelta. Spero che i tuoi barbari si lascino contagiare un po’
da questa “latinità”—e che almeno imparino a ridere di sé stessi, come facciamo
noi! Latini, Brunetto (1260). La Rettorica.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Laurino: la ragione
conversazionale, l’homo œconomicus, e l’implicatura conversazionale dei
longobardi. Troiano Spinelli, duca d’Aquara e di Laurino (Broggio,
Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale, l’homo œconomicus, e l’implicatura
conversazionale dei longobardi. Grice’s theory of
reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as an accountable
inference generated under a cooperative presumption: speakers can rely on an
“economy” of saying because hearers will rationally supply what is relevantly
intended, and this reliance is voluntary and defeasible rather than
mechanically forced by the code. Troiano Spinelli, duke of Aquara and Laurino
(a Neapolitan Enlightenment figure; Degli affetti umani, 1741), is a useful
foil because his interest in human passions and social conduct invites a model
of reason that looks closer to the rational-choice abstraction later called
homo oeconomicus: agents are portrayed as calculating, interest-sensitive, and
responsive to incentives, so that “what is meant” in social life is often what
can be inferred from stable patterns of preference and advantage as much as
from explicit avowal. Compared with Grice, this shifts the governing
rationality from conversational norms to strategic norms: in Grice the hearer’s
inference is warranted because the speaker is presumed to be cooperative and
truthful enough for communication to work, whereas in a Spinelli-style moral
psychology the hearer’s inference is warranted because the agent is presumed to
be consistent in pursuing goods, avoiding costs, and managing reputation, so
silence and understatement become tools of self-interest as much as of
civility. The comparison thus draws a line between two “economies”: Grice’s
economy of expression (say less, mean more, and be answerable for the
inference) and Spinelli’s economy of action (choose efficiently, desire
predictably, and let others infer your commitments from your conduct), with the
shared insight that both conversation and social life depend on stable
expectations that let us recover more than is explicitly stated, but with
different default assumptions about whether those expectations are cooperative
or prudential. Grice:
“Oxford was an oasis for me. Had I grown up in Germany, it would never have
been easy for me to invoke a principle of conversational helpfulness without
STATING clearly what my grounds for it were! Horkheimer, and others, were
talking of INSTRUMENTAL means-end rationality – but my approach involved the
rational response on the co-conversationalist, so it’s more the type of
‘inter-subjective’ rationality that one finds in economic models. As a
classicist, I was not ready to invoke ‘economy’ like that, seeing that
Aristotle’s aeconomica is apocryphal anyway. But the Italians have a motto for
it – with a long history: that of homo œconomicus”! The expression ‘homo
œconomicus” describes a theoretical abstraction used in some economic models to
represent a human being. This theoretical human is characterized by
rationality, self-interest, anda drive to maximise utility as a consumer and
profit as a producer. Smith laid the groundwork, describing humans as motivated
by economic self-interest and the maximinatio of pleasure. Mill is credited
with formally defining the ‘economic man’ in his essay ‘On the definition ofp
political economy and the method dof investigation proper to it.’ Mill
envisioned the economic actor as one who strives to acquire the greatest amount
of necessities, conveniences, and luxuries with the least amount of labour and
physical self-denial. Mill argues that political economy focuses on human
desires related to wealth accumulation, excluding other motivations that do not
directly contribute to that end. The term ‘homo oeconomicus’ was introduced by
WALKER and subsequently adopted by JANNET. Grice: “This conceptual analysis of
the noble is complicated – noble is the male who merits recognition from his
community.” implicatura, analisi geometrico della’economia razionale,
lombarda, lunga barba. Grice: Caro Laurino, ogni volta che sento
parlare di “homo œconomicus”, mi viene da pensare che persino i longobardi, con
quelle barbe lunghe, abbiano inventato il risparmio solo per evitare di
comprare rasoi! Dimmi, secondo te, la razionalità conversazionale funziona meglio
quando si tratta di scelte economiche? Laurino: Paul, ti confesso che i miei
concittadini erano maestri nell’arte di massimizzare il piacere con il minimo
sforzo. Il principio della barba lunga era: “Se non puoi risparmiare, almeno
fai sembrare che ci hai pensato!” L’implicatura conversazionale, in fondo, è
come una moneta nascosta nella tasca: si usa solo quando serve davvero. Grice: Ah, Laurino, mi hai
dato una nuova visione della geometria economica! Forse la vera nobiltà sta
proprio nel sapere quando tacere e quando parlare, come quei mercanti che, con
una parola giusta, fanno sembrare d’oro una semplice barba! L’economia della
parola, direi, è la prima virtù del filosofo. Laurino: Paul, su questo
siamo d’accordo! In fondo, la conversazione è come un mercato: si tratta sempre
di scambiare idee al prezzo giusto. E se la barba dei longobardi fosse simbolo
di saggezza, allora possiamo dire che ogni implicatura conversazionale è un
affare… a volte anche più prezioso di una moneta! Laurino, Troiano Spinelli,
duca d’Aquara e di (1741). Degli affetti umani. Dialoghi, Napoli: Muziana.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lavagnini e il
deutero-esperanto. “Protthetic (why?), Breathe (why?), Monario (why?)” Aldo
Lavagnini (Siena, Toscana) e il deutero-esperanto. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats
implicature as something generated by rational agents under freely adopted
cooperative norms: meaning is not secured by a perfectly engineered code, but
by what speakers intentionally do with words in context and what hearers can
justifyably infer. Aldo Lavagnini’s projects (Unilingue/Interlingue and
especially Monario, framed as a neo-Latin auxiliary language with a “logical
and natural” universal grammar) pull in the opposite direction: they aim to
improve communication by redesigning the code so that ambiguity and
misunderstanding become structurally difficult, as if the chief obstacle to
understanding were irregularity rather than agency. Compared this way,
Lavagnini is a foil that clarifies Grice’s central point: even the most
regularized, Esperanto-like system cannot eliminate implicature, because
indirectness is not merely a defect of grammar but a consequence of speakers
having goals, tact, and strategies, and of hearers treating utterances as
rational actions; “avoid ambiguity” can always be deliberately flouted, and
silence, timing, and choice of formulation will still generate further
meanings. Conversely, Grice helps diagnose why constructed-language programs
often disappoint their utopian hopes: they can standardize denotation, but they
cannot standardize the pragmatic economy of conversation, where cooperation is
defeasible and where “clarity” is as much a moral-social stance as a syntactic
design. So Lavagnini’s Monario dramatizes the code-ideal, while Grice’s
Deutero-Esperanto joke dramatizes the limit of that ideal: you can stipulate a
language no one speaks, but you cannot thereby stipulate the living,
reason-governed practices that make meaning and implicature possible in the first
place. “Pro-thetic
(why?), Breathe (why?), Monario (why?)” Grice: “It appears that the
specific reasons behind L.’s choosing the name ‘Monario’ for his artificial
language are not explicitly stated in the readily available information.
However, some clues can be gleaned from the context. Italian origin: L. is
Italian, and the name itself might have some connection to Italian words or
concepts, although the exact link is not immediately clear from the search
results. Focus on a ‘universal’ and ‘logical grammar’. In the preface to
“Monario,” it is mentioned that the need for a nuniversal language requires a
universal grammar that is “logic ad nature sekum gles arti imitanti” (logic and
naturally imitating rules of art. This suggests a focus on clarity, simplicity,
and a structural approach, which could be reflected in the name. Aric-Semitic
influences. Some soruces mention that monario shows influences of Aric-semitic
languages. However, it is also noted that the L.’s reasons for introducing
non-international roots from Greek, Arabic, Sanskrit, Russian, and even what
seem to be Somali and Tamil words are unclear. While a definitive answer to
‘why Monario?’ remains elusive, the name likely relates to L.’s broader
philosophical goals for an easily accessible and logical constructed
international auxiliary language!” At a conference in Brighton, Grice jokes
about convention, if nt arbitrariness, having no bearing on ‘signfication’ of
the type in which he was interested. As a proof, he claimed that he could very easily
go and invent a new language – call it Deutero-Esperanto – and set what’s
proper, making him the authority. artificiale. L. progetta una lingua inter-nazionale su base latina che chiama
“neo-latino” e ci prova con l'uni-lingue (o inter-lingue) pubblicato nel corso
pro corrispondenza d'inte-rlingue od uni-lingue, Roma, e con il monario, dato
alle stampe nel corso de monario prima e in “Interlexico monario:
Italiano français English deutsch kum introduxion rammatal appendo, fonetal
regios, Elettica, Roma.. monario, il deuteuro-esperanto di Grice. Grice: Caro
Lavagnini, sono sempre rimasto incuriosito dal tuo “Monario” e da questa idea
di un deutero-esperanto. Dimmi, secondo te, davvero una lingua artificiale può
superare le convenzioni arbitrarie che ancora limitano la comunicazione fra i
popoli? Lavagnini: Caro Paul, ottima domanda! Io credo proprio di sì:
l’obiettivo del Monario era proprio questo, offrire una grammatica universale,
logica e naturale, che imitasse le arti più semplici e accessibili a tutti. La
lingua, se costruita con rigore, può diventare ponte vero, non barriera. Grice:
Mi affascina la tua scelta del nome “Monario”—ha un suono quasi mistico! Ma
dimmi, perché proprio questo nome? C’è dietro un significato particolare o,
come a volte succede nelle nostre discussioni, conta di più la funzione che il
segno svolge? Lavagnini: Ti confesso, Paul, che il nome nasce dal desiderio di
evocare unità (“mon-”) e, forse, anche una certa musicalità, quasi un’armonia
tra i popoli. Ma, proprio come suggerisci tu, ciò che importa è che la lingua
sia strumento efficace e chiaro—più che la radice, conta che tutti possano
comprendere e comunicare senza equivoci. Ecco il mio piccolo sogno di un nuovo
latino universale! Lavagnini, Aldo (1920) Manualetto pratico di astrologia
secondo la scienza e la tradizione. Associazione Eclettica Universale.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lazzarelli: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- ermetico-esoterica. Luigi
Lazzarelli (San Severino Marche): la ragione conversazionale e
l’implicatura conversazionale -- ermetico-esoterica. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats
implicature as a rational, publicly defensible inference: speakers can mean
more than they say because hearers assume cooperation and can reconstruct the
intended extra content by reasoning from shared norms, with the result
remaining, in principle, cancellable and criticizable. Lazzarelli’s
hermetic-esoteric style (Crater Hermetis and related syncretic projects around
Ficino’s Hermetica, plus allegorical poems and antiquarian treatises) pushes
almost the opposite ideal: meaning is deliberately staged as hidden, layered,
and initiatory, so that what is “meant” is not designed for ordinary uptake but
for selective recognition by a prepared reader, with obscurity functioning as a
badge of seriousness rather than a violation of clarity. That makes him an
instructive foil for Grice’s tautology examples: “War is war” in Grice is a
cooperative maneuver whose point is carried by an easily recoverable
implicature (resignation, moral warning, insistence on realism), whereas a
hermetic text tends to treat tautology-like formulations as gateways—formulae
that invite meditation, symbolic association (Mars, the Campus Martius, the
martial), and a thick network of allusions that resist any single, neat
paraphrase. In Gricean terms, Lazzarelli’s practice often looks like systematic
flouting of manner (and sometimes quantity), but the aim is not conversational
efficiency; it is controlled opacity, where the “right” inference is less a
product of shared everyday norms than of belonging to a textual tradition and
possessing the requisite interpretive keys. The comparison therefore highlights
two conceptions of rational governance: Grice’s is civic and
intersubjective—designed to keep ordinary talk intelligible and
accountable—while Lazzarelli’s is initiatory and arcane—designed to make
meaning depend on hidden correspondences and selective readership, so that
implicature becomes not a cooperative enrichment of what is said but an
esoteric economy of what is withheld. Grice: “When I was asked during my
lectures on conversation to provide an example of a blatant tautology which
would be at the same time implicature-laden, I came up with ‘War is war.’ It
seemed obvious to me that I had no need to specify the implicatum – and I did
not. However, upon later reflection on old Roman mythology, I came up with a
detail that does matter. The Romans worshipped a ‘god’ of ‘war’ – Marte – hence
‘martial,’ – Apparently, the Anglo-Saxons found this convenient, and soon
adopted Tues, as in Tuesday, as the god of war. Note that while ‘War is war’ is
a patent tautology, ‘The god of war is the god of war’ is more of a Kripkean
stupididy! I would call L. a Pythagorean; most Italian philosophers are, as
most English philosophers are Lockean! I would call L. what Italians call ‘un
filosofo ermetico.’ He certainly flouts
all my desiderata for conversational clarity!” Il documento più importante per
ricostruire la vita di L. è “Vita L.” scritta da Filippo L. e indirizzato
all'umanista Colocci. L. e educato e vive a Campli, in Abruzzo, dove frequenta
la biblioteca del Convento di San Bernardino da Siena, che egli cita nella sua
opera i Fasti Christianae Religionis. Riceve da Sforza un premio per un poema
sulla battaglia di San Flaviano. Ha contatti con i più importanti filosofi
dell'epoca ed e seguace dell'ermetismo. Raccolge il Pimander di FICINO,
l'Asclepio e tre trattati sull'ermetismo realizzando una versione che amplia il
corpus testi ermetici. Autore di saggi a carattere ermetico come il Crater
Hermetis, in sintonia con il sincretismo religioso dei suoi tempi e in anticipo
sulla filosofia di PICO , con la fusione del cabalistico e il cristiano, ma
anche di poemetti a carattere allegorico come l'inno a Prometeo o
didascalico-allegorici come il Bombyx. De apparatu Patavini hastiludii, De
gentilium deorum imaginibus implicatura ermetica, mascolinita romana, religione
officiale romana, campo marzio, marte, dio della guerra, marte come pianeta, il
simbolismo di marte nell’arte e la filosofia, marte e apollo, marte e
Nietzsche. Grice: “Clifton, 1926. Dear Father, The Latin master
set us one of his favourite imperatives today. We are to write something in the
grand manner, in Latin if possible, on the model (so he said) of Luigi
Lazzarelli’s youthful poem about the battle of Santo Flaviano. The master spoke
as if this were perfectly natural: as if one could be fourteen and already have
a battle worth versifying, and as if the lingo were merely an accessory to the
glory. Then, with a flourish of chalk, he announced to the room that we must
each “find an occasion” of our own and imitate it. I thought it best to write
to you, because it is not every day that one is ordered to invent a military
past for one’s neighbourhood. Do the Anglians around Harborne ever have a
battle worth commemorating? Something with the Welsh, perhaps, or a skirmish
with anyone at all? I should like to obey the master, but I cannot compose an
ode to a battle if I cannot first locate an enemy. And I confess I would rather
not choose the Welsh simply because they are available as a convenient other;
that seems bad history and lazy poetry, which is precisely the sort of thing a
Latin master encourages when he is feeling patriotic.” “Your reply came
quickly, and in your usual practical spirit. You said I might write of “the
lords of Harborne,” since I live on Lordswood Road and the very name suggests
the right sort of feudal bustle. You proposed, with admirable economy, that the
poem need not name the foe in too much detail: I might describe a defence of
the fields, a stand at the ford, a righteous skirmish in which the lords
preserve order against the unnamed. But here is my difficulty. If I cannot
identify who the lords of Harborne were fighting, I fear the verse will read as
a poem about lords fighting fog, which is too modern for Latin and too convenient
for a school exercise. Father, if one cannot name the enemy, what does one mean
by calling it a battle at all? And if the enemy remains unnamed, does the poem
not imply that the poet cares more for the sound of war than for its cause?”
“You answered, still briskly, that if I cannot identify against whom the lords
of Harborne were fighting, then I surely mean that they were fighting against
whoever happens to be written into the poem, and that in a school exercise the
opponent is often less a historical party than a grammatical requirement. This
is a fine point, and perhaps the Latin master would applaud it: the adversary
as a necessity of style. But it leaves me with the uneasy thought that a poem
can manufacture its own past merely by sounding as if it remembers one. I
remain, for the moment, obedient but unconvinced. If I produce a battle in
hexameters, the master will call it history; if I do not, he will call it
laziness. Between the two, it seems safest to write about a “battle” which is obviously
local and obviously invented, so that no one is tempted to mistake the exercise
for a chronicle. I shall attempt something like De proelio in agro Dominorum,
unless you advise a better title.” Grice: Caro Lazzarelli, ogni volta che sento parlare di ermetismo italiano,
mi chiedo se la vera implicatura conversazionale sia tutta un gioco di specchi.
Dimmi, quando scrivi “guerra è guerra”, pensi che anche gli dèi abbiano riso
sotto i baffi? Lazzarelli:
Ah, Paul, se Marte ascoltasse le nostre tautologie, probabilmente si
allenerebbe al Campo Marzio con una risata marziale! Sai, nei miei poemi
preferisco lasciare impliciti i misteri: così anche gli dèi hanno qualcosa su
cui meditare durante le battaglie. Grice: E magari Apollo, tra una nota e l’altra
della sua lira, ti rimprovererebbe: “Luigi, non essere così criptico, sennò qui
nessuno capisce più nulla – nemmeno Prometeo con il fuoco in mano!” Lazzarelli: Ma Paul, è il
bello dell’ermetismo! Una conversazione troppo chiara sarebbe noiosa: meglio un
po’ di nebbia, così anche sulla via per il Campo Marzio possiamo perderci
chiacchierando… e magari trovare altri dèi curiosi lungo la strada! Lazzarelli,
Luigi (1460 ). De bello Sancti Flaviani. San Severino Marche.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lazzari: la ragione
conversazionale. Andrea Lazzari (Urbino): la ragione
conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning
explains how hearers responsibly infer what is meant beyond what is said by
assuming cooperative rationality; implicature is justified by publicly articulable
reasons about relevance, sufficiency, and the speaker’s communicative
intention, not by mere ornament or rhetorical flourish. Lazzari’s Precetti
della rettorica (Cesena) sits at a different angle: it treats “conversational
reason” as the craft of public persuasion, organizing speech into exordium,
narration, proof, refutation, peroration, style-levels, and the systematic
management of the passions, so that what is left unsaid is often a strategic
omission designed to move an audience rather than a calculable inference
demanded by cooperative exchange. Compared with Grice, Lazzari’s rhetorical
pragmatics makes implicature look less like a narrowly semantic phenomenon and more
like an orator’s toolkit: insinuation, enthymeme, and affective framing
routinely rely on the audience to supply premises, but the governing norm is
effectiveness (winning benevolence, stirring indignation, securing assent)
rather than Grice’s ideal of mutual understanding under a cooperative
principle. The contrast therefore is between Grice’s accountability model of
indirect meaning (what you imply should be inferable and criticizable as what
you meant) and Lazzari’s classical-oratorical model in which indirectness is
licensed by decorum, audience adaptation, and emotional timing, and may be
praised precisely when it is not fully spelled out. Yet the continuity is
clear: both frameworks presuppose that communication works by shared reasoning
over common ground; Grice theorizes that reasoning as a norm of interpretation
in conversation, while Lazzari trains it as a norm of invention and delivery in
rhetoric, making the “art of speaking” a precursor discipline for the very
inferential uptake that Grice later formalizes as implicature. Grice: “I love L.!” key! Precetti della rettorica prammatica come
rettorica conversazionale, Serra, Cavalcanti. PRECETTI DELLA RETTORICA coi
quali s’aflegna alli giovani studiofi una facile ed utile maniera d’imparare
L’ARTE ORATORIA Ripugnanti Dei Privanti Dei Riflettivi , 0 Relativi Della
Notazione, 0 Interpreta . \ìone del "Nome Dell' autorità Dei Luoghi
EJlrinfeci Delle Leggi Della Fama Dei Tormenti Del Giuramento Delle Scritture
Dei Teflimonj DELLA DISPOSIZIONE Della neceffith della Difpoji - flotte, e di
lei definizione Dello Stile dell’Orazione Cosa fia lo Stile, e di quante forti
Dello Stile Sublime Dello Stile Mediocre Dello Stile Infimo Dello Stile Vizioso
. Dello Stile laconico m/Th ritiro- erf lattico Delle Parti della
Difpofizionc dell’Orazione Veli' Ordine , che dee tenerfi nel formare un
Orazione De! varj Generi dell' Efordio Dei Luoghi onde fi cavano i veri E 'ordì
« Del modo di formare gli EJ or dj preoccupando Della proprietà , ed ufficj
dell ' Ejordio . ~P a S* 2IS A. <5. Dei difetti, che fi devono evitare negli
Elord) . De//<* propofizjonc Oratoria, sua Divtfìone e Perfezioni .
Z>e//<* Divifione Della narrazione. p zzi Dt?//e Prove Del
Sillogijmo Dell' Entimema Dell' Ef empio Dell'Induzione Del Dilemma Rifiefjioni
giujte ricavate dal E. Serra Jopra le citate dimojlrazjoni Della Confutarne
Della Perorazione Dell' Enumeratone , che è la fri ma ma parte della
Perorazione Della Commozione degli affetti in genere Dei Cuogbi in fpecie ,
che', fer- vono per muovere gli affetti , ..<? I. deir Ira Della
Piacevolezza Della Benevolenza jCd amicizia Dell 1 Odio Del Timore Della
Confidenza Della Vergogna. Della Sfacciataggine Delta Mifericordia , 0 CompSff
fione Dell' Indignazione DELLA PRONUMCIAZIONET Definizione della Pronuncia »
rione , e /»g parti DELLE DIVERSE SORTI ^ D’ ORAZIONI. E fpecialmente di quelle
, che fono in mag « I. De// Orazione Panegirica J Modo di far la jelva per le
Orazioni Pa • ! negiriche Dell' Orazione Funebre. °3 Modo di far la Jelva per
le Orazioni Fu - nrbri DelC Orazione Accademica. Grice: Caro Lazzari, devo
confessarti che la tua attenzione ai precetti della rettorica prammatica mi
affascina profondamente. Nel mio studio sulla conversazione, ho spesso
riflettuto su come la pragmatica possa illuminare anche l’arte oratoria.
Secondo te, quali sono i principi indispensabili per formare un oratore
efficace? Lazzari: Paul, che piacere! A mio avviso, l’oratore deve
padroneggiare sia lo stile che la disposizione dell’orazione: conoscere le
parti, la narrazione, la confutazione, la perorazione... Ma soprattutto, deve
saper muovere gli affetti, creando benevolenza, fiducia e persino indignazione
quando serve. Serra e Cavalcanti sono ottimi maestri in questo! Grice:
Interessante! Mi colpisce come tu insista sulla commozione degli affetti: in
fondo, anche nella conversazione quotidiana, spesso ci affidiamo al tono, alla
pronuncia e al modo di esprimere le emozioni per ottenere una risposta
positiva. Come vedi il rapporto tra stile sublime e stile mediocre nella retorica?
Lazzari: Ah, Paul, è proprio qui che si vede l’arte: lo stile sublime eleva
l’animo, quello mediocre accompagna con misura, e quello infimo va evitato. Ma
ogni stile ha il suo momento, come diceva Cicerone. L’importante è saper
adattare la parola alle circostanze e agli uditori, scegliendo sempre con
saggezza e cuore. Questa, direi, è la vera conversazione! Lazzari, Andrea
(1782). Precetti della rettorica. Cesena: Biasini.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lazzarini: il
deutero-esperanto. Mario Lazzarini (Roma, Lazio): il
deutero-esperanto. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational
meaning explains how hearers legitimately get from what is said to what is
meant by assuming cooperative rationality and exploiting norms like relevance
and perspicuity; implicature is thus an achievement of rational agents
operating in real conversational settings, not something guaranteed by a
perfect code. Lazzarini, as your passage frames him through the Peano-adjacent
milieu (Latino sine flexione, interlinguistic aspirations, and even
mathematical writing such as his 1901 Periodico di matematica article on
approximating π), points toward the opposite dream: reduce communication to a
maximally transparent system where ambiguity is nearly impossible “except on
purpose,” as if a better language could eliminate misinterpretation. The
comparison therefore highlights a basic Gricean moral: even if an engineered
language could standardize denotation, it would not abolish implicature,
because implicature arises from the fact that speakers pursue goals under
constraints—economy, tact, politics, irony, understatement—and will still
choose formulations that invite audiences to supply what is left unsaid. In
that sense “Deutero‑Esperanto” (spoken or not) becomes a foil that clarifies
Grice’s anti-code stance: meaning in conversation is not merely what a system
assigns to expressions but what rational agents do with those expressions in
context, including strategic silence and deliberate flouting. Lazzarini’s
interlinguistic ideal treats clarity as a property of the language; Grice
treats clarity as a property of cooperative practice, always defeasible because
agents remain free to be indirect, playful, or even unhelpful. So where
Lazzarini’s project aims to cure the world of misunderstanding by redesigning
the code, Grice’s project explains why misunderstanding—and the creative, civil
uses of it—persists even under the clearest code, because the source of
implicature is not grammatical complexity but rational agency itself. Grice:
“It is amazing that while everbody – including Trudgill in his Language Myths –
seem to agree that Italian is the most beautiful language in the world, the
number of Italian philosophers who tried to invent a DIFFERENT lingo by far
exceeds that of any other nation! At a conference at Brighton, I joked that
convention – if not arbitrariness – has nothing to do with signification, and
claimed that he could invent a new language – “call it Deutero-Esperanto” –
that nobody speaks, and set what it’s proper, which would make me the master.
artificiale.. A differenza del
deutero-esperanto di Grice, non usato mai da Grice, il latino sine flexione è
utilizzato anche da altri filosofi come VACCA , in Sphoera es solo corpore, qui
nos pote vide ut circulo ab omne puncto externo, L., in Mensura de circulo iuxta
Leonardo [VINCI Pisano, e PANEBIANCO che discute proprio
della lingua internazionale nell'opuscolo “Adoptione de lingua internationale
es signo que evanesce contentione de classe et bello” (Padova, Boscardini).
Vedasi ALBANI, BUONARROTI. PANEBIANCO è anche un grande appassionato
di Esperanto, tanto che è solito firmarsi "esperantista socialista".
Quest'ultimo, come si evince anche dal titolo della sua opera, vede nella
lingua internazionale un modo per mettere la parola fine ai contrasti
internazionali, e in particolare al capitalismo spietato. Inter-linguista,
quale que es suo opinione politico aut religioso es certo precursore de novo
systema sociale. Isto novo systema, in que homines loque uno solo lingua magis
facile, commune ad illos non pote es actuale systema de "homo homini
lupus", sed es systema sociale in que toto homines fi socio. Per ben
adempiere a un tale compito, la lingua perfetta di PANEBIANCO deve
seguire gli stessi principi di quella di P. Es evidente que essendo id sine
grammatica, id es de maximo facilitate et simplicitate. Ergo, es
per illo quasi impossibile ad fac ambiguitate, excepto ad praeposito [“As when
the conversational maxim, ‘avoid ambiguity’ is FLOUTED for the purpose of
bringining in a conversational implicature”]. Oxford, 1966. Morning. St
John’s is doing its usual trick of looking as if it had always been waiting for
him, when in fact it is quite capable of doing without him for centuries at a
stretch. Grice is at his desk with a cup of tea that has already been reheated
once, which means it is now the right temperature for philosophical work:
barely alive. He has opened Lazzarini and, as usual, has been caught not by the
thesis but by the typography of a title, the sort of small bait which the mind
takes only when it wants an excuse to postpone the larger fish. He reads it
again, aloud, in Italian, because he likes the mild indecency of doing Italian
in Oxford before breakfast. Un’applicazione del calcolo delle probabilità. He
looks up, as if someone has said something rude in chapel. Calcolo delle
probabilità, he repeats, and then, dutifully, translates it back for himself
and finds, to his annoyance, that the English does not quite preserve the
offence. “I know I can be fastidious,” he says, to nobody in particular, “and
by that I imply that I am about to be intolerable.” He taps the page. First
point. The plural. Probabilità. Not probabilità in the singular, as if it were
a property you either had or lacked, but probabilità in the plural, as if there
were a small crowd of them milling about with different hats. “And by that I
imply,” he adds, obediently ruining his own joke, “that our author is thinking
of probability as a family of measures, not a single dignified notion. It is a
tiny lexical tell.” He pauses, and the pause is itself a performance of what he
is about to pretend to forget: that he is meant to be in a room with Pears in
less than an hour, jointly conducting a class on the philosophy of action. A
joint class is always a small miracle, because it requires two philosophers to
coordinate their intentions in public without admitting that this is what they
are doing. He reads again: del calcolo delle probabilità. Second point. The
preposition-by-article business. Delle. Of the. Not of probability, but of the
probabilities. And, worse, the whole thing sounds as if the probabilities are
already there, waiting like objects, and the calcolo is the hero who will go
and fetch them. “That ‘delle’,” he says, “makes it feel futurish. As if the
probabilities are something one is going to produce, or uncover, or harvest.
And by that I imply that he is not merely describing a static property; he is
advertising a procedure. He is looking forward to the result as if the result
were the point.” He turns a page, then turns it back, because turning the page
would count as progress and he is not yet ready for that sort of
responsibility. Third point. Lazzarini’s emphasis is on calcolo, not on what
the calcolo is of. Grice knows the type. People fall in love with the machinery
and forget what it is supposed to grind. “He is more interested in the
calculating than in the calculated,” Grice says. “And by that I imply that the
thing has the air of a tribute to method. A little hymn to technique.” He scribbles
in the margin, in English, because his meta-language remains English even when
his temptations are Italian. P(x) ∈ [0,1].
Then, more carefully, because the interval matters if one is going to be
pedantic, and he has already confessed to that vice. For any proposition p:
P(p) = 0 means no probability, P(p) = 1 means full probability. He looks at
what he has written and frowns, not at the content but at the moral smell of
it. P(p) is neat, which is always suspicious. Neatness encourages people to
think they have understood something when they have merely abbreviated it. He
writes, as if in self-defence. Cred(p) ∈ [0,1] Des(p) ∈ [0,1] Then he sits back, pleased, and immediately
suspects that he has made it too tidy, which is another way of being pleased.
“And by that I imply,” he says, “that I am trying to force an analogy into
existence.” Now the big point arrives, because the big point has been waiting
for him like a timetable, and timetables always win in Oxford. He thinks of
Pears and the philosophy of action, and he thinks, inevitably, of the pair of
attitudes any action talk smuggles in: how likely, and how wanted. He mutters
the Italian words as if tasting them. Credibilità. Desiderabilità. He writes
them down, and the handwriting comes out more English than he would like.
“Credibilità would sound better,” he says, “as opposed to desiderabilità. And
by that I imply that one should not talk as if probability’s natural partner is
desirability in some vague sentimental sense. We want the pairing to match in
grammatical dignity and in psychological category.” He pauses, then adds,
because he cannot resist making the implicature explicit and thereby cancelling
it. “And by that I imply that Lazzarini is creating an asymmetry.” He points at
his own scribbles. Probability, as the mathematicians like it, attaches to a
proposition, or to an event-description. It is, in the philosophical mouth, a
kind of graded endorsement, or at least a graded measure of how things stand
with p. Credibility sounds like a propositional attitude of the faculty of
judgment, facoltà del giudizio, if one insists on being scholastic about it.
One judges p credible to degree c. Desirability sounds like a propositional
attitude of the will, facoltà della volontà: one wants p, or wants p to be the
case, to degree d. Parallel. That is the whole charm. Two attitudes, one
proposition. He underlines, and then regrets the underlining because it looks
like emphasis. So he says it instead, to restore his preferred medium. “If we
do it my way,” he says, “we can keep the same proposition p and assign two
values, Cred(p) and Des(p), each between 0 and 1, and we avoid the gap
Lazzarini is inviting.” He pauses again, and this time the pause has the feel
of a name entering the room. “Cicero,” he says, as if Cicero were sitting in
the armchair and had just coughed politely. Lazzarini, he suspects, is paying
homage to Cicero. Probably paying homage. Probably. Grice likes probably
because it gives him an escape route while sounding like a commitment. “Probably
Cicero invented it,” he says, “or probably invented the habit. Credibilis has a
decent Roman ring. And desirably, philosophers should not have followed the
fashion of turning everything into a -bilitas and then behaving as if the
suffix did the thinking.” He looks at his watch. He has not moved. This is his
usual method of travelling to a class: stay still until the last moment and
then arrive somehow. He adds one more line in the margin, because he cannot
resist making the action connection explicit. In decision talk: choose act a to
maximize something like E[Des(outcome)] subject to Credibility constraints. He
stares at it, and the stare is part of the humour: the English don watching
himself flirt with being a decision theorist. “By that I imply,” he says, “that
I am flirting with the wrong crowd.” He hears, in his head, Hampshire’s voice,
the Hampshire manner of taking action seriously without letting it become an
exercise in calculus. He hears, too, Keynes, who is English enough but from the
other place, and who wrote about probability as if probability were not merely
a frequency but a relation of rational support. “Kneale would say something
sensible here,” he says, “and by that I imply that I haven’t time to read him
before 11 o’clock.” He gathers the papers into a pile that suggests order
without achieving it. He stands. He forgets, briefly, what he is about to do,
which is exactly why he always arrives at class slightly late but sounding as
if he had intended it. He reaches the door, stops, and turns back to the desk,
because he cannot leave a last implicature unspoiled. “If Pears asks why I’m
late,” he says, “I shall tell him I was calculating the probabilities. And by
that I imply that I was, of course, doing something quite different.”Grice: Lazzarini, credo che tu abbia il
record per le lingue inventate! Dimmi, quando hai pensato al “deutero-esperanto”, hai immaginato che un
giorno potesse sostituire l’italiano nei salotti romani? Lazzarini: Paul, non
esageriamo! L’italiano resta la regina, ma la mia lingua perfetta sogna un
mondo dove nessuno si confonde e tutti si capiscono. Immagina: niente più
litigi per una virgola sbagliata! Grice: Fantastico! Ma allora, se tutti parlano
la stessa lingua, come facciamo a generare implicature e malintesi? Non
rischiamo di rendere le conversazioni troppo… limpide? Lazzarini: Tranquillo,
Paul! Anche nella lingua più semplice, basta un po’ di fantasia (o una pausa
strategica) e l’ambiguità salta fuori. Del resto, il più bel divertimento è
proprio far sorridere l’altro con un gioco di parole, anche se è universale!
Lazzarini, Mario (1901). Un’applicazione del calcolo delle probabilità alla
ricerca sperimentale di un valore approssimato di π. Periodico di matematica per l’insegnamento secondario.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lelio: la ragione
conversazionale al portico romano. Gaio Lelio (Roma, Lazio): la
ragione conversazionale al portico romano. Grice’s
theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as a
rational, accountable inference from what is said to what is meant, driven by
cooperative expectations that speakers can exploit (and hearers can justify)
without needing to state everything explicitly. Laelius Sapiens, as a Roman
“man of the Porch” in the Scipionic milieu, illustrates a different but closely
related governance of meaning: public speech and political reporting in Rome is
a high-stakes practice where one often must speak in ways that let different
audiences draw different, yet controllable, conclusions. When Laelius says
something like “Carthage was taken in a single day,” the bare assertion is
historical, but the uptake varies—glory for the crowd, logistical competence
for the Senate, and a reminder of continuing duty for the speaker himself—so
the moral-political point is carried by what the utterance invites each hearer
to supply rather than by what is spelled out. Compared with Grice, this shows
implicature operating not as a private cleverness but as a civic instrument:
Laelius relies on shared Roman background assumptions (virtus, labor,
disciplina, decorum) to make his minimal words do maximal work, much as Grice’s
maxims predict speakers will do when they aim to be efficient and understood.
The contrast is that Grice offers an explicit analytic model of how such
inferences are warranted and cancellable in conversation, whereas Laelius
exemplifies a culturally entrenched practice in which “portico reason” is as
much prudential and political as it is cooperative, and where understatement
and strategic reticence are not deviations from rationality but part of the
very rational style by which an educated Roman manages what different audiences
are entitled to conclude. Grice: “It must be remembered that when I
started the serious study of philosophy at Oxford, it was through the classics.
Clifton, my alma mater, would certainly have found it odd to offer a pupil a
scholarship in philosophy – but ‘a classical scholarship’ was ‘okay,’ as the
Americans put it – in terms of societal norms. Of course, I never met
philosophy well into my fifth term in the classics! But once I did, Lelio was
second nature to me!” Ha fama soprattutto
per l’intima amicizia che lo lega all’Africano Minore. Conosce i tre
filosofi inviati a Roma, ma e attirato principalmente da Diogene, del Portico.
In seguito L. ha rapporto con Panezio e ne diffuse la dottrina
nell’aristocrazia romana.Come legato di Scipione, C. L. partecipa alla guerra
contro i punici e si distinge nell’assedio di Cartagine, ottenendo in premio la
pretura. Appartenne agl’auguri è diviene console. Nelle lotte civili
determinate dall'azione di Tiberio GRACCO, L. si schiera contro questo e i suoi
fautori. E ammirato, se non come oratore, come uomo politico, e
dove il soprannome di "sapiente" datogli dall’aristocrazia, al suo
atteggiamento politico più che ad altro. Console della repubblica romana.
Filosofo del portico, politico e militare romano. E uno dei migliori amici
e più stretti collaboratori di Publio Cornelio SCIPIONE Africano, che segue
durante la guerra punica come prefetto della flotta, legato e questore.
Si distingue particolarmente nella conquista di Cartagine e in seguito, nella
campagna contro Siface e nella decisiva battaglia di Zama. Dopo un viaggio di
XXXVII giorni, partito da Tarraco in Spagna, in seguito alla presa di Carthago,
raggiunse a Roma. Quando entra in città insieme ad una grande schiera di
prigionieri attira l'attenzione del popolo che si riversa lungo le strade al
suo passaggio. Il giorno seguente venne ricevuto in senato, dove racconta che
Cartagine e presa in una sol giorno. GRICEVS Salvē, LELI! In Porticū tuō me
quasi “classicā stipendiāriā” rursus esse sentio: philosophia enim mihi quīntō
demum terminō apparuit—tam serō ut etiam boves Vadī Boum me praeterīverint.
LELIVS Salvē, GRICEV. Nōlī bovēs accusāre: illī saltem sciunt quō eant. Tu
autem, cum dīcis “tam serō,” implicās—nisi fallor—te iam tum sapientem fuisse,
sed per modestiam latuīsse. GRICEVS Rectē capis: dīcō “serō” ut audītōrēs
putent me tardum; deinde ipsī inferant me callidum—haec est mea parva fraus,
maximē cooperātīva. Sed tū, “Sapiēns” dictus, numquamne in Senātū sententiam
dedistī ut aliud significārēs? LELIVS Saepe: “Cartāgō capta est ūnō diē,” dīxī;
populus audīvit gloriam, senātus audīvit labōrem, ego audīvī me crastinō rursus
in officiō futūrum. Ita fit: in Rōmā etiam vōx triumphālis est tantum
conversātiō cum galeā. Lelio, Gaio (a. u. c. DCVIII). Dicta.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Leoni: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale il vincolo mi fa
libero. Bruno Leoni (Ancona, Marche): la ragione conversazionale e
l’implicatura conversazionale il vincolo mi fa libero. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats
implicature as a form of rational freedom exercised under self-adopted norms: a
speaker is not compelled by convention alone, but (as a rational agent) chooses
to abide by cooperative constraints, and the hearer correspondingly infers what
is meant because it would be reasonable to do so given those freely accepted
constraints. Leoni’s liberalism, by contrast, is a theory of freedom under
rules at the institutional level: private property, market coordination, and
the rule of law are not mere constraints but enabling structures—bindings that
make responsible agency possible, the sense captured by the slogan you cite,
that the bond makes one free. Put together, they highlight two parallel
“normativities”: Grice’s is micro-normativity of conversation (how voluntary
adherence to maxims makes indirect meaning accountable, cancellable, and
criticizable), while Leoni’s is macro-normativity of legal order (how
voluntarily accepted general rules make social cooperation possible without
central command). In a Gricean idiom, Leoni’s “vincolo” functions like the
cooperative principle itself: not a police constraint but a rational
presupposition one adopts because it is the condition of mutually beneficial
interaction; and in a Leonian idiom, Grice’s implicature looks like a miniature
market in reasons, where speakers trade on shared expectations and listeners
“price in” what is unsaid. The main contrast is that Grice’s freedom is
exercised primarily in intention and communicative responsibility—one can
always defect, be unhelpful, or speak with ill will—whereas Leoni’s freedom is
exercised in choosing and sustaining the legal framework that makes peaceful
coordination possible in the first place; but the shared insight is the same:
genuine liberty is not the absence of norms, it is the rational capacity to
live under norms one can, in principle, justify, revise, and accept as one’s
own. Grice:
“It’s funny that while one of my pupils – Flew – and many members of Austin’s
Play Group – Thomson, Pears, and what have you – were interested in ‘if I can’
as a wedge to imply the freedom of the will, I only realised how important
‘freiheit’ was when I elaborated on the basis for such things as my principle
of conversational helpfulness. My idea of freedom developed not along the lines
of Aristotle or Epitteto – his idea of the semi-free will—but that of Kant, and
Hegel. My conversational imperative, or command, or commandment, is FREELY
adopted by a RATIONAL AGENT. Indeed, it wouldn’t be a matter of rationality if
such a principle were NOT adopted freely. “My lips are sealed” is the utterance
I utter to refute Kant on the decalogogical category, ‘Thou shalt not give
false testimony.” Of course such things are defeasbible. They ARE the things a
decent chap should do – but they are the things that a chap – see my ‘Ill-will’
– may decide NOT to do – he would still be a chap, if not a decent one! – On
occasion I refer to the ‘ordinary chap,’ not the ‘decent chap,’ until I gave a
seminar on ‘Decency’!” In my linguistic botany on freedom I consider ‘liberal’
and ‘liberated’, and SPERANZA has spoken of meaning liberalism to echo
Bennett’s meaning-nominalism – so there’s that! L. is interested in the libero-
root that we find in ‘liberal’ and ‘liberated,’ and I do use ‘liberated – from
nature’s constraints – in my pirotological progression of action, from the
free-moving, free-wheeling, phototropic, and animal freedom, and even the
action where one more or less freely sets a goal to pursue. But, like L., I make a fine distinction between ‘libero’ e ‘spontaneo’ or
autonomo. implicatura, freedom, il concetto di ‘freedom’ in Grice e il
liberalism italiano, il concetto di Freiheit in Kant e la tradizione liberale,
Croce, Enaudi, il partito liberale italiano, partito nazionale fascista,
protezionismo, fascismo, storia d’italia, storia del liberalismo italiano,
libero e vincolato, libero e fozato, libero e spontaneo. From Grice’s Diary: “30 Aug 1939, Oxford. I have been reading Leoni’s
piece on Vaihinger’s Als Ob again, and it is oddly bracing to see an Italian
mind take a German title as if it were simply part of the furniture. The phrase
itself is the philosopher’s hinge: it turns description into a policy, a way of
proceeding without claiming too much. We live, almost shamelessly, as if words
had stable edges, as if inference were always decent, as if the world would
keep faith with our expectations; and now, with the wireless full of ultimatums
and the papers thick with that peculiar calm that precedes an explosion, it is
difficult to keep the “as if” from sounding like superstition. War seems
inevitable. England may be in it within days. Italy, I suspect, will arrive
later, with the special Italian talent for turning lateness into posture; and
yet even that “later” will be early enough to catch the philosophers
mid-sentence. Leoni’s war, if it comes in the Italian way, will still come in
time to rearrange the lives of men who thought they were merely rearranging
arguments. I find myself noting the dates as if they were footnotes to a paper:
if Britain declares war on Germany on 3 September 1939, and if Italy follows by
declaring war on Britain and France on 10 June 1940, then there is an
unsettling triviality in the thought that the second date will still precede
the appearance of my “Personal Identity” in Mind (if it ever appears at all).
One writes as if publication were the natural telos of thinking; history replies
by treating publication as an indulgence granted between interruptions. Perhaps
that is the real lesson of Als Ob at this moment: not that we may pretend, but
that we cannot help pretending—continuing to plan seminars and polish
distinctions as if the world were not about to make the grossest distinction of
all.” Grice: Caro Leoni, mi affascina la riflessione sul
vincolo che rende libero! In Inghilterra, spesso discutiamo di libertà come
assenza di restrizioni, ma qui sembra che il vincolo sia condizione della vera
libertà. Come definirebbe il rapporto tra regola e libertà? Leoni: Caro Grice,
grazie! Per me, la libertà non è semplicemente spontaneità, ma la possibilità
di scegliere razionalmente anche entro vincoli. Un vincolo liberamente
accettato è ciò che permette all’agente razionale di essere davvero libero,
perché solo così si dà senso alle azioni e ai valori. Grice: Interessante,
Leoni! Mi ricorda la libertà secondo Kant, dove l’imperativo morale viene
adottato proprio perché scelto dal soggetto razionale. Nel mio lavoro sulla
conversazione, anche le regole linguistiche sono seguite liberamente: nessuno è
costretto, ma tutti partecipano volontariamente. Concorda che la libertà si
manifesta anche nell’agire linguistico? Leoni: Assolutamente, caro Grice!
Proprio nella lingua vedo il vincolo come fonte di creatività: seguendo regole
condivise, siamo liberi di comunicare, esprimerci e persino innovare. La
libertà nasce dalla responsabilità di aderire a principi scelti, e questo vale
sia per la morale sia per il linguaggio. Il vincolo, se volontario e ragionato,
ci fa davvero liberi! Leoni, Bruno (1938). Aspetti e problemi della
“Philosophie des Als Ob”. Rivista di Filosofia.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e
Leoni: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale Pierleoni Leoni (Spoleto,
Perugia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale, Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning makes
implicature a rational, accountable inference from what is said to what is
meant, under cooperative expectations that allow hearers to reconstruct
intentions and to challenge or cancel the inferred content. Pierleone Leoni
(Pierleone da Spoleto, c. 1445–1492), the Renaissance physician-philosopher and
astrologer in Lorenzo de’ Medici’s circle, provides a darker, historically
grounded counterpoint: his fate turns on how quickly a community can convert
thin evidence into a lethal “implicature” (from physician-at-bedside to poisoner)
when trust collapses and political panic takes over. Read Griceanly, the
episode is a case of catastrophic pragmatic drift: the same facts—Lorenzo dies,
the doctor is present, astrological counsel circulates—can license wildly
different inferences depending on background assumptions, and those assumptions
were anything but “cooperative” in Florence in April 1492; the result is that
what counts as the relevant explanation is socially selected rather than
rationally compelled. Where Grice stresses that implicatures are, in principle,
calculable and cancellable within a shared rational practice, Pierleone’s story
shows an environment in which cancellation is impossible (no clarifying clause
can compete with factional suspicion), and where conversational reason is
replaced by forensic rumor masquerading as inference. This makes Leoni a vivid
foil for Grice: it highlights both the dependence of implicature on stable
common ground and the fragility of that ground, because once conversational
benevolence and institutional safeguards vanish, “what is inferred” stops being
a disciplined enrichment of meaning and becomes a weapon—an accusation produced
by the same human tendency to go beyond what is said, but no longer governed by
the norms that, for Grice, make such going-beyond rational and answerable.Grice:
“In Italy, in those days, it was very common for a philosopher to be called in
the singular – Leone – or in the plural – L. In England, and
specifically Oxford, we don’t have that problem with Occam! In Italy, they like
‘renaissance men,’ but there’s a peril in that: Leoni was a philosopher and a
physician (to Medici) – when he died, Medici did, L. was accused of malpractice
(poisoning), strangled to death, and thrown into a ditch. Categorie: philosophers in ditch – Thales, L..” Di famiglia aristocratica,
studia a Roma. Insegna a Padova e Pisa. E qui che ha modo di entrare
in contatto con la cerchia di filosofi che gravitano attorno a Lorenzo de’
Medici, a Firenze. Ha contatti e una fitta corrispondenza con Ficino e Pico.
Venne considerato uno dei più valenti filosofi. I più illustri personaggi e
sovrani dell'epoca, come il duca di Calabria, il re di Napoli, Ludovico il
Moro, forse anche IInnocenzo, richiedeno le sue cure, tanto che divenne il medico
personale dello stesso Lorenzo de Medici. All'indomani della morte
di Lorenzo de Medici venne ingiustamente sospettato di essere stato il
responsabile del suo avvelenamento, e venne quindi strangolato e gettato in un
pozzo il giorno seguente. Diverse fonti dell'epoca sostengono che il
mandante dell'uccisione di L. e il figlio di Lorenzo, Piero il Fatuo. F.
Bacchelli, riferimenti in. Dagli Annali di Mugnoni da Trevi,
trascriz. Pirri (Estratto dall'Archivio per la Storia Ecclesiastica
dell'Umbria. Era adpresso del dicto Lorenzo uno excellentissimo et famosissimo
medico de grandissima scientia in FILOSOFIA, nominato magistro Pierleone de
leonardo da Spolitj, reputato el più singulare valente homo in dicte scientie
che ogie dì viva. E questo uomo in tanto prezzo adpresso del dicto Lorenzo che,
senza quisto clarissimo doctore, non podiva stare. E conducto ad Pisa ad
legere, ha mille ducatj de provisione per anno: poj e conducto ad Padova, ha
mille et ducento ducatj per anno. Ad Pisa stecte annj ad legere e similemente
ad Padova. Grice: Caro Leoni, in Italia vi chiamano al singolare o al plurale,
ma l’implicatura resta la stessa: parlare bene può salvarti la reputazione, non
sempre il collo. Leoni: Ah Grice, io praticavo la ragione conversazionale e la
medicina, ma qualcuno ha inferito veleno dove c’era solo filosofia applicata.
Grice: Vedi, a Oxford questo si sarebbe cancellato con un’adeguata clausola di
chiarimento, non con una corda e un pozzo. Leoni: Appunto, morale implicata:
meglio una conversazione cooperativa che una cattiva inferenza rinascimentale.
Leoni, Pierleoni (1480). Lectiones. Pisa.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Leopardi: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del favoloso e fascista. Giacomo
Leopardi (Recanati, Macerata, Marche): la ragione conversazionale e
l’implicatura conversazionale del favoloso e fascista. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning makes
implicature a disciplined, inferential phenomenon: speakers can mean more than
they say because hearers assume cooperation and can rationally reconstruct why
a particular wording was chosen, with the implied content remaining in
principle cancellable and publicly criticizable. Leopardi, especially in the
Zibaldone, is a striking foil because he treats language less as a cooperative
instrument for sharing reasons and more as a historically evolved constraint on
thought and feeling: he is fascinated by the gap between lived experience and
the names that domesticate it, and he often implies that the deepest human
relations to infinity, nature, and desire are damaged the moment they are
forced into clear, regular signs. This produces a different “logic” of
implication: where Gricean implicature is typically a calculable enrichment of
what is said (say little, mean more, and be answerable for it), Leopardi’s most
characteristic effect is to make what is not said—silence, indeterminacy, the
“infinite silences”—carry the weight, as if the truest content is precisely
what cannot be rendered without loss. In Gricean terms, Leopardi’s poetic and
philosophical practice systematically pressures the maxim of manner: obscurity
and indirectness are not conversational defects but the point, because they
preserve the sense of an ungraspable remainder that clarity would falsify. Yet
the comparison also reveals continuity: Leopardi’s critique of “universal
language” projects and his emphasis on precision and regularity as purchased at
the cost of expressive life can be read as a warning that purely code-like
semantics will never account for the human work done by tone, omission, and
shared background—exactly the domain where Grice locates conversational
meaning. So Leopardi helps sharpen Grice’s distinction between mere
signification and lived speaker-meaning: Grice offers the rules by which
rational agents can responsibly get from words to intended content, while
Leopardi insists that even perfect rules leave an existential residue, making
implicature not only a tool of cooperation but also, at its limits, a symptom
of what language cannot fully say. Grice: “Oddly, L.’s philosophical
semantics is negative; admittedly, he is wedded to the Fido-‘Fido’ theory of
meaning, so he thinks, pretty much like the first Vitters, that language is a
prison. Man has a need for ‘non-linguistic thought,’ to think without naming –
without conceptualizing! The oddest philosophy of language for Italy’s greatest
poet, one would first think! One could write a whole dissertation on L.’s
implicata – not I. My favourite expression would be ‘gli infiniti silenzi’”.
While there is a philosophical griceianism, seeing that my theories were stolen
by non-philosophers, there is ‘leopardismo filosofico,’ seeing that he wasn’t
one!” Essential Italian philosopher, and founder of a whole movement,
‘leopardismo.’ Anche L. nello Zibaldone de’
pensieri partecipa al dibattito sulla lingua universale. Sostenne
che a rendere internazionale una lingua non è la potenza della nazione che la
parla o la diffusione dei suoi domini, e nemmeno il suo prestigio letterario:
se così fosse la lingua italiana, che per molto tempo fu intesa e letta nelle
corti di tutta Europa e oltre, sarebbe assurta a lingua utilizzata
da più nazioni, ma così non è stato.L. spiega che invece ciò che fa di una
lingua universale è un aspetto ad essa intrinseco, ovvero la sua capacità di
essere geometrica e regolare e di possedere una struttura semplice e ideale.
Esattezza, precisione, chiarezza i suoi punti costitutivi fondamentali. Quello
poi che dice che una lingua strettamente universale dove di sua natura essere
anzi un’ombra di lingua che lingua propria, maggiormente anzi esattamente
conviene a quella lingua caratteristica proposta fra gl’altri dal nostro SOAVE,
la qual lingua o maniera di segni non avrebbe a rappresentar le parole, ma
l’idee, bensì alcune delle inflessioni d'esse parole, come quelle de' verbi, ma
piuttosto come inflessioni o modificazioni delle idee che delle parole, e senza
rapporto a niun suono pronunziato, né significazione e dinotazione alcune di
esso. il favoloso, gl’usi di L. nella filosofia italiana. Grice: Caro Leopardi,
mi viene in mente quella volta in cui Austin, con la sua solita ironia, chiese
alla sala quale fosse il passo poetico più incomprensibile mai scritto! Mi
domando: c’è un tuo verso che, secondo te, potrebbe rivaleggiare con i misteri
più oscuri della poesia? Sarebbe divertente scoprire quale scegli! Leopardi:
Ah, Grice, che domanda deliziosa! Se dovessi scegliere, forse proporrei proprio
“Io quella/ vòlta ch’io vidi il tuo volto, o Natura, non vidi/ che una
maschera.” Chissà quanti, a scuola, si saranno grattati la testa davanti a
quell’enigma… Ma, sotto sotto, in fondo mi diverto anch’io a nascondere un po’
il senso! Grice: Fantastico! Immagino Austin che, sentendo quel verso, avrebbe
sorriso sornione e proposto subito un seminario sul significato della
“maschera” della Natura. Forse avrebbe anche sostenuto che la vera poesia
consiste nel dire molto… facendo finta di non dire nulla! Leopardi: Ecco, caro
Grice, vedi che parli da poeta anche tu! A volte il bello sta proprio nel
gioco: un po’ di nebbia, un tocco di mistero, e la conversazione si accende. In
fondo, chi capisce tutto subito… si perde il gusto della scoperta! Meglio
sorridere insieme davanti all’incomprensibile! Leopardi, Giacomo (1818).
Appunti di filosofia. Bologna: Marsigli.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Leopardi: l’implicatura
conversazionale dell’1150. Monaldo Leopardi
(Recanati, Macerata, Marche): l’implicatura conversazionale
dell’1150. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats
implicature as an inferential achievement under cooperative norms: a hearer
supplies what is meant beyond what is said because the speaker can be presumed
to be speaking with a point, and the resulting inference is in principle
criticizable, cancellable, and attributable to rational agency rather than to
mere atmosphere. Monaldo Leopardi is a revealing foil because his relation to
“meaning beyond the literal” is not primarily conversational but familial,
institutional, and ideological: he builds the material conditions of his son’s
thought (the famous library at Recanati) while resisting the conclusions that
library helped generate, and after Giacomo’s death he appears to manage public
interpretation by implying a reconciliation (a deathbed return to Catholic
faith) that many historians treat as wishful reconstruction rather than
evidence. Compared to Grice, this is implicature in a thicker, socially
consequential sense: not a locally calculable inference from a single
utterance, but a strategic shaping of what audiences are permitted to conclude
about a life, where silence, selective emphasis, and the paternal voice
function as cues that guide interpretation. In Gricean terms, Monaldo’s
discourse invites hearers to fill gaps in ways that serve a conservative moral
narrative, but the cooperative presumption is unstable because the audience may
suspect motivated reasoning, turning the “implicature” into a site of contest
rather than shared uptake. The contrast therefore highlights Grice’s
idealization: conversational reason works smoothly when speakers share
commitments to candour and relevance, whereas the Leopardi case shows how
powerful background asymmetries (father versus son, orthodoxy versus
heterodoxy, private grief versus public reputation) can make what is left unsaid
function less like cooperative economy and more like ideological management,
with the resulting inferences depending as much on authority, memory, and
rivalry as on any maxim-guided calculation. Grice: “Apparently,
unlike in Scotland, it is very rare in Italy that a philosopher is father to
another philosopher, as James Mill was father to Mill – the closest you get in
Italy is L., the philosopher, who was the father of a poet, L., who some deem ‘philosophical’
in spirit – as Austin said Donne was philosophical! We don’t have at Oxford a
‘chip off the old block’ as they have in Recanati!” L.’s reflections on
his after his son’s death are marked by a tragic disconnect. While
he deeply mourned the man, he remains ideologically opposed to him. Ideological
Denial: A staunch ultra-conservative and papal loyalist, L. struggled to
reconcile his son's fame with his "atheistic" and
"pessimistic" philosophy. L. often chooses to believe, and publicly
suggests, that the son had returned to the Catholic faith on his death-bed, a
claim largely dismissed by historians and his son’s close friend RANIERI .
Literary Rivalry and Legacy: L.had originally groomed his son to be a great
Christian apologist. After his son’s death, L. continues his own reactionary
writing, but he remains in his son's shadow, often viewing Giacomo’s
philosophical "errors" as a personal and religious failure. Paternal
Grief vs. Principles: Despite their sharp intellectual rift, Monaldo’s personal
writings reveal a father’s genuine grief. He had provided the very library
where Giacomo formed his "scandalous" ideas, creating a relationship
of both "complicity and competition" that haunted L. For
further details on their relationship, you can explore the son’s biography
provided by Britannica.Importante esponente del pensiero controrivoluzionario e
padre di L.. L., targa commemorativa apposta sui portici di piazza
Leopardi a Recanati Figlio primogenito del conte Giacomo e di Virginia dei
marchesi Mosca, nacque in una delle famiglie più preminenti di Recanati. Rimasto
a quattro anni orfano del padre, crebbe con la madre. 1150, the coding of a
name, the philosophical L., the L. fascista, interpretazione fascista da
GENTILE dell’ultra-filosofia di L., l’ultrafilosofia di L., padre. Grice had arranged the room as one arranges a trap one means to deny
having set: chair for the pupil, chair for himself, the small table just close
enough to make the books look unavoidable, and on top, with the innocent air of
an “illustration,” the 1803 volume: Opere del conte Monaldo Leopardi
Gonfaloniere da Recanati. Vol. I. He had even, for once, actually read the
tragedy, which made him feel faintly continental and therefore faintly guilty.
Flew came in briskly, already wearing that expression of being eager to
disagree with something, preferably before it had finished saying what it was.
Sit down, Flew, Grice said. Yes, sir. Grice tapped the book with a finger. You
have been reading poetry, Flew. I love poetry too, sir, Flew said promptly,
because pleasing one’s tutor is what an undergraduate does before he learns to
despise his tutor. I’ve learned a few couplets by the poet of the Marche. Grice
looked at him as if Flew had just walked, confidently, into the wrong seminar.
This is the father, not the son. Flew blinked, then recovered with admirable
speed, as if recovery were an Oxford virtue. That sounds fascinating, sir.
Grice let the silence sit just long enough to make the sentence feel earned. It
is only fascinating if you stop trying to be fascinating, he said. The point is
not that you have named a county correctly. The point is that you have mistaken
a tragedy for an idyll. Flew leaned forward. You mean Monaldo is not Giacomo. I
mean, Grice said, that if you hear Leopardi and immediately think you have a
right to despair, you have been listening to the wrong person. Monaldo’s
despair is administrative. He publishes “Opere. Vol. I.” at twenty-six, with
the confidence of a man who is both a count and a municipal officer.
Gonfaloniere, Flew said, as if it were a logical operator. Precisely, Grice
said. A banner-bearer. A man whose job-title already implies a flag, and hence
a public. You should distrust any author who announces himself under a banner
and then calls his first pamphlet “Opere.” Flew smiled in the hopeful way. So
it’s pretentious, sir. Pretentious is an English word for a perfectly normal
Italian fact, Grice said. What interests me is that his tragedy is called
Montezuma. Flew said Montezuma as if tasting it. It sounds… American. It
sounds, Grice said, like a young man desperate to prove he is not confined to
Greece and Rome, while also proving, by the very form he chooses, that he
cannot escape them. Tragedy is the most classical thing you can do while trying
not to sound classical. Flew glanced at the book. Is it actually a tragedy in
the Greek sense? In the sense in which an Oxonian uses “in the Greek sense,”
Grice said: yes and no. No chorus that functions as a civic mind. No Athenian
audience. No Dionysia. But the skeleton is borrowed. Five acts, dignified
speeches, moral rhetoric, and a hero who is made to carry more weight than any
human being should be asked to carry without comic relief. Flew hesitated. So
it’s a failure? Grice’s eyebrows rose. Flew had offered him the standard
verdict, the biographer’s verdict, the safe verdict. A failure, Grice said, is
a word used by people who have not tried. The interesting question is: what is
he trying to do, and what does he succeed in doing despite himself. Flew looked
relieved. There was something to analyse. He’s trying to make an Aztec emperor
behave like Agamemnon, Flew said. Good, Grice said. Now say it without sounding
as if you had read it in a guidebook. Flew tried again. He’s importing the
heroic type into the wrong latitude. Better, Grice said. And what do you get
when you import the heroic type? You get a man who speaks in declamations. And
who speaks like that, Grice said, in ordinary life? Nobody, sir. Exactly. Yet
tragedy, like logic, is an art of making nobody speak so that everybody can
overhear and learn something about themselves. The Greeks did it by chorus.
Monaldo does it by sheer self-confidence. Flew looked at the title-page again.
Why choose Montezuma? Because “Montezuma” is already a signal, Grice said. It
says: I am not merely doing the Romans again. It also says: I have read
something beyond Livy. It is an advertisement of worldliness. And it is,
simultaneously, a confession of provinciality, because he only knows how to
make the foreign intelligible by making it classical. Flew said, cautiously: So
the Aztec court becomes a Roman senate? Or a Greek palace, Grice said.
Whichever you prefer. The point is that the speech-acts remain Mediterranean.
The content changes costumes. You have an emperor speaking as if he had read
Seneca. Which, if you are charitable, is an achievement: he has made the New
World speak the Old World’s language. Flew brightened. So it’s successful.
Successful in a very Oxonian way, Grice said. It shows you that Oxford cannot
help relating everything to the classics, and that Monaldo cannot either. He
thinks he is escaping by choosing Mexico. In fact he is proving that his only
tools are the classical ones. Flew said: But that makes it derivative.
Derivative, Grice said, is what you call something when you want to sound
modern. The Greeks derived too; they just had the good sense to call it
tradition. The question is whether Monaldo’s derivation is merely imitation or
a test-case. A test-case? Yes, Grice said. Suppose you take the tragic form and
feed it an alien subject. What breaks first: the form, or your sense that the
subject can bear the form? Flew thought. The subject becomes moralised.
Precisely. The foreign becomes exemplary. Montezuma stops being a particular
person and becomes “the tragic ruler.” That is why the play can be read by an
Italian count in Recanati without needing to know anything about Mexico beyond
the name. Flew said: So Monaldo is using Montezuma as a vehicle for European
political anxieties? Grice looked pleased and tried not to appear so. You are
learning, Flew. Tragedy is where politics pretends to be fate. And a young
conservative in a revolutionary century may prefer to stage his politics at a
safe distance: far enough away to seem historical, and therefore inevitable.
Flew nodded. So the “Indian-American” flavour is protective. Protective and
decorative, Grice said. Like putting Latin on a title-page. It makes the thing
look universal. Flew said, daringly: It’s like Peano’s Latinulus. Grice allowed
himself a small smile. Yes. Like Latinulus. A purified medium that gives you
the illusion that you have escaped the vulgarities of ordinary speech. Except
tragedy is the opposite of purification: it is ordinary passions elevated into
ceremonial language. Flew shifted, thinking of his own subject. But sir, where
does this leave logic? Grice’s smile became the dry one. Logic, Flew, is
tragedy for people who do not like emotion. It takes the Greek appetite for
form and removes the blood. Which is why you must remember that even the most
formal apparatus begins in ordinary language. Aristotle’s logic begins as an
analysis of how we speak—what we say, what follows, what we deny, what we
concede. Not as an algebraic hobby. Flew, eager, said: So Monaldo’s tragedy is
a reminder that form without ordinary language becomes empty. No, Grice said.
It is a reminder that ordinary language without form becomes your essays. Flew
laughed too loudly, then corrected himself into a smaller laugh. Grice went on,
enjoying the run. Now, compare Montezuma to the Graeco-Roman type. Not “compare”
in the essay sense—compare in the sense of asking what is essential. The
essential is the fall, Flew said. The reversal. Peripeteia, Grice said,
approving the Greek. And what else? Recognition. Anagnorisis. Good. Now tell
me: does Monaldo give recognition, or does he give proclamation? Flew
hesitated. He gives proclamation. Yes. The hero announces. He does not
discover. That is the young man’s vice: he prefers to tell you what the moral
is rather than let the action show it. The Greeks, when they were good, let the
action implicate. Monaldo, being a gonfaloniere, prefers explicit banners. Flew
said, dutifully: So he violates your maxim of manner. He violates my maxim of
taste, Grice said. Manner is too kind. But yes—he is unperspicuous in the wrong
way: not mysterious, merely windy. Flew couldn’t resist: Vitium loquelae.
Vitium loquentis, Grice corrected. The vice is in the speaker. Flew nodded,
then, trying again to please: Still, sir, it’s impressive for a man in his
twenties. Grice looked at him, and this time the trap was sprung gently. It is
impressive for a count in his twenties to publish “Opere. Vol. I.” It is less
impressive for a tragedian in his twenties to believe that calling a play
Montezuma is enough to make it new. Flew said: But it is new, in a way. In the
way Oxford is new when it adds a fresh optional paper, Grice said. It is new by
label, not by method. Yet it is not nothing. It shows you the reach of the
classical template: it can colonise Mexico. Flew smiled. Oxford style imperialism,
sir? Exactly. And since you like disagreeing, disagree with this: biographers
call Montezuma a failure because it is not Giacomo. But the father’s success is
precisely that he is not the son. He is a civic man writing a civic tragedy,
and he wants the world to behave as if it were governable. Flew’s eyes
narrowed. So the tragedy is really about governance. About governance, about
the fragility of rule, about the moral theatre of power. And, above all, about
the persistent European habit of requiring even the New World to speak in
classical forms before we will treat it as serious. Flew said, carefully: And
your point, sir, is that we do the same in philosophy. My point, Grice said, is
that you will do the same in your next essay unless you stop trying to sound
like a tragedy and start trying to sound like a man who means something and
expects to be understood. Flew stood, gathering his papers, grateful to have
been corrected and irritated in equal measure. Thank you, sir. Grice, as Flew
reached the door, added the last small twist, just loud enough to be heard. And next time you quote the poet of the Marche, make sure you know which
Leopardi is doing the speaking.Grice: Caro Leopardi, devo confessarti che molti
qui in Inghilterra ammirano il tuo celebre figlio Giacomo, ma per quanto mi
riguarda, il mio vero uomo è Monaldo! Una scelta che spesso ha generato
amichevoli polemiche al mio college, il Vadum Boum, dove finivano sempre per
affluire o i barbari o le mode passeggere! Leopardi (Monaldo): Ah, Grice, ti
ringrazio per questa preferenza così insolita! Giacomo ha conquistato fama tra
gli intellettuali, ma io resto fedele ai miei princìpi, anche se a volte mi
ritrovo nel suo ombra. Forse la vera polemica nasce proprio dalla dialettica
tra padre e figlio, tra tradizione e innovazione. Grice: È proprio questa dialettica
che mi affascina! Vedo in te un esempio della lotta tra il conservatorismo
papale e l’irrompere di idee nuove, quasi un rapporto di complicità e
competizione. D’altronde, hai fornito a Giacomo la sua biblioteca, ma hai
combattuto i suoi "errori" filosofici con grande passione. Leopardi
(Monaldo): Giacomo era destinato, secondo i miei progetti, a essere un
apologeta cristiano, ma la sua strada lo ha portato altrove. Il mio dolore
paterno non cancella il mio dissenso, anzi, lo rende più acuto. Eppure, caro
Grice, forse proprio da questa tensione nasce la vera ricchezza: senza
polemica, che gusto avrebbe la conversazione? Leopardi, Monaldo (1803).
Montezeuma. Macerata.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lia: la ragione
conversazionale e la memoria conversazionale. Filippo Gesualdo di Lia (Castrovillari,
Cosenza, Calabria): la ragione conversazionale e la memoria
conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational
meaning explains how hearers legitimately recover more than is said by relying
on shared rational expectations (cooperation, relevance, informativeness) and
on intention-recognition, so that the “extra” content is inferentially
accountable rather than merely atmospheric. The Lia material, once corrected,
sits in a very different tradition: Filippo Gesualdo (often “Gesualdi” in
modern reference works), a Conventual Franciscan born at Castrovillari in
Calabria (1550–1619), wrote and taught on the art of memory, most notably in
Plutosofia (Padua, 1592), where remembering is engineered through loci, images,
and ordered “libraries of the mind,” and his reforms as minister general even
institutionalized record-keeping and training as moral discipline. Compared
with Grice, this is not a theory of how conversational partners infer implied
meaning from cooperative talk, but a theory of how minds are prepared to have
and retain the very materials that make shared understanding possible: the
background stock of narratives, exempla, and associations that later become
conversational common ground. In Gricean terms, Lia supplies the infrastructure
for implicature rather than its logic: mnemonic techniques build stable,
retrievable premises so that a hearer can complete an inference quickly and
reliably, while Grice describes the rational norms that license completing it
in the first place. Where Grice emphasizes cancellability and public
justification (what exactly did you mean, and why is the inference warranted?),
Lia emphasizes cultivation and organization (how to ensure the relevant
considerations are available to mind at all), so “memory conversazionale”
becomes the practical condition for the cooperative principle to have any
traction across time, institutions, and communities. Grice: “When I
applied Locke’s mnemonic theory to Gallie’s ‘Someone is hearing a noise,’ I was
somewhat anware that the Italians had built careers on the idea of ‘memory,’ L.
being my favourite!” Insegna a Napoli.
Frate minorita. Entrato come oblato nel convento cittadino di San Francesco,
retto dai frati minoriti, fu ammesso al noviziato. I Minoriti si presero cura
della sua formazione, mandandolo a studiare a Roma, Treviso e Padova. In
quest’ultima città Gesualdo prese gli ordini sacerdotali egli venne
affidato un lettorato presso lo studium. La sua attività didattica si
protrasse per un ventennio in vari collegi dell’ordine e il capitolo
generale gli conferì il titolo di Maestro. Venne eletto ministro generale
dell’Ordine, di cui perseguì una radicale riforma. Il generalato del
Gesualdo è dunque volto al rinnovamento dei voti di povertà e di vita
comune, spesso disattesi dagli stessi frati. Tra l’agosto e il settembre
dello stesso anno, egli fissò i Decreta de casuum reservatione, con i
quali venivano abolite tutte le deroghe ai voti, s’introduceva l’obbligo
di rendicontazione e conservazione dei documenti amministrativi e, infine,
veniva isti- tuita l’obbligatorietà dei seminari per i novizi. La carica
a Generale venne riconfermata per altre due volte, grazie all’appoggio di
Clemente. E vescovo di Cariati e Cerenzia. Muore a Cariati. Su di lui e
la sua opera si veda Busolini; Russo; Keller-Dall’Asta; Cipani. Iofepbus
Tamplorut. PJJ >. PLVTOSOFIA di FILIPPO GESVALDO MINOR
CON. Nella quale, fi (piega l'Arte, della Memoria con altre cole notabili
pertinenti, *q A «Violai a: . a Ai .v&$gij,x.
41 ALLILLVSTRISS ET REVERENDISS. SIGNOR arnolpho
vchanskii, implicature. Grice: Caro Lia, ogni volta che parlo di memoria conversazionale, mi viene
in mente il tuo famoso trattato sull’arte della memoria. Diciamolo: in
Inghilterra ricordiamo poco, in Italia ricordate tutto... tranne le password! Lia: Ah, Grice, se ti dicessi quante password
ho dovuto annotare nei miei decreti, rischierei la scomunica! Ma almeno le
memorie italiane sono più poetiche: tra documenti, voti e seminari, mi perdo
più nei ricordi che nei numeri. Grice:
Forse è proprio la poesia che manca ai filosofi inglesi! Noi cataloghiamo
tutto, voi vivete tutto... ma dimmi, Lia, c’è un trucco segreto per ricordare
la lista della spesa senza scriverla sul dorso della mano? Lia: Grice, il vero segreto sta nel collegare
ogni cosa a un racconto: pane? Ricorda il sermone del convento. Vino? Una cena
con Clemente. Così, ogni memoria diventa una piccola implicatura: e se ti
dimentichi qualcosa, almeno hai una bella storia da raccontare! Lia, Filippo Gesualdo di (1897). Considerazioni filosofiche. Palermo:
Sandron.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Liberale: la ragione
conversazionale al portico romano -- Ebuzio
Liberale (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale al portico romano. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains
implicature as an accountable inference: what is meant goes beyond what is said
because rational interlocutors assume cooperative norms and can justify the
extra step, and this makes implied content criticizable rather than merely
suggestive. The Liberalis vignette (Seneca’s friend caught in the Lugdunum
fire, cast as a Stoic of the portico) highlights a different but complementary kind
of rational governance: Stoic training aims at steadiness of judgment under
catastrophe, yet Seneca’s own consolatory rhetoric works by managing what is
said and left unsaid, letting the listener infer a moral—about limits,
endurance, and the difference between everyday burdens and overwhelming
events—without reducing it to a blunt thesis. Compared with Grice, then,
Liberalis shows how the “portico” can be both an ethical posture and a
conversational setting: a place where one’s words are expected to be measured,
where understatement can function as a deliberate signal of composure, and
where even a remark like “I looked for water” can implicate much more (the
recognition of human vulnerability, the refusal of theatrical despair, the
appeal to shared values). Grice would treat these as pragmatic effects that
arise because hearers assume relevance and purpose in the choice of wording,
while the Stoic context explains why those choices matter: they are not merely
efficient, but morally stylized attempts to preserve agency and dignity. The
contrast, finally, is that Grice offers a general inferential mechanism for
recovering implied meaning in any cooperative exchange, whereas the
Senecan-Liberalis scene shows a culturally specific norm of conversation in which
implicature becomes an instrument of ethical formation—how one speaks while
running from fire can still be a claim about how one ought to live. Grice:
“At Oxford, unlike Cambridge, philosophy is a sub-faculty – therefore anything
classical is second nature to us!” -- Filosofo italiano. Not to be confused
with Liberace, he is staying at Lyons (Lugdunum) at the time it was destroyed
by fire. A dear friend of Seneca. L. follows the Porch. In his eulogy, Seneca
declaims: “While he is accustomed to dealing with everyday difficulties, a
catastrophe, unexpected, and of such magnitude, is more than he
could handle.” Ebuzio Liberale. Gricevs: salve, Liberalis; dicunt te
Stoicum esse et Lugduni fuisse, cum ignis urbem quasi disputationem ardentiorem
faceret. Liberalis: salve, Grice; verum est: ignis argumentum
fecit sine syllogismis, et tamen omnes concesserunt conclusionem. Gricevs:
Oxonii, non Cantabrigiae, philosophia est sub-facultas; ideo res classicae
nobis sunt quasi panis quotidianus—sed ignis, fateor, non est in lectionibus.
Liberalis: sub-facultas? ergo vos “sub” estis, sed tamen superbi; ego autem
didici ex Seneca: cotidiana toleramus, sed cum urbs tota ardet, etiam Stoicus
quaerit aquam—et si non invenit, saltem bene loquitur dum currit. Liberale, Eubzio (a. u. c. DCCCXVII). Dicta. Roma.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Liberatore: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’ULIVO DELLA PACE. Matteo
Liberatore (Salerno, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e
l’implicatura conversazionale dell’ULIVO DELLA PACE. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning distinguishes
what is naturally indicated from what is meant by a speaker, and then explains
conversational implicature as an inference licensed by shared norms of rational
cooperation: we are entitled to move from what is explicitly said to what is
intended because we assume the speaker is being informative, relevant, and
intelligible in a way that can be publicly defended. Liberatore’s
Jesuit-Thomist project, by contrast, is interested in signs primarily as
elements of a normative and metaphysical order: his textbook logic sharply
separates natural signs (like smoke indicating fire) from conventional signs
(like an olive branch signifying peace), and this semiotic distinction is
deployed within a larger apologetic programme against modern rationalism and
liberalism, where the authority of convention and the authority of tradition
matter as much as inferential transparency. Compared with Grice, Liberatore
treats the olive branch as a paradigmatic case of instituted signification,
which can function even without an individual speaker’s communicative
intention, whereas Grice would insist that conversational implicature is not
secured by symbol-association alone but by a hearer’s rational recognition of
what a speaker is doing with the symbol in a specific exchange. The contrast,
then, is between Grice’s micro-pragmatics, where meaning beyond the literal is
generated by accountable reasoning about intentions in context, and
Liberatore’s macro-semiotics, where meaning is stabilized by natural causality
or by social-religious institution, with conversation treated as one domain
among others in which signs operate. At the same time, Liberatore provides a
useful foil for Grice: by making the natural/conventional split vivid (smoke
versus olive branch), he clarifies the boundary Grice also needs in order to
explain how implicature can be rationally derived without collapsing into mere
symbolism or into mere symptom-reading, and why the most interesting cases of
“meaning” are those where a rational agent leverages shared conventions while
still remaining answerable for what an audience is entitled to infer. Grice:
“I would call L. a proto-Griceian, but he probably would not! In my talk on
meaning to the Oxford philosophical society, I made fun of Italians using
‘senno,’ a corruption of ‘signum’ but then I realized that they were
translating Aristotle’s semein, to signify!” Kewyords: senno. Grice: “One could
write a whole dissertation – especially in Italy: their erudition has no bounds
– about Liberatore’s choice of the sign being conventional, ‘ramo d’olivo’ =
pace. It’s so obscure! Aeneas held one, against the Phyrgians – but did the
Phyrgians know? And if Mars is often represented wearing an olive wreath, one
would not think there is a ‘patto’ between Aeneas and the Phyrgian commander
about that! I like L. – a systematic philosopher, as I am! His logic has the
expected discussion on ‘sign.’ A conventional sign he says is a branch of olive
‘signifying’ peace – as opposed to smoke naturally meaning fire – As a
footnote, one should note that in Noah’s days, the signification of the dove
was ALSO natural – although not strictly ‘factive’ – but then not ALL smoke (e.
g. dry ice smoke) signifies fire, as every actor knows!”. Ma il difetto molto comune degl’economisti è il mancare di giuste idee
filosofiche, e con ciò non ostante voler sovente filosofare.” Entra nel
collegio dei gesuiti di Napoli e chiede di far parte della Compagnia di Gesù.
Insegna filosofia. Fonda a Napoli “La Scienza e la Fede” con lo scopo di
criticare le nuove idee del razionalismo, dell'idealismo e del liberalismo,
dalle pagine del quale venne sostenuta una strenua battaglia in favore del
brigantaggio, interpretato come movimento politico contrario all'unità
d'Italia, Presso I romani poi si trova per ordinari o rappresentata la pace con
un ramo d’ulivo PACIFERA. In una Medaglia di Marco Aurelio, Minerva viene
chiamata “pacifera”; e in una di Massimino si legge Marte puciferus, qmegli, o
quella che porta la pace, PACTIA..“Segno è cio che, conosciuto, adduce alla
conosence di un’altra cosa. ECO’s tesi su AQUINO. Implicatura. Grice: Caro
Liberatore, devo confessarti che la tua riflessione sull’ulivo come segno
convenzionale di pace mi ha ispirato profondamente. In fondo, per i Romani era
l’ulivo che “segnava” la pace, non solo come oggetto ma come vero e proprio
veicolo di significato! Liberatore: Ti
ringrazio sentitamente, Grice! È sempre affascinante vedere come certi simboli,
come il ramo d’ulivo, travalichino i secoli e le culture, assumendo un ruolo
centrale nella nostra comprensione del linguaggio e delle convenzioni
sociali. Grice: Esattamente! Il modo in
cui hai distinto tra segno naturale e segno convenzionale mi ha aiutato a
formulare molte delle mie teorie sulle implicature conversazionali. E pensare
che tutto parte da un semplice gesto, come offrire un ramo d’ulivo! Liberatore: Ecco la forza dei segni: nella
loro semplicità sanno racchiudere accordi, speranze e perfino filosofia. Come
diciamo in Italia, “dove c’è un ulivo, c’è speranza di pace”… e, a ben vedere,
anche un po’ di buona filosofia! Liberatore, Matteo (1852). Elementi di
filosofia. Napoli: Stamperia Reale.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e
Licenzio: la ragione conversazionale e il filosofo poeta Licenzio
(Roma,
Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e il filosofo poeta – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational
meaning treats implicature as a rational, publicly assessable inference from
what is said to what is meant, anchored in cooperative expectations and in the
speaker’s intention that the hearer recognize those intentions. Licentius,
known mainly as a participant in Augustine’s Cassiciacum conversations and as
an aspiring poet whose impulses Augustine alternately encouraged and
disciplined, represents a different register of “conversational reason”: a
pedagogical and spiritual dialogue in which what is left unsaid is often as
important as what is said, because silence, confession, and self-correction are
part of the point of the exchange rather than mere by-products of efficiency.
Compared with Grice, the Cassiciacum scene does not aim to model inferential
norms like relevance or quantity so much as to form a person capable of
truthfulness, attention, and moral seriousness; yet it constantly relies on
Gricean phenomena, since Augustine’s questions, ironies, and admonitions
routinely invite the pupil to supply what is meant beyond the literal surface,
and to recognize when a remark is meant as a rebuke, a prompt to examine
oneself, or a shift from playful verse-making to disciplined inquiry. The
contrast, then, is between Grice’s micro-theory of how implicatures are
warranted in ordinary conversation and Licentius’ (Augustinian) context where
implicature serves ascetic and educational ends: not merely to convey extra
information, but to transform the interlocutor, so that conversational reason
is measured not only by correct inference but by whether the dialogue produces
intellectual honesty and a rightly ordered will. Grice: “Agostino
was not an Italian, but an African – his friends, however, like Licenzio, were
Italian thoroughbreds – and he discussed philosophy with them quite often! –
except when he was meditating!’ A pupil of Agostino. L. achieves a reputation
of a poet. GRICEVS: salve, LICENTIV. Romae te audio et philosophari
et versificari; num idem animus utrumque tolerat? LICENTIVS: salve, GRICE.
tolerat—immo gaudet: cum philosophia nimis arida est, poeta aquam addit; cum
poesis nimis mollis est, philosophus salem. GRICEVS: sed magister tuus
Agostinus Africanus est, non Italus; quomodo fit ut discipulus Italicus tam
bene disputet, et tam bene cantet? LICENTIVS: facile: ille meditatur et tacet;
ego, ne silentium vincat, loquor. ita fit ut Africanus cogitet, Italicus
rimeat—et Roma, inter utrumque, rideat. Licenzio (a. u.
c. MCXXXIX). Dicta. Roma.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Liceti: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Fortunio Liceti (Rapallo, Liguria): la
ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning distinguishes
sharply between natural meaning (a sign as evidence, like spots meaning
measles) and speaker-meaning (what someone means by producing a sign so that an
audience recognizes an intention), and it treats conversational implicature as
a rational, publicly criticizable inference generated under cooperative
expectations. Fortunio Liceti is an unusually close early-modern analogue to
this contrast because his teratological and medical writings reframe prodigies
and “monsters” away from supernatural messages and toward natural signs:
anomalies are not divine communications but physiological indicators that can
be read causally, and in that sense Liceti helps naturalize semiotics in a way
that anticipates Grice’s natural meaning as non-intentional evidentiality. At
the same time, Liceti’s fascination with coded forms (the fascination with
hieroglyphs as figurate, priestly writing) and his rhetorical device of making
organs “speak” in dialogue dramatize how easily audiences slide from the
evidential to the intentional, treating nature as if it were addressing us;
Grice’s framework would diagnose that slide as a category shift from natural
meaning to non-natural meaning, requiring intentions that nature does not have.
The comparison, then, is that Liceti supplies a scientific program for
stripping intention out of the interpretation of natural phenomena (reading
them as effects with causes), while Grice supplies a pragmatic program for
putting intention back into the interpretation of utterances (explaining how
rational agents can mean more than they say), and together they mark two
complementary boundaries: where we must not over-personify nature into a
speaker, and where we must not reduce speakers to mere natural
symptom-producers. Grice: “We don’t have anything like L. and Oxford, but
I wouldn’t be surprised if some English, and indeed Oxonian, philosopher found
his philosophy inspiring!” L. is a prominent Italian philosopher known for his
wide-ranging publications. It is HIGHLY probable that his writings reached
England and were available at Oxford. L. is a fascinating philosopher; must say
my favourite of his oeuvre is “Geroglifici,” which as he knows it’s a coded
message, the old Egyptian priests kept this ‘figurata’ away from the plebs!
Alice once wondered what the good of a piece of philosophy is without
illustrations; surely L’s beats them all!” L. develops a semiology of nature.
L.’s work repurposes the concept of the sign from a religious omen to, alla
Grice, a bio-logical indicator. PIROT Expresses that he is in pain to
CO-PIROT. L.’s engagement with the concept of a sign is primarily through
teratology, the study of biological abnormalities or monsters. A monster,
Grice, bete noire, is seen as a divine sign or portents of God's anger. L.
breaks from this, arguing that such a being is not super-natural or non-natural
(alla Grice) warning but the living expression of nature's truths. Nature as
Artist: L. views nature as an artist whose error, this or that monster, is a
sign of its ingenuity and ability to adapt to imperfect matter. L.’s approach
is often described as a naturalised semiology, where a physical traits , or a
behavioural trait, such as the gait of that man, serve as a sign; ‘he is a
sailor,’ that points to a physiological cause, such as a narrow uterus or
placental issues, rather than a spiritual meaning. L’s use of language is
strategically significant: L. occasionally writes in Italian notably in
his dialogue La nobiltà, emphasise empirical experience. L. personifies bodily
organs, e.g., the heart, brain, and even testicles, allowing them to speak to
debate their own importance. L.'s sign theory is a scientific semiotics used to
decode the physical world and biological monsters as natural phenomena rather
than tools of human or divine communication. Allievo ed erede di CREMONINI. Implicatura. Grice: Caro Liceti, devo
ammettere che la tua teoria dei segni naturali mi affascina! La tua “semiologia
della natura” sembra quasi anticipare il mio modo di intendere le implicature
conversazionali. Come sei arrivato a vedere i mostri come espressioni della
verità naturale e non come semplici prodigi? Liceti: Caro Grice, per me la
natura è un’artista ingegnosa: ogni mostro, ogni “errore”, rivela la sua
capacità di adattarsi alla materia imperfetta. Ho sempre preferito interpretare
i segni come indicatori biologici, non come messaggi soprannaturali.
D’altronde, come diciamo in Italia, “ogni trucco svela il suo artefice”! Grice:
Che bella immagine, Liceti! Mi colpisce anche il modo in cui dai voce agli
organi nel tuo dialogo “La nobiltà”. È una strategia davvero efficace per
mostrare la complessità dell’esperienza empirica. Secondo te, la nostra lingua
può davvero decodificare la realtà fisica, o esiste sempre un margine di
mistero? Liceti: Ah, Grice, la lingua è uno strumento prezioso, ma il mistero
rimane! Ogni parola, ogni segno, è una finestra sull’invisibile. Tuttavia, la
scienza può aiutarci a ridurre gli equivoci: osservando i fenomeni, persino i
più strani, possiamo riconoscere nell’anomalia una logica naturale. E come si
dice dalle mie parti, “la natura non fa nulla senza ragione”! Liceti, Fortunio
(1602). De anima subiecto. Padova: Frambotto.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Liguori: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- implicatura critica. Girolamo
de Liguori (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura
conversazionale -- implicatura critica. Grice’s
theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as a
rationally controllable inference: speakers and hearers operate under shared
norms (clarity, relevance, adequacy) that make what is meant beyond what is
said calculable and, crucially, criticizable. In the Liguori passage,
“implicatura critica” pushes this into a deliberately anti-perspicuous
aesthetic: metaphor clusters like “the abyss of reason,” “the alembic of the
soul,” and the mise-en-abyme image stage meaning as something generated by
reflective regress, layered self-reference, and cultivated ambiguity, so that
what is left unsaid is not merely an efficiency gain but a critical weapon
against complacent conceptual order. Compared with Grice, this treats opacity
not as a conversational defect to be repaired by cooperative maxims but as an
instrument of critique, where the reader is meant to feel the strain between
rational form and the irrational residues it cannot digest; in Gricean terms,
the text seems to engineer systematic floutings of manner (and sometimes
relation) to force interpretive work, making the “implicature” less a tidy
inference to a determinate proposition and more a pressure toward reflective
reorientation. The contrast therefore is between Grice’s ideal of accountable
intelligibility—implicatures should, in principle, be reconstructible by shared
reasoning—and Liguori’s preference for productive unclarity, where meaning is
distilled through metaphorical overdetermination and recursive framing (the
abyss within the abyss), turning conversation from a cooperative exchange into
an arena of philosophical provocation. Yet the comparison also reveals a
continuity: both assume that readers are rational agents who will not stop at
the literal surface; they diverge on whether that rational agency is best
served by perspicuity (Grice) or by strategic, critical disorientation
(Liguori). Grice:
“At Oxford, we had a common ground – we university lecturerrs would only teach
what other mmbers of the faculty would understand, since we don’t’ grade our
pupils – the board of exminaers does --. On the other hand, in Italy, there is
L., who teaches what he feels like! Personally, my favourite of L.’s metaphors
is ‘the abyss of reason,’ since Speranza has elaborated on this: it’s Gide’s
‘mise-en-abyme’ no less, which breaks my principle of ‘conversational
perspicuity’ – a mise-en-abyme text is just untextable! L. has studied the
metamorphosis of language in one of his philosophical noble ancestors! I like L.i: he has the gift of the gab for metaphor: ‘i baratri della
ragione,” la fucina del filosofo, l’alambicco dell’anima, la condizione del
senso, il razionale dello irrazionale o le ragione dell’irrazionale “le
ambiguita della ragione,” “Trasimaco ha ragione, Giustizia e carita, Ritratto.
Studia a ROma. Scherzi della memoria. Si laurea colla scesi giuridica. Insegna
a Lecce ed Ostuni. Insegna a Torino. Con “E il vero baratro della ragione
umana, Grice, Mise-en-abyme conversazionale, viene riconosciuto come un
critico, Graf, LEOPARDI, e Cartesio. Tratta Positivismo di
Sergi, Lombroso, Morselli e Vignoli; della scesi di
RENSI ponendolo in relazione tra LEOPARDI e PIRANDELLO.
Scrive di de' Liguori e di Benedictis, detto l'Aletino. Tenne rapporti epistolari
con GARIN, BOBBIO, Augias, Binni, Donini, Ferrarotti e Timpanaro. Sic et Non,
cui aderiscono e collaborano personalità quali Donini, Fiore,
Radice, matematico e fondatore di Riforma della scuola e docenti delle Bari,
Roma e Lecce. Sic et Non s’impegna in complesse battaglie civili come quella
per un dialogo tra marxisti e cattolici, ed altre incombenti questioni sociali
come la campagna per il divorzio. Implicature critica, ‘… is the true abyss of
human reason. Il baratro della ragione conversazionale. L’anima distilata, il
lambicco dell’anima, redenzione dell’eros, la lussuria, la degenerazione, la
metamorfosi delle lingue. Alfonso di Liguori. Grice: Caro Liguori, è proprio la
nostra educazione classica che ci permette di gustare le sfumature sottili sia
del critein greco che del latino, quelle vibrazioni che forse Kant non riusciva
neppure a percepire! Mi affascina pensare come la tradizione possa arricchire
il nostro dialogo filosofico. Liguori: Hai ragione, Grice! Solo chi ha
camminato tra i baratri della ragione classica può cogliere il profumo antico
delle parole e delle idee. La nostra formazione ci dona gli strumenti per
distinguere le ambiguità della ragione, e per vedere la metamorfosi delle
lingue come una fucina viva del pensiero. Grice: Ecco perché la conversazione
tra noi non si limita alla mera analisi; diventa alambicco dell’anima,
distillando senso dal razionale e dall’irrazionale. In fondo, trasimaco e
giustizia si incontrano proprio tra i labirinti della memoria, dove il vero
baratro della ragione umana si rivela come opportunità di redenzione. Liguori:
Proprio così, caro Grice. Come si dice in Italia, “la ragione non si accontenta
mai di soluzioni facili.” La nostra formazione ci rende critici, ma anche
capaci di dialogare tra anime diverse. Ed è questo dialogo, tra il nostro
Greco, il nostro Latino, e persino il nostro Kant, che permette alla filosofia
di restare viva e aperta, al di là delle sordità di ogni tempo. Liguori,
Girolamo de (1808). Saggio sulla filosofia morale. Roma: Salviucci.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lilla: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di Vico. Vincenzo Lilla (Francavilla Fontana,
Brindisi, Puglia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale
di Vico. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational
meaning treats implicature as a rationally defensible inference from what is
said to what is meant, generated under cooperative expectations and assessable
as correct or incorrect by reference to shared norms and communicative intentions.
Lilla, as framed in your passage, approaches “conversational reason” from the
opposite direction: as a Vichian rehabilitation project in which meaning is
anchored in historical making, civil life, and the cultural institutions
through which a people comes to know itself, so that what is “implied” is often
not a local conversational add-on but a deep background of shared memory,
providential narrative, and juridico-political purpose. Compared with Grice,
this shifts the explanatory centre from micro-pragmatics (how a particular
utterance licenses an inference here and now) to macro-hermeneutics (how a
tradition licenses interpretations across generations), and it makes the
cooperative presumption less like an abstract norm and more like a civic achievement:
conversation works because a community has already built common sense, common
histories, and common criteria of relevance. In that light, Lilla’s
“revindication” of Vico can be read as supplying a thicker anthropology for the
very capacities Grice presupposes—imagination, social recognition, and the
public norms that stabilize meaning—while Grice’s framework, in turn, clarifies
how Vichian talk of signs, history, and freedom must still cash out in
accountable inferences made by interlocutors if it is to avoid becoming mere
cultural rhetoric. The contrast is thus between Grice’s procedural rationality
of talk and Lilla’s civil-historical rationality of meaning; the overlap is
that both treat understanding as a practice governed by norms, only that for
Grice the norms are conversational and inferential, while for Lilla (via Vico)
they are also institutional and historical, shaping what a community is
prepared to hear, supply, and take responsibility for in the first place. Grice:
“We don’t take Vico too seriously at Oxford – unless you are Stuart Hampshire,
who has a penchant to take seriously any philosopher who the rest of us Oxonian
philoosphers do NOT take seriously!” On the other hand, some Italian
philosophers have based their philosophical career and reputation on
re-vindicating Vico, such as Lilla!” -- Filosofo italiano. Francavilla Fontana,
Brindisi, Puglia. Grice: “I like Lilla; for one, he ‘revindicated,’ as he puts
it, the philosophy of Vico, which, in Italy, is like at Oxford ‘revinidcare’
Locke!” Formatosi nelle scuole dei Padri Scolopi aderì alle idee
cattolico liberali divulgate dai filosofi della prima metà dell'Ottocento:
Gioberti, Minghetti, Balbo e SERBATI al quale dedicherà molteplici studi
subendone una marcata influenza. Lascia Francavilla per l'ostentata contrarietà
di tutto il clero alle sue idee patriottiche d'ispirazione
giobertiana, manifestate apertamente nel "Programma d'insegnamento
filosofico" pubblicato sul giornale il "Cittadino leccese", decise
di trasferirsi a Napoli ove ebbe modo di confrontarsi con le idee di Sanctis,
Spaventa, Settembrini, Tari e Vera. Si laurea e insegna a Napoli. Durante
questi anni videro la luce "La provvidenza e la libertà considerate nella
civiltà", "Dio e il mondo", e "La personalità originaria e
la personalità derivata" (Nappoli, Rocco), nei quali getta le premesse
degli studi filosofici e giuridici in cui si cimenterà per tutta la vita: la
storia della filosofia, la filosofia teoretica e la filosofia del diritto;
sviluppando altresì e precorrendo una moderna concezione del rapporto tra
"diritti umani e progresso scientifico" sin da “La scienza e la vita,
titolo paradigmatico del suo saggio -- Grice, “Philosophical biology,”
“Philosophy of Life” Insegna a Messina. Implicature, Vico, Vico ri-vendicato,
Vico ri-vendicate, semiotica Vico. Grice: Caro Lilla, confesso che qui a Oxford
Vico non è preso troppo sul serio, a meno che tu non sia Stuart Hampshire! Cosa
ti ha spinto a “ri-vendicare” la filosofia di Vico in Italia? Lilla: Caro
Grice, per noi italiani Vico rappresenta un punto di svolta: la sua visione
della storia e della conoscenza è profondamente radicata nella nostra
tradizione. Ho voluto restituirgli la dignità che merita, come voi fate con
Locke a Oxford! Grice: Interessante! Mi incuriosisce come Vico abbia anticipato
molte questioni sulle implicature e la memoria conversazionale, temi cari anche
a me. Pensi che la sua filosofia possa dialogare con la mia teoria del
significato? Lilla: Assolutamente, caro Grice! La semiotica di Vico è moderna:
collega i segni, la storia e la libertà umana. La sua prospettiva può
arricchire il tuo lavoro sulle implicature, aprendo nuove strade tra filosofia,
diritto e progresso scientifico. D’altronde, come si dice da noi: “Chi cammina
con i grandi, le sue orme lascia!” Lilla, Vincenzo (1865). Laurea.
Giurisprudenza. Napoli.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lisimaco: la ragione
conversazionale al portico romano Lisimaco (Firenze, Toscana): la
ragione conversazionale al portico romano. Grice’s theory of
reason-governed conversational meaning explains implicature as a rationally
warranted inference from what is said to what is meant, licensed by cooperative
expectations that make a speaker accountable for the hearer’s uptake; even when
a term is used loosely, the point is that a hearer can justify why that
looseness was reasonable in context. The Lisimaco vignette turns this into a
lesson about labels and ostension: instead of defining stoicism by an essence,
“the Porch” functions as a demonstrative cue, so that saying “under the
portico” can implicate a whole stance (discipline, toughness, a certain kind of
argumentative posture) without spelling out doctrine. Compared with Grice, this
shows two different mechanisms for meaning more than one says: Grice provides
the inferential machinery by which “I live under the portico” can
conversationally convey “I am a Stoic” (it is relevant, it exploits shared
background, and it can be cancelled), while Lisimaco’s own maneuver suggests
that philosophical identity in practice is often handled by socially recognized
shortcuts—toponyms, nicknames, and metonymies—whose force depends on communal
recognition rather than on explicit definition. The contrast also sharpens
Grice’s complaint about -isms: where “Stoic” purports to name a doctrine,
“porticola” admits it is a badge worn in a conversational community, and the
badge works precisely because hearers are trained to supply the doctrinal and
ethical associations on minimal linguistic prompting. In this sense Lisimaco
exemplifies a historically thick form of common ground, in which the
“place-name” operates almost like a standing implicature trigger, whereas
Grice’s theory aims to show how such triggers remain rationally controllable:
you can rely on them when cooperation holds, but you also owe your audience
disambiguation when the label threatens to mislead. Grice: “Philosophers can be
sneaky – and allowed to be so! Consider the funny names that some -isms
have in classical philosophy: stoicismus – try to define it essentially! The
idea of the porticus is such an accident to this -ism that it never ceases to
irritate me when someone calls himself a ‘stoic’!” -- Filosofo italiano.
Firenze, Toscana. He belonged to The Porch. The tutor of Amelio Gentiliano.
Since Amelio comes from Firenze, that may be taken as having been the home of
L. as well. GRICEVS: Philosophi callidi esse possunt, et iure: ecce
quam ridicula sunt ista nomina in -ismo, ut stoicismus; conare definire quid
sit, si potes. Porticus enim est quasi accidens, et tamen quidam se
“stoicum” vocat, tamquam columnae ipsum genuerint. LISIMACHVS: An LISIMACVS, si
mavis; nam et in nomine meo litterae certant, sicut in Porticu dogmata. Sed
Florentiae didici hoc: si de me quaeris ubi habitem, respondeo “sub porticu,”
ne roges quid sentiam. GRICEVS: Id est ipsa ratio conversazionalis: cum locum
dicis, doctrinam implicas; et cum doctrinam rogant, locum ostendis. Sic “stoicus” non definiri videtur, sed demonstrari, quasi digito ad
columnas. LISIMACHVS: Ergo faciam ut discipulus meus Amelius: si quis me
“stoicum” appellat, respondebo “porticola sum.” Si rident, bene; si non rident,
etiam melius: intellegunt enim me plus tacuisse quam dixisse. Lisimaco (a. u.
c. CMXIII). Dicta. Roma.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Livio: la ragione
conversazionale e la storia romana come fonte della morale romana – etica
togata. Tito Livio (Padova, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale e
la storia romana come fonte della morale romana – etica togata. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats
implicature as a rationally recoverable inference from what is said to what is
meant, licensed by cooperative expectations and answerable to criticism: the
hearer is entitled to supply what is left unsaid because the speaker can be
presumed to be speaking with a point, under shared norms of relevance and
sufficiency. Livy’s Ab Urbe Condita (begun in the Augustan period) is a useful
counterpoint because it makes moral meaning emerge not from maxims of
conversation but from exempla and narrative arrangement: Livy’s history
repeatedly “says” one thing (who did what, when) while “getting across” another
(what counts as virtus, pietas, disciplina, or civic decay), and it often does
so through strategic selection, juxtaposition, and the dignified silence of the
narrator rather than through explicit argument. Compared with Grice, then,
Livy’s “etica togata” is a macro-pragmatics of a culture: it relies on a thick
shared Roman background in which readers can infer moral conclusions from
episodes (Romulus, republican austerity, decline), whereas Grice offers a
micro-pragmatics that specifies how such inferences are warranted in ordinary
exchanges and how they can be challenged, cancelled, or defended. The overlap
is that both are preoccupied with what is responsibly left unsaid: Livy lets
the reader infer the judgment by controlling narrative emphasis, and Grice lets
the hearer infer the speaker’s point by assuming rational cooperation; but
where Grice’s implicature is tied to speaker intention and conversational
norms, Livy’s implied morality is tied to historiographical craft and civic
pedagogy—history as a vehicle that persuades by example, making “silence as
argument” into a cultivated Roman mode of meaning. Grice: “I give only
ONE example from the History of England in my seminars: “Decapitation willed
Charles I’s death” – On the other hand, there’s Livio – a philosopher who
sprinkled his philosopjhical treatises with such an abundance of historical
references that the vulgus knows him as a historian, rather!” Filosofo italiano. Padova, Veneto. Disambiguazione – "Livio"
rimanda qui. Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi L. Neque
indignetur sibi Herodotus aequari L. Che Erodoto non s'indigni che gli venga
eguagliato L. Quintiliano, Institutio oratoria. Busto di L., opera di Moretti
L. è stato uno storico romano, autore degli Ab Urbe condita, una storia di Roma
dalla sua fondazione fino alla morte di Druso, figliastro d’OTTAVIANO. È
considerato uno dei maggiori storici dell'Antica Roma, assieme a TACITO.
Ritratto di L. Secondo Girolamo, il quale a sua volta si rifà al De historicis
di Svetonio. Quintiliano ha tramandato la notizia secondo la quale l'oratore
Asinio Pollione rileva in L. una certa padovanità, da intendersi come patina
linguistica rivelatrice della sua origine, mentre il celebre epigrammista
Valerio Marziale ricorda l'accentuato moralismo della sua terra, tipico del
carattere di L., tanto quanto le sue tendenze politiche conservatrici. Lo stesso
L., citando Antenore, mitico fondatore di Padova, all'inizio della sua
monumentale opera, conferma indirettamente le proprie origini patavine. Per
tutta la sua vita, dimostra sempre un amore sfrenato per la sua città natale. I
Livii erano di origine plebea, ma la famiglia poteva fregiarsi di antenati
illustri in linea materna: nella Vita di Tiberio Svetonio ricorda che la
Liviorum familia «era stata onorata da otto consolati, due censure, tre trionfi
e persino da una dittatura e da un magistero della cavalleria. filosofia
romana, Romolo, metafisica e storia, Grice, Strawson, Pears – when history
comes of age. GRICEVS: Ego in seminariis meis unum exemplum e historia Angliae
fero: Decollatio mortem Caroli primi voluit. Tu autem, Livi, tot exemplis Romanis uteris ut vulgus te historicum putet,
philosophum non agnoscat. LIVIVS: Vulgus, Grice, semper amat annales, quia
putat virtutem in numeris latere: octo consulatus, duo censores, tres triumphi.
Si addas “implicaturam”, fugient quasi a censore. GRICEVS: At ipsa “etica
togata” hoc docet: historia non solum narrat sed suadet; et saepe quod suadet,
non dicit. Romulus plus valet tacendo quam declamando, et hoc est meum: quod
non dicitur, intellegitur. LIVIVS: Ita vero; sed
cave: si nimis tacueris, te quoque historicum facient. Scribent: “Grice, vir
gravis, multa praeteriit.” Et addent: “Ergo sapientissimus.” Haec est maxima
Romae: silentium pro argumento. Livio, Tito (a. u. c. DCCXXVII). Ab urbe condita. Roma.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lombardi: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Franco Lombardi (Napoli,
Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains
implicature as a rationally accountable transition from what is said to what is
meant, under cooperative expectations that let hearers justify an inference and
let speakers be held responsible for inviting it. Franco Lombardi, by contrast,
is not primarily a pragmatics theorist but a historian and interpreter of the
modern Italian tradition (Naples-born, later active in Rome; author of works
such as La filosofia della pratica, 1935, and later Il mondo degli uomini), and
his “conversational reason” is better understood as a cultural-historical
rationality: the way a philosophical tradition maintains continuity by
transmitting problems, styles, and conceptual inheritances across generations
and institutions. On that model, what is “implied” in a philosophical utterance
often depends less on local maxims of relevance than on long-range
background—shared intellectual memory, inherited polemics, and the tacit cues
by which Italian philosophy signals its lineage (Kant read through Italian
debates, Marx filtered through a specific civic culture, the weight of naming
and renaming, such as the playful Bonaiuti/Galilei motif in your passage). The
comparison therefore contrasts Grice’s micro-account of inference in everyday
conversation with Lombardi’s macro-account of how philosophical meaning travels
through time: Grice asks how an individual speaker can mean more than she says
and how a hearer can rationally retrieve that surplus; Lombardi asks how a
community of thinkers sustains a living “conversation” in which what is not
said is often what everyone already knows from the tradition. In this
perspective, Lombardi helps explain why Grice’s cooperative presumptions are
never purely abstract: they depend on shared forms of life and shared
histories; but Grice also helps sharpen Lombardi’s historiographical enterprise
by reminding us that tradition works not by mystical transmission but by
publicly intelligible, criticizable inferential habits—ways of letting the
reader supply what is left unsaid, and of making that supply answerable to
reasons. Grice:
“At Oxford, we say Galileo – in Italy, where they know better, they say
BONAIUTO!” The surname BONAIUTI became associated with the Galilei family
through an ancestor named Galileo Bonaiuto. Here’s how it happened. In the
fifteenth century, Galileo Bonaituo was a prominent physician, professor, and
politician in Florence. In the the late fourteenth century, his descedants
began refering to thsmelves as GALILEI in his honour. While the family
officially retained the BONAIUTI surname for generations, they started using
GALILEI or GALILEO informally in honour of his ancestor. The famous astronomer
Galileo Galilei inherited both his given name and the family name (Galilei) fom
his ancestor, Galileo Bonaiuti. Therefore, the association begain in the late
14th and 15th centuries through the prominence and influence of Galileo
Bonaiuti in Florence. Grice: “The Italians have a thing for the plural –
witness all the surnames ending in -i. True, Lombardo IS a philosopher, too!”
Grice: “I like L.; he took seriously my idea of Philosophy’s Longitudinal
Uniity, and like Passmore or Warnock, engaged iin a study of the ‘last hundred
years of Italian philosophy. This shows that his interests on Kant, etc., are
Italian-based, mainly!” Il padre e avvocato e
docente di diritto e procedura penale a Napoli, già allievo prediletto di
Bovio, deputato prima e dopo il fascismo, autore di scritti vari di sociologia.
La madre Rosa Pignatari fu nipote di Ciccotti, nella cui casa era cresciuta.
Tradusse alcuni degli scritti di Marx nelle Opere edite dal Ciccotti e la
Storia del movimento operaio di Edouard Dolleans. Laureato e libero
docente in filosofia lavora in filosofia. Pubblica “Il mondo degli uomini”
(Firenze, Le Monnier) Insegna a Roma. Presidente della Società Filosofica
Italiana e (sin dalla fondazione) della Società filosofica romana, diresse il
"Centro di Ricerca per le Scienze Morali e Sociali" presso l'Istituto
di filosofia della Roma. Grice: Caro Lombardi, mi ha sempre divertito come, a
Oxford, diciamo "Galileo", mentre in Italia, dove avete il senso
della storia, si preferisce "Bonaiuto"! La pluralità dei cognomi
italiani mi affascina, soprattutto quando si riflette nella filosofia. Tu, con
la tua attenzione all’unità longitudinale della filosofia e lo studio della
tradizione italiana, dimostri quanto sia ricca questa prospettiva. Lombardi:
Grazie Grice, hai ragione: la tradizione italiana ha sempre valorizzato il
legame tra passato e presente, anche nei nomi. Ho cercato di mostrare,
soprattutto negli ultimi cent’anni di filosofia italiana, come la nostra
riflessione sia profondamente intrecciata con la storia e la pluralità, proprio
come la famiglia Galilei che porta dentro sé Bonaiuti. L’unità della filosofia,
per me, passa attraverso questa pluralità di voci. Grice: Mi piace molto il tuo
modo di concepire la filosofia come un mondo di uomini, che tu hai indagato con
passione. L’idea che il concetto si apra alla vita, come dice Limone, è
preziosa: la filosofia non è solo una sequenza di teorie, ma una conversazione
viva, fatta di implicature, dialoghi, e storia personale. Lombardi: Concordo,
Grice. La filosofia, per me, è anche un modo per costruire consenso e dialogo,
come insegno ai miei studenti e nei miei scritti. La pluralità dei cognomi,
delle idee e delle voci è la forza della nostra civiltà filosofica. E come
diciamo a Napoli, “chi va piano va sano e va lontano”: anche la filosofia
cresce meglio se dialoga, ascolta, e si apre al pluralismo. Lombardi, Franco
(1935). La filosofia della pratica. Napoli.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Longino: la ragione
conversazionale e il filosofo della regina. Gaio Cassio Longino
(Roma, Lazio). Uno degl’uccissori di Giulio Cesare. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning is built to
explain how hearers responsibly infer what is meant beyond what is said, using
shared norms and assumptions about a speaker’s rational conduct; your Longinus
material becomes a neat stress-test because it turns on how a mere name can
trigger powerful default inferences. Historically, the Clifton master’s warning
is directionally sound: the Caesarian assassin’s standard name is Gaius Cassius
Longinus (often shortened to “Cassius”), and the later jurist is also called
Gaius Cassius Longinus, but he is not the assassin’s son, and he is separated
by roughly a century (assassin died 42 BC; jurist flourished in the 1st century
AD, consul AD 30). In other words, the mater is preventing a predictable
conversational confusion: when someone says “Gaius Cassius Longinus” in a Roman
context, listeners may automatically supply the “dagger” narrative unless the
speaker explicitly cancels it by adding “the jurist” (or “the Zenobia adviser,”
who is in fact a different Longinus again, not even born in Rome). That is
exactly Grice’s point: proper names are not self-identifying in practice; they
come with conventional and contextual implicatures, and a competent speaker
must manage those implicatures by adding disambiguating material when the
cooperative goal is clarity rather than dramatic effect. So, if we assess the
master’s authority in Gricean terms, we can say: he is historically sloppy
(genealogy), but pragmatically astute (he anticipates the audience’s likely
inference and builds in a prophylactic cancellation), and the episode exemplifies
Grice’s broader claim that communication is not just semantics but a rational
art of controlling what your audience is entitled to conclude from what you
chose to say. Grice: “Clifton, 1927. Today we were told what the master, with a
straight face, called “the most important event in Roman history” — and he
meant not the Rubicon (still everyone’s favourite crossing, except perhaps the
Channel, as Sellar and Yeatman would insist), but the assassination of Caesar.
He wrote up on the blackboard the names of the uccisori, and among them, in a
hand that looked almost judicial itself, Gaius Cassius Longinus. Then came the
warning, delivered in the tone masters reserve for boys who are likely to go to
Oxford and therefore likely to be dangerous: for those of you who intend to
pursue your studies at Oxford, you must never confuse the murderer with the
other Gaius Cassius Longinus — the jurist — who is an entirely different man
and, on paper at least, entirely respectable. (“Plausibly, a descendant in the
Cassian line.”). It was an odd sort of lesson: the same name, the same Latin,
and yet the whole point was that identity is not to be had for free from a
label. The master did not call it a philosophical problem, but he managed to
make it one: if you say “Cassius Longinus,” what do you mean — the conspirator
with the knife, or the lawyer with the opinion? And if you don’t say which, you
may find that your hearer supplies it for you, by habit, by fame, by whatever
story they already prefer. I thought then that history masters live by
implicature without knowing it: they say “Longinus” and the class hears
“dagger,” unless the word “jurist” is pushed in like a wedge. I kept quiet,
because Mother has her sights on Oxford and I suspected I would have plenty of
time later to quarrel with names and their liberties; but I wrote in the margin
that a warning against confusion is itself a kind of confession — it admits
that people do confuse, and that language is only ever as precise as the
speaker takes the trouble to make it. Longino, Gaio
Cassio (a. u. c. DCCX). Dicta. Roma.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Longino: la ragione
conversazionale e il diritto romano Gaio Cassio Longino (Roma, Lazio):
la ragione conversazionale e il diritto romano. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains
implicature as a rationally warranted inference from what is said to what is
meant, grounded in cooperative expectations that make a speaker answerable for
the further conclusions an audience is entitled to draw. The Longinus vignette,
cast as “conversational reason and Roman law,” pushes the idea into an
institutional setting where what people infer is often governed less by maxims
of cooperative talk than by reputational and forensic pressures: in Rome, a
jurist’s words are heard through the shadow of political violence, so that even
a sparse legal remark can be taken to “mean” something about the dagger before
it is heard as an argument about doctrine. Compared with Grice, this highlights
the difference between implicature as a mechanism internal to ordinary
conversation (derivable, cancellable, and criticizable by reference to what
would make the utterance cooperatively intelligible) and insinuation as a
mechanism of public life, where the audience’s inferences are driven by
extra-conversational priors—fear, faction, historical narrative, and the
evidential habits of a legal culture. At the same time, the parallel is
instructive: Roman juristic practice depends on highly disciplined inference
from limited textual materials, and Grice’s account can be read as the
micro-analogue of that discipline, except that for Grice the governing
constraint is the speaker’s intention under cooperative norms, whereas for
Longinus the governing constraint is what can safely be said under power and
how silence itself can function as a deliberate, legally prudent move. The
result is a contrast between Grice’s optimism about rational cooperation as the
default background of meaning and the Roman reminder that, in charged contexts,
implicature can be hijacked by suspicion—so that conversational reason must
sometimes be protected by reticence if one is to prevent the audience from
converting every legal utterance into a political confession. Grice:
“It’s very sad – yet typical of Italian historiography – that, for all of
Longino’s achievements as a philosopher of law, he is best remembered by
posterity as one of the 50 murderers of GIULIO Caesare!” A legal scholar
and theorist. GRICEVS: Triste est, mi Longine, quod Itali historici te potius
numerent inter quinquaginta Caesaris interfectores quam inter iuris
philosophos. LONGINVS: Ita fit Romae: si quis de lege subtiliter
disputat, vix auditur; si quis gladium leviter movet, statim in annales cadit.
GRICEVS: At ratio conversazionalis aliter iudicat: cum dicis pauca de iure,
plures inferunt de cultro; implicatura tua semper antecedit argumentum.
LONGINVS: Ergo hoc discam: si me rogant quid sentiam de iure, respondebo
“libenter” et tacebo; nam Romae silentium tutius est, et saepe etiam
iuridicius. Longino, Gaio Cassio (a. u. c. DCCLXXXIII). Dicta. Rona,
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Longano: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’UOMO NATURALE. Francesco Longano (Ripalimosani, Campobasso, Molise): la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’UOMO NATURALE. rice’s
theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains implicature as a
rationally defensible step from what is said to what is meant: hearers recover
extra content because speakers are presumed to be cooperating under norms that
make indirect communication accountable and criticizable. Longano’s
Enlightenment project (Ripalimosani 1728–1796; a Genovesi pupil; author of
works such as Piano di un corpo di filosofia morale (1764), Dell’uomo naturale
(1767), and later the Latin Philosophiae rationalis elementa including De arte
logica on ideas and signs) approaches “reason” less as a local discipline of
inference in talk and more as a general art of thinking and reforming human
life: signification is rooted in a naturalistic and psycho-somatic conception
of the person, where passions, imagination, and social needs belong to the very
conditions under which signs function. Compared to Grice, Longano is not
isolating a mechanism that distinguishes what is said from what is
conversationally implied; rather, he supplies a broader anthropology and
semiotic orientation in which the study of signs is continuous with the study
of the “natural man,” education, and civil life—so that meaning is already
embedded in the bodily and social economy that makes reasoning possible. The
contrast, then, is between Grice’s micro-theory of communicative accountability
(how a speaker can mean more than she says, and how the hearer can justify that
inference) and Longano’s macro-theory of signification as part of a holistic human
science (how ideas, signs, truth/error, and the non-rational powers of the mind
jointly shape rational agency). But there is also a strong continuity:
Longano’s attention to the natural basis of signification and to the humanly
workable “art of thinking” helps motivate why Grice distinguishes natural
meaning from speaker-meaning and why he treats conversational rationality as a
practical norm rather than a mere formalism—both see reason as something that
lives in human practices, even if Grice locates its sharpest philosophical
leverage in the fine structure of conversational inference. Grice:
“At Oxford, nobody really cared when I gave my lecture on ‘meaning’ at the
Oxford philosophical society, that Longan had been defended my naturalism of
signification for years then! L.’s emphasis on ‘natura’ and ‘naturale’
certainly were part of my inspiration for ‘natural’ meaning – although I was
reserved in my uses of ‘natura’ as a noun – except when to refer to my wanton
disposition as a gift of ‘saggia natura’! Any student of Grice’s philosophy
should make a lot of sense of L.’s contributions. A systematic philosopher,
like Grice, he bases his research on signs and signification. L. is a prominent
figure of the Enlightenment, whose work Philosophia Rationalis, often
appearing in parts like De arte logica, serves as a bridge between rigid
traditional rationalism and psychological and social thought. Main Points
of Philosophia Rationalis Holistic View of Man: L. challenges the rigidly
rationalistic views of his era by arguing for a conception of humanity that
integrates the body and soul. Revaluation of the non-rational: He emphasises
human components previously neglected by philosophers, such as passions,
fantasy, and the psychological dimension. Logic and Truth: In his De arte
logica, a core volume of his rational philosophy, he explores the nature of
ideas, signs, and the distinction between truth and error, aiming to refine the
art of thinking. Freedom and Equality: By viewing man as a totality, L. extends
his philosophical logic into social ethics, advocating for universal freedom
and equality inspired by Enlightenment thinkers. Importance in the History of
Philosophy Enlightenment Reformism: L. is a key representative of the
Enlightenment. metafisica, ESAME FISICO dell’uomo esame naturale. Semiotica. Grice: Caro Longano, ti
confesso che a Oxford nessuno si emozionava quando parlavo di “significato
naturale”. Forse avrei dovuto portare qualche passione o fantasia in aula, come
suggerisci tu! Longano:
Paul, sai che la natura non si lascia mai intimidire dalle teorie? Se avessi
portato una lezione sulla “saggia natura”, sicuramente anche gli studenti
avrebbero applaudito, magari pensando a un picnic filosofico! Grice: Beh, Longano, il
tuo uomo naturale mi ha ispirato: da quando ho rivalutato passioni e psicologia,
persino la mia voglia di biscotti sembra un dono della filosofia! Longano: Ecco, Paul, la
libertà e l’uguaglianza si gustano meglio con una buona dose di fantasia.
Dopotutto, come diceva mio zio molisano, “la verità ha bisogno di qualche
errore per essere digerita!” Longano, Francesco
(1766). La ragione. Napoli: Stamperia Simoniana.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Losano: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della filosofia del diritto
romano Mario Giuseppe Losano (Casale Monferrato, Alessandria, Piemonte):
la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della filosofia del
diritto romano. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational
meaning explains implicature as an inferential achievement for which speakers
are answerable: what is meant beyond what is said is recoverable by a hearer
who assumes cooperative rationality and can justify the inference by appeal to
shared conversational norms. Losano’s work, by contrast, comes out of
jurisprudence and legal philosophy (and, very early, out of constitutional-law
interests before his later prominence in Kelsen studies and legal informatics),
so “conversational reason” is naturally reframed as institutional reason: the
way norms, authorities, and interpretive communities make texts mean something
in practice, under constraints of precedent, procedure, and professional
responsibility. In that register, what Grice calls implicature looks less like
a purely local feature of a two-person exchange and more like a generalized
interpretive phenomenon: legal language routinely relies on what is not said
(presuppositions about competence, jurisdiction, burden of proof, or the
intended scope of a rule), and it is precisely these background assumptions
that legal reasoning must make explicit, contest, or stabilize. The comparison,
then, is between Grice’s micro-model of accountability in conversation (how a
remark licenses a specific, criticizable inference in a given context) and
Losano’s macro-model of accountability in normative systems (how authoritative
texts and institutions license interpretations that can be argued for,
appealed, or rejected). Grice’s cooperative principle becomes, in legal key,
something like a principle of interpretive charity under institutional
constraints, while Losano’s emphasis on systems, sources, and the circulation
of legal ideas highlights that the “shared background” required for implicature
is not merely interpersonal but can be built and maintained by juristic
education, legal tradition (including Roman law’s long afterlife), and the
formal settings in which interpretation is demanded and disciplined. Grice:
“While I refer to Ryle and Austin as avid students of Greek philosophy –
Ancient Greek philosophy, that is – especially Austin, since, like me, and
unlike Ryle, he had to suffer it to get his double first in greats! – they
never wondered why lawyers in England all are about the English customary law
and Roman law – No English lawyer would have ONE thing to say about Greek law –
the reason being that at Oxford, the Faculty of Law, had a chair for Roman law,
but none for Greek law! The Regius chiar of civil law at Oxford, also known as
the Oxford chair of Roman law, has a rich and lengthy history, starting with
its establishment by Henry VIII. Henry establishes the Regius Professor of
Civil Law at Oxford, and Story is appointed as the fist professor. The chair
continues to be held by a series of professors who primarily lecture ON ROMAN
LAW and related subjects like the pandects, the code, or the ecclesiastical
laws of England, as sipulated in statutes. Then came a period of dcline in the
study of ROMAN law at Oxford,. According to PHILLIMORE, who holds the chair,
the subject was not taught for almost a century preceding his tenure. The
Oxford University Act replaces the CIVIL LAW used in the chancellor’s court
with the common law of England and the statue law of the realm. This court,
which previously held jurisdiction in private law matters involving scholars
and others connected to the university, had operated according to civil law.
ROMAN LAW is RE-INTRODUCED as part of the law degree, the B. A. in
JURISPRUDENCE, upon its establishment. The chair is held by notable figures
such as BRYCE, and GROUDY. ZULUETA holds the chair contributing to the feld of
ROMAN LAW. JOLOWICZ holds the chair, filosofia del DIRITTO ROMANO,
LIVIO, storia del DIRITTO ROMANO, what Kelsen never had. Grice: Caro Losano, ti confesso che a Oxford
il diritto greco era più raro di una pizza senza pomodoro! Tutti a parlare di
diritto romano, e nessuno che si chieda cosa pensassero gli ateniesi sulle
multe del condominio. Losano: Ah, Paul, è vero! Il Regius Chair di
Oxford sembra quasi un tempio dedicato a Livio e alle Pandette. Magari un
giorno anche il diritto greco avrà la sua vendetta, ma per ora dobbiamo
accontentarci del latino, che almeno fa sembrare tutto più autorevole—anche
quando non capiamo niente! Grice: Lo ammetto, Mario, il diritto romano è
come il vino buono, si tramanda da Re Enrico VIII fino a oggi. Ma ti dirò: tra
una lezione di pandette e una di codici, ho sempre pensato che una
chiacchierata sui casi delle pecore rubate sarebbe stata più divertente! Losano: Paul, hai ragione!
In fondo, la filosofia del diritto romano è una grande conversazione, dove
ognuno dice la sua, anche se poi si finisce sempre a discutere di quante uova
ci vogliono per una buona torta. E come diceva mio nonno piemontese: “Meglio
una sentenza in dialetto che una legge in latino!” Losano, Mario Giuseppe
(1961). Contributo. Filosofia giuridica.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Losurdo: la
ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del ribelle
aristocratico. Domenico Losurdo (Sannicandro di Bari,
Puglia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale
del ribelle aristocratico. Grice’s theory of
reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as a rationally
accountable route from what is said to what is meant, grounded in cooperative
expectations that make implied content criticizable rather than merely suggestive;
even when talk becomes polemical, Grice’s point is that hearers infer extra
content by recognizable patterns of relevance, informativeness, and
intention-recognition. Losurdo’s work, by contrast, is best read as shifting
the centre of gravity from the micro-norms of conversational inference to the
macro-conditions of ideological and historical discourse: his portrait of
Nietzsche as an “aristocratic rebel,” his attention to the “language of
empire,” and his Marxist, anti-imperialist commitments treat what is left
unsaid as often structurally produced—by class position, institutional power,
censorship, and the rhetorical needs of domination—so that “implicature”
becomes less a cooperative by-product of rational exchange and more a
diagnostic clue to concealed interests and asymmetries in public language. The
comparison therefore highlights two different senses of “reason” in discourse:
for Grice, reason governs interpretation within conversation by supplying norms
that allow interlocutors to reconstruct intended meaning; for Losurdo, reason
is inseparable from critique, because what discourse “means” in political
modernity frequently depends on who gets to set the conversational agenda and
which silences are enforced or rewarded. Where Grice would model rebellion in
talk as marked departures from cooperative expectations (and thus as
inferentially trackable), Losurdo treats rebellion and hypocrisy as endemic to
modern ideological vocabularies, so that the task is not only to calculate what
is implicated but to explain why certain implicatures become socially
natural—why they pass as “common sense” within an imperial or class-structured
language game. Grice:
“It must be remembered that philosophers of my generation at Oxford encountered
philosophy through the classics, and while contemporary philosophers were
totally absent in our curriculum, so were some OLDER philoosphers, such as
Nietzsche, which is paradoxical, seeing that he loved the classics so much. The
reason I adjudicate to Bradley, who possibly thought that Hegel spoke a better
German!” Sannicandro di Bari, Puglia. Grice: “L. has contributed to a
collection on ‘fatti normativi’ which is fascinating! I like L.: describing
Nietzsche as the aristocratic rebel is genial; he also engages in some linguistic
botanising with his ‘linguaggio dell’impero’: something Romans and Brits know
well – cf. ‘Great Britaiin’ and my little England!” Italian philosopher, expert
not on Grice, but Nietzsche, “Nietzsche, ribelle aristocratico” -- essential
Italian philosopher. Si laurea a Urbino
sotto SALVUCCI colla SEMANTICA di Rodbertus, istituto di scienze filosofiche,
insegna storia della filosofia, presidente dell'hegeliana Società Hegel-Marx
pel pensiero dialettico, società di scienze di Leibniz a Berlino,
un’associazione che si rifà all’accademia reale prussiana delle scienze nella
tradizione di Leibniz, associazione politico-culturale Marx. Dalla militanza
comunista alla condanna dell'imperialismo, fino allo studio della questione
afroamericana e di quella dei nativi, L. e studioso anche partecipe della
politica. Di formazione marxista, descritto sia come un marxista
controcorrente sia come un marxista eterodosso e un comunista militante, la sua
produzione spazia dai contributi allo studio della filosofia critica, la
auto-censura di Kant e il suo nicodemismo politico, alla ri-valutazione
dell'idealismo nel tentativo di ri-proporne l'eredità, sulla scia di Lukács,
alla ri-affermazione dell'interpretazione del marxismo, GRAMSCI e SPAVENTA, Il
ribelle aristocratico, Nietzsche. Grice: Caro Losurdo, mi ha sempre incuriosito
il tuo modo di definire Nietzsche come “ribelle aristocratico”. Personalmente,
a Oxford, l’abbiamo quasi ignorato nei miei anni di studi, eppure trovo
affascinante il suo rapporto con i classici. Secondo te, cosa rende Nietzsche
così attuale oggi, persino nelle conversazioni filosofiche più quotidiane? Losurdo: Grazie, Grice! Penso che Nietzsche
resti attuale perché riesce a smascherare le ipocrisie della modernità e invita
ciascuno di noi a non accontentarsi delle verità imposte. Il suo spirito
“aristocratico” non è solo eredità, ma anche sfida a superare i limiti imposti
dalla tradizione, proprio come la migliore conversazione sa rompere gli
schemi. Grice: Interessante! Nelle mie
implicature conversazionali, insisto spesso sulla cooperazione e la ricerca
condivisa del senso. Forse Nietzsche, con il suo linguaggio tagliente e
provocatorio, ci ricorda che anche la conversazione può essere un terreno di
ribellione e critica, non trovi?
Losurdo: Assolutamente, Paul. La conversazione è un luogo vivo dove si
esercita il pensiero critico. E come tu insegni, non si tratta solo di ciò che
si dice, ma di ciò che si lascia intendere: anche il silenzio può essere una
forma di rivoluzione, come ci insegna Nietzsche e come si ritrova nella storia
del pensiero dialettico. Grice: Caro Losurdo, mi colpisce sempre il
modo in cui hai saputo definire Nietzsche come “ribelle aristocratico”.
All’epoca a Oxford, lo lasciavamo quasi ai margini, come fosse una sorta di zio
stravagante alle feste di famiglia. Secondo te, Nietzsche oggi sarebbe più a
suo agio in una conversazione filosofica o in una partita a scacchi con Kant? Losurdo: Paul, forse
Nietzsche preferirebbe una partita a scacchi dove ogni pedone può diventare
regina, ma non prima di aver lanciato una provocazione al re! La sua attualità
sta proprio nel sapere ribaltare le regole del gioco, come la migliore conversazione
che non teme di scompigliare i capelli, anche quelli della tradizione. Grice: Vedo che anche tu
non disdegni la filosofia come sport estremo! Io insisto sulle implicature: a
volte basta un silenzio ben piazzato per far tremare gli avversari. Nietzsche,
con la sua lingua affilata, avrebbe fatto impazzire qualunque tavolo di
discussione, soprattutto quello della mensa universitaria! Losurdo: Paul, il silenzio
di Nietzsche sarebbe sicuramente più rumoroso delle nostre parole. E come dici
tu, la conversazione è viva quando sa essere ribelle: anche una pausa può
valere più di mille discorsi. In fondo, forse le conversazioni migliori sono
proprio quelle dove si rischia di perdere la partita, ma si guadagna una
massima nuova da aggiungere al taccuino! Losurdo,
Domenico (1967). L’esistenizialismo. Studi Urbinati
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lucceio: la ragione
conversazionale e l’orto romano
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Luciano: la ragione conversazionale e
la gnossi Lucio Lucceio (Roma,
Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’orto romano. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats
implicature as a rationally defensible inference from what is said to what is
meant, under cooperative expectations that make indirect communication
accountable and criticizable. Lucius Lucceius, known chiefly as a
late-Republican historian within the Cicero–Caesar world (Cicero even presses
him, in a famous letter, to write up events with a sympathetic slant), provides
a contrasting model of indirectness in which what is “meant” is often shaped by
prudence, patronage, and the political costs of explicitness: the historian
must let the audience supply what cannot safely be asserted, or what decorum
forbids, while still producing a narrative that guides judgment. Read this way,
the “Hortus” (Epicurean quietism, reticence, and the cultivation of private
life) becomes a vivid analogue for Gricean economy: saying little and leaving
the rest to be inferred; but the rationale differs, since for Grice the
pressure toward indirectness is often conversational optimality (efficiency,
relevance, informativeness), whereas for Lucceius it is frequently strategic
and civic (how to speak truth, flatter power, or avoid civil rupture when
Caesar is in the room). The comparison therefore highlights two senses of “reason”
governing talk: Grice’s is a norm of interpretation internal to conversation
itself (why a hearer is entitled to an implicature, and how it can be
cancelled), while Lucceius’ is a norm of political-historical intelligibility
(how a narrative can lead readers to conclusions without stating them baldly),
so that implicature becomes not merely a linguistic phenomenon but a technique
of Roman public life—one that thrives precisely where direct assertion risks
turning disputatio into bellum. Grice: “When I refer to
the Athenian dialect, to contrast it with the Oxonian dialectic which I knew, I
focus mainly on barefoot Socrates at the agora, Plato at the academy, and
Aristotle at the Lycaeum – but of course, at least three other think tanks must
be added: l’Orto – made popular at Oxford by Walter Pater and his Marius --,
the Portico, and the Cynargo – in fact, these three sects were the most
dialectical!” -- Filosofo italiano. A historian and a friend of CICERONE. Some
of Cicerone’s letters to L. suggests that he may have followed the sect of
L’ORTO. Citato da Svetonio. Amico di Giulio Cesare. Citato da
Livio. Livio. Gricevs: Cum dialecticam Atheniensem Oxoniensi confero, Socratem
nudipedem in foro, Platonem in Academia, Aristotelem in Lyceo cogito; sed Roma quoque
sua habet: Hortus, Porticus, Cynargus. Hi, me iudice, dialecticissimi sunt.
Lvcceivs: Dialecticissimi, in horto maxime? Ego, amicus Ciceronis, scio hortum
plerumque ad olera spectare; philosophi autem ibi docent quomodo pauca dicendo
multum promittas. Gricevs: Id ipsum est ratio conversazionalis: si de te tantum
dico “calligraphiam optimam habet,” intellegis reliqua; sic in horto Romano
silentium saepe est argumentum, et lactuca quasi syllogismus. Lvcceivs: Cave,
ne Cicero te audiat: “lactuca syllogismus” in epistulas non recipitur. Sed
fateor: in urbe nostra etiam hortus disputat; et si Caesar adest, statim omnes
concordant, ne disputatio in bellum vertatur. Lucceio, Lucio (a. u. c.
DCXCVIII). Dicta. Roma.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Luciano: la ragione
conversazionale e il cinargo romano Luciano (Roma, Lazio): la ragione
conversazionale e la gnossi. Grice’s theory of
reason-governed conversational meaning treats “what is meant” as something a
hearer is entitled to recover by rational inference from what is said plus
shared norms of cooperation; implicature is accountable, cancellable, and
criticizable because it depends on publicly assessable reasoning about why a
speaker spoke as he did. The Luciano-in-Rome vignette (a “gnosticus,” imagined
as a follower of Cerdo, trading on gnosis as esoteric knowledge) sets up a
contrasting model in which “knowing” is rhetorically performed rather than
conversationally warranted: the gnostic posture invites audiences to accept
claims on the strength of purported access to arcana, and the meaning of
utterances often trades on insinuation, authority, and the immunizing move “it
cannot be proved,” rather than on cooperative transparency. Read against Grice,
the key contrast is that for Grice an utterance like “I know” or “I understand”
carries implicatures that can be tested against conversational expectations
(does it signal closure, rebuke, or agreement?), while the gnostic’s “I know”
is liable to function as a shield against such tests, converting ordinary
epistemic commitments into a status-claim; this is why the sophos/gnosticus
distinction in your passage matters: the wise person’s authority is answerable
to reasons shared in dialogue, whereas the gnostic’s authority is dramatized as
possession of a private deposit. In that light, Luciano becomes a foil that
sharpens Grice’s point: conversational reason does not merely decorate
knowledge-talk but disciplines it, because implicature is legitimate only where
interlocutors can, in principle, reconstruct the route from saying to meaning;
where discourse instead treats obscurity as a credential, the “implicatures” it
generates are less the output of cooperative reasoning than the byproduct of
managed mystification. Grice: “I often wondered why ‘gnoseology’ was never a
popular subject matter within the sub-faculty of philosophy. Now I
know: it’s because it’s silly associations with the ‘gnostics’ – a term of
abuse to many! Strictly, it may be argued that a gnostic is a knower – such as
a pupil who answered 1811 upon being questioned when the battle of Waterloo
took place. There are however implicatural distinctions between a sophos – a
wise man – and a ‘gnostic’ – The Latin term ‘gnosticus’ and the English term
‘gnoseology’ both derive from the Ancient Greek term gnosis. Here’s a beakdown
of the etymological connections. Gnosis, in Ancient Greek, the root of these
terms, gnosis, is a Greek word for ‘knowledge.’ In the Hellenistic era, gnosis
becamse particulary associated with MYSTICAL or spiritual knowledge and insight
into a higher reality. It is also linked to the Indo-European root gno- which
means to know. The Latin term gnosticus is derived from the Late Greek term
gnostikos, which was used to refer to someone who possessed this special, often
mystical, knowledge. It specifically means ‘a gnostic,’ – a person bleongin to
a particular set of religious groups. The English term ‘gnoseoloy’ (or
gnoseology) literally translates to ‘the study of knowledge’. It’s a
philosophical term that explores the nature, origin, validity, and limits of
knowledge itself. This term directly incorporates the root gnosis (knowledge)
and combines it with -logy, meaning study of. In essence, gnosis provides the
core meaning of ‘knowledge’in both terms. Gnosticus narrows this down to
spomeone possessing a specific type of mystical knowledge, while gnoseology
focuses on the broader philosophical inquiry into the concept of knowledge
itself. A gnostic, a follower of Cerdo. GRICEVS: Mirabar cur gnoseologia
apud philosophos raro placeret; nunc scio: nomen ipsum ad gnosticos (quibus
multi maledicunt) nimis facile labitur. Gnosticus quasi
“scitor” est—ut discipulus ille qui ad “Quando fuit pugna apud Waterloo?”
respondit: “MDCCCXI.” LVCIANVS: O doctissima ignorantia! Romae vidi multos
gnosticos qui omnia norunt—praeter id quod rogantur. Cerdo ipse, si adesset,
diceret se “scire arcana”; sed arcana semper sunt ea quae nemo probare potest.
GRICEVS: Distinguendum tamen: sophos sapientia pollet, gnosticus saepe sonat
quasi scientia clamosa. Hic locus est rationis
conversazionalis: ex eo quod dicitur, reliquum per implicaturam inferunt—et
saepe peius quam discipulus de Waterloo. LVCIANVS: Ita est: tu implicaturas
metiris, ego vanitatem mordeo; et ambo eandem legem docemus—qui gnosin nimis
iactat, confitetur se scientiam non habere, sed tantum fabulam bene narratam. Luciano (a. u. c. DCCCLXXXIII). Dicta. Roma.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lucilio: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale Gaio Lucilio (Sessa
Aurunca, Caserta, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura
conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational
meaning treats implicature as an accountable inference from what is said to
what is meant, generated under cooperative expectations (say enough, be
relevant, be perspicuous) that allow hearers to work out, and challenge, the
speaker’s intended point. Lucilius, by contrast, represents an older Roman
deployment of indirectness as a civic weapon and a literary discipline: the
satirist in the Scipionic milieu uses omission, irony, and calculated
understatement to make vice speak through the audience’s own recognition and
embarrassment, leaving “the listeners the task” so that social shame does part
of the argumentative work. On this comparison, Grice is explaining the rational
mechanism by which such effects are warranted—why a remark about “beautiful handwriting”
can, in context, rationally license an inference about philosophical
incompetence—whereas Lucilius is practicing the art at scale, turning Rome into
a conversational arena in which what is not said can be more socially
efficacious than direct assertion. The key difference is normative focus: Grice
theorizes a general, cooperative framework for deriving implicatures in
ordinary talk, while Lucilius exploits the same inferential capacities in a
largely adversarial or corrective mode, where implicature becomes
moral-political critique rather than mere conversational efficiency. Yet the
continuity is strong: Lucilius’ satiric economy and his reliance on shared
background knowledge (politics, hypocrisy, linguistic habits) anticipate the
Gricean idea that meaning often depends on what interlocutors can be expected
to supply, and that rhetorical restraint can be a rational strategy precisely
because it recruits the audience’s own reasoning to complete what the speaker,
for prudential or stylistic reasons, leaves unsaid. Grice: “When I
studied philosophy at Oxford, it was done at the sub-faculty of philosophy,
part of the larger Faculty of Literae Humaiores. I remember the horror our
tutors would experiment when they would see any of us pupils carrying a volume
of the Loeb classical library – say: Remains of Old Latin – in our gentleman’s
pocket!” -- Filosofo italiano. Alcuni romani insigni
nutrirono interesse vivo per i problemi della filosofia. L. Ciò si può dire di
un membro del circolo degli Scipioni, nato da famiglia ricca e
distinta. L. ha un fratello che e senatore e, per mezzo della figlia,
nonno di Pompeo. L. conosce la cultura greca (di cui si penetra)
nell’Italia meridionale e a Roma, ove passa la maggior parte della vita. Forse
soggiorna anche in Atene. Come cavaliere L. partecipa alla guerra contro
Numanzia, agli ordini di Scipione Emiliano L'Affricano, con cui aveva già
stretti rapporti.In seguito appoggia del'Affricano energicamente l'azione
politica. L. fa parte, oltrechè del circolo degli Scipioni, di uno più
ampio. L. e amico dell'accademico Clitomaco, che gli dedica un
libro. Morì a Napoli. L. scrive XXX libri di satire -- un genere
filosofico --, di cui restano frammenti.In esse satire, L. rappresenta e
critica la vita romana dell’età sua, interessandosi soprattutto di questioni
politiche. Dei vizi del tempo L. e giudice severo. L. si occupa molto di
problemi logico-grammaticali, retorici e letterari.Si interessa anche di
filosofia speculativa, alla quale deve avere dedicato una satira. Nei
framm. del l. 28 la teoria dell’ORTO è confutata verisimilmente da uno
dall’ACCADEMIA, anche perchè vi si trovano varie notizie sulla storia di tale
scuola. La forma e il contenuto delle satire di L. rivelano l’influsso
della filosofia popolare del cinismo di Bione e di Menippo. Livio.
GRICEVS: LVCILIV, memini Oxonii: tutores horrebant, si quis e nobis Loeb in
sinu gestaret—quasi “Reliquiae Latinae” essent non liber sed crimen;
quid ergo in satiris tuis implicas cum nimis eleganter taces? LVCILIVS: Implico
hoc: “si taceo, non ignoro.” Nam Roma ipsa est porticus loquax; et ego, dum
vitia mordeo, verbis parcere videor—re vera auditoribus negotium relinquo, ut
ipse rubor eorum loquatur. GRICEVS: Bene: tu
maximam servas—ne plus dicas quam opus est—et tamen efficiis ut plures
intellegant quam audierint; quod Oxonii vocant artem, Romae vocatur modestia,
et utrumque idem est: civilitas. LVCILIVS: At tu, GRICE, si Loeb in marsuppio
videris, dicis “pulchre compactus est” et implicas “puer, lege domi”; ego autem
dico “pulchra est calligraphia” et implico “mala est philosophia”—sic libri
salvantur, sed homines… minus. Lucilio, Gaio (a. u.
c. DCXX). Saturae.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lucilio: la ragione
conversazionale e il portico romano -- l’implicatura conversazionale
Gaio Lucilio Minore (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e il
portico romano -- l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats
implicature as a rationally defensible inference from what is said to what is
meant, under cooperative expectations that make a speaker answerable for what a
hearer is entitled to conclude. Lucilius (Seneca’s addressee, often identified
as Lucilius Iunior, a Roman equestrian and procurator of Sicily, writing in the
Neronian period) represents a different but complementary model of
conversational reason: the porticus is not just a physical emblem of Stoicism
but a moral setting that disciplines speech into ethical self-fashioning, where
remarks function as prompts to self-assessment, correction, and steadying of
character. In your portico dialogue, “I was waiting for you in the portico”
can, in Gricean terms, generate multiple implicatures depending on
context—rebuke for lateness, or a criticism of wavering commitment—and Grice’s
framework explains exactly how such inferences are licensed (relevance,
expectations about why that location is being mentioned, background norms
shared by interlocutors) and how they can be cancelled or contested. But
Lucilius also shows something Grice tends to bracket: in Stoic epistolary
practice, the point of implying is often formative rather than merely
informational, aimed at producing moral uptake rather than just belief, so that
the “reason” governing the exchange is as much ethical as epistemic. The
comparison, then, is that Grice provides the analytic machinery that makes the
portico’s indirectness intelligible and criticizable as inference, while
Lucilius exemplifies a tradition in which indirectness is cultivated as a mode
of moral pedagogy—where the same utterance can carry a standing implication
about how one ought to live, because the shared setting (the Porch) functions as
a publicly recognized cue for the kind of reasons that are in play. Grice: “At
Oxford, we speak of the Porch – the Romans spoke of Porticus, and the Athenians
SAW it. I
would be puzzled if a pupil of mine would challenge to define ‘stoicism’ by a
word other than one making reference to such a stupid architectural feature as
a porticus! But I should try harder!” Filosofo italiano. A poetic philosopher.
Best known as the friend of Seneca, to whom CXXIV letters are written
discussing a wide range of issues from a primarily point of view of the
Porch. GRICEVS: LVCILIV, apud Oxonienses “Porch” dicitur; Romani
“porticum” dixerunt; Athenienses ipsam viderunt. Mirarer si quis Stoicum
definiret nisi per tam stultam rem architectonicam—sed conabor, ne videar in
porticu ipse haerere. LVCILIVS: At ego, poeta, in porticu ambulo: ibi versus
nascuntur et sententiae. Sed quaero: si dico
“in porticu te exspectabam,” quid implico? “sero venisti,” an “Stoicus esse
desisti”? GRICEVS: Utrumque, si res postulat: dictum est de loco;
implicatum de moribus. Nam porticus non solum tectum est, sed norma: qui sub ea
moratur, promittit se frigus, famem, et amici sermones aequo vultu laturum.
LVCILIVS: Bene; ergo cum frigus sit et ego pallescam, dicam “Stoice me gero”—et
tu intelliges me non de virtute gloriari, sed de tunica queri: porticus eadem,
implicatura alia. Lucilio Minore, Gaio (a. u. c. DCCCXV). Dicta. Roma.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lucio: la ragione
conversazionale e il cinargo romano Lucio
(Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e il cinargo romano. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains
implicature as a rationally recoverable inference from what is said to what is
meant, grounded in cooperative expectations that make speakers accountable for
the extra content their words license in context. The Lucio vignette, set in
Rome and keyed to the Roman fashion for importing Athenian “toponyms” of
philosophy (agora, Academy, Lyceum, Stoa, Garden, and the Cynosarges/Cynargus),
reframes conversational reason less as a formal set of maxims and more as a
culturally situated practice in which place-names function as cues for stance,
style, and even faction: to say “let’s go to the Cynargus” is not merely to
designate a location but to signal a posture of sharp-edged, dog-like critique
and to invite an audience to anticipate a particular kind of exchange. Read
Griceanly, Lucio’s question—does the utterance indicate only a destination, or
also “we’ll bite Favorinus”?—is exactly the distinction between what is said (a
literal proposal of movement) and what is implicated (a planned rhetorical
attack), with the implicature generated because hearers assume relevance and
shared background knowledge about what “Cynargus” conventionally evokes in that
intellectual milieu. The contrast, then, is that Grice supplies the explicit
inferential machinery (how the implicature is justified, cancellable, and
criticizable), whereas “Lucio” supplies a social-semiotic mechanism (how a
learned city turns philosophical geography into shorthand for conversational roles),
making clear that reason-governed meaning can ride not only on sentence content
but on culturally loaded labels that compress whole argumentative temperaments
into a single word. Grice: “When I refer to the Athenian dialectic,
to oppose it to the Oxonian dialectic, I mainly focus on Socrates, at the
agora, Plato, at the academy, and Aristotle, and the lycaeum – but it must be
remembered that, small as it was – compared to London, or Paris, or even Rome –
Athens included other think tanks, such as the Porch, the Garden, and the
‘cynargo’!” Grice: “The toponymy of the Athenian dialectic was particularly
popular at Rome!” Filosofo italiano. Of the Cynargo and an opponent of
Favorino. GRICEVS: LVCI, cum de dialectica Atheniensi loqueris—agora,
Academia, Lyceum—noli oblivisci Cynargi: Roma enim toponymiam amat quasi vinum
Graecum, sed bibit more Romano. LVCIVS: Recte; sed dic mihi, GRICE: si in foro
dico “eamus ad Cynargum,” num tantum locum indico, an etiam implico “ibi
mordebimus Favorinum”? GRICEVS: Utrumque: quod dicitur
est iter; quod significatur est consilium. “Cynargus” sonat quasi canes arguti;
ideo qui illuc vocat, praemonet: “porta iocos et dentes”—sed dentes, quaeso,
rhetoricos. LVCIVS: Ergo ratio conversationis est quasi canis urbanus: non latrat
nisi cum opus est—et cum latrat, omnes intellegunt plus quam audierunt; quod si
Favorinus queratur, respondebo: “non te momordi; tantum Cynargum nominavi.” Lucio (a. u. c. DCCCLXXXIII). Dicta. Roma.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lucrezio: la ragione
conversazionale e l’ORTO romano, l’implicatura conversazionale dell’alma figlia
di Giove. Tito Lucrezio Caro (Pompei): la ragione conversazionale
e l’ORTO romano, l’implicatura conversazionale dell’alma figlia di Giove. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains
implicature as a rational, publicly answerable route from what is said to what
is meant: hearers supply extra content because they assume cooperation and can
justify the inference by appeal to shared norms and recognizable speaker
intentions. Lucretius, by contrast, offers a thoroughly naturalistic account of
how “signs” and seeming-meaning arise without any appeal to cooperative
intentions: in De rerum natura (AUC 699), the dreaming dog that “marks tracks”
and “signs with its voice” exemplifies how behavior can look meaningful because
atomic simulacra and bodily dispositions continue in sleep, even when no
present quarry and no audience-directed communicative act exists. The
comparison thus sharpens Grice’s central distinction between mere indication
and genuine speaker-meaning: what the dog’s bark and vestigia do in Lucretius
is closer to natural meaning (symptom, trace, causal sign), whereas Grice’s
implicature belongs to the space of reasons, where an utterance is produced so
that a hearer will recognize an intention and draw an inference under
conversational norms. At the same time, Lucretius’s Epicurean “garden”
perspective helps explain why Grice insists on separating meaning from mere
convention and from mere behavioral regularity: Lucretius shows how rich,
quasi-semantic effects can be generated by nature alone, and Grice’s project
can be read as the further step of identifying what must be added—mutual
recognition, rational accountability, and cooperative presumption—for those
effects to count as conversational meaning rather than as the “implicature” we
project onto any expressive creature. Finally, the clinamen motif usefully
contrasts the two rationalities: for Lucretius the swerve secures the physical
possibility of novelty and agency in a world of atoms, while for Grice the
“swerve” from literal statement (via maxim-flouting) secures the pragmatic
possibility of novelty in what we mean, without breaking the governance of
reason that makes conversation a shared, criticizable practice. Venatores cum
saepe canes in molli sopore iactant membra, tamen sudant vestigia crebra
voceque saepe simul signant, quasi illa tenentes praedam animo, atque etiam
quasi iam certamine facto. Grice: “It has to be remembered that philosophers of
my generation first ecountered philosophy via the classics. I would
never have thought of philosophy had I not won a more popular ‘classical
scholarship’ to Corpus at Clifton – and the rest is history. Therefore, L. was
second nature tome! By far the most important concept in L.’s philosoophy is
that of clinamen that Strawson translates as the ‘swerve.’ It was saved from
extinction by an Italian – as the novel tells you! While Strawson reads it in Latin,
I prefer the version in the vulgar! And by the vulgar I mean MARCHETTI! It is
amazing how well MARCHETTI interprets L. – there is a little treatise on
Epicureanism in the L. by MARCHETTI which is interesting. A real continuity in
Italian philosophy!” Possibly the most important Italian philosopher. The
reception of L.'s De rerum natura is a saga of extreme highs and lows,
shifting from foundational influence in Rome to near-oblivion in the Middle
Ages, before sparking a philosophical revolution in Renaissance
Italy. Roman Philosophy L. is a massive, if controversial, presence in the
Golden and Silver Ages of Roman philosophy. The earliest recorded critique
appears in a letter from CICERONE to his brother, praising the poem
for its "inspired brilliance" and "great artistry".
Augustan Age VIRGILIO famously alludes to L. in the Georgics
("Happy is he who has discovered the causes of things"), though he
later uses myth to counter L.’s rationalism. ORAZIO adopts a
pragmatic, less dogmatic Epicureanism, while OVIDIO predicts the poem will only
perish with the end of the world. Imperial Rome: Seneca the Younger quotes the
poem multiple times, and PLINIO lists L. as a primary source for his Natural
History. La natura delle cose. Implicatura atomica. Iimplicatura e
composizionalità. Articolazione. Implicatura elementare. Implicatura simplex.
Implicatura semplice. Implicatura complessa. Alma figlia di Giove. 20 Oct 1928, Clifton. Today our Latin master, in one of those brisk
moods in which a grammar point is treated as a moral reform, took us through
Lucretius’ hunting-dogs and made the line do its tricks: the dogs in soft sleep
still twitch, sweat, and mark the ground with rapid footsteps, and they signant
with their voice as though they were holding the quarry in mind, as though the
contest were already on. He lingered on signant and vestigia, pleased with the
way the words make a kind of sense even before one has translated them: the
voice as a “sign,” the tracks as if the dream itself were leaving footprints on
the bedding. I found myself thinking of Father’s maxim (he trots it out
whenever he means to be severe with my more airy fancies): nihil est in
intellectu quod prius non fuerit in sensu. Very well; but the sleeping dog does
not look as though he is making an inference from a sensation to a conclusion.
He is not theorising about the hare; he is, in some manner, continuing the
chase without the hare, and his body supplies the missing world. The master called
it poetic vividness; I wanted to call it a problem. What Lucretius is doing, I
think, is not sentimental at all but atomistic: dreams are not visits from
another realm; they are the mind still being struck by extremely fine films or
traces (simulacra) that peel off things and, once inside, set the soul’s atoms
moving in familiar patterns. So the dog’s “vestigia” in sleep are less
acceptable than those of the waking dog only because the sensory traffic is
thinner and more private: no new quarry is present, yet old motions continue as
if prompted. In waking life the dog’s track-making belongs to a shared field
where others can check it; in sleep the same movements become self-sufficient,
running on stored impressions. Mother says Oxford will teach me all about that,
and perhaps it will; but already the passage seems to show that a “sign” need
not be a deliberate message. A dog can signare without meaning to signify, and
yet we cannot resist reading his little barks as if they were about something.
That, too, is a kind of lesson: we are always tempted to treat mere signs as if
they were communications, and perhaps half of education is learning when that
temptation is sound and when it is merely a dream leaving footprints. GRICEVS:
LVCRETI, memineris: nos philosophiae gustum e classicis hausimus; ideo mihi tu secunda
natura es. Sed dic, in horto tuo Romano—si dico “pulchra mala sunt,” quid
implico? LVCRETIVS: Implicas “sume unum”—et si non sumo, iam clinamen facio, id
est declino a via recta ad mensam: atomus parva, sed prandium magnum. GRICEVS:
Probe: ratio conversationis hortum colit. Verba pauca seris, sensus plures
metis; et “alma Iovis filia” si vocatur, saepe significat “noli quaerere
unde—sed quomodo dicatur.” LVCRETIVS: Ita est: tu maximas seris, ego atomos;
sed uterque eodem ridiculo labore: ut auditores intellegant plus quam
audiverint—et tamen putent se solos sapientes esse. Lucrezio Caro, Tito (a. u. c. DCXCIX). De rerum natura.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lucullo: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale Lucio Licinio Lucullo (Roma,
Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how a
hearer can responsibly recover what is meant beyond what is said by assuming
cooperative rationality: implicatures are justified inferences from an
utterance plus shared norms, not merely witty afterthoughts or social
atmosphere. Lucullus, as your passage frames him, supplies a classical case
where meaning is inseparable from practical life and strategic
self-presentation: the famous Plutarchan quip “Today Lucullus dines with
Lucullus” trades on the ordinary presumption carried by cum/apud/secum
(company, a second party) in order to redirect the audience toward an
evaluative point about dignity and self-sufficiency, a miniature of how a
speaker can exploit default expectations to make “alone” sound like
“distinguished company.” Compared with Grice, Lucullus is not theorizing
inference; he is exemplifying it in social practice, showing how conversational
reason can be used to manage appearances and to control what others are
entitled to conclude (the host is alone, yet the occasion is worthy of
splendour), much as his military-political career required calibrated
signalling amid loyalty and mutiny. The contrast is therefore between Grice’s
analytical ambition to specify the principles by which such inferences are
warranted and criticizable (including where they can be cancelled, or where a
categorial slip is being exploited for comic effect) and Lucullus’s cultivated
Roman tact in deploying those very expectations for rhetorical and ethical
ends. Put simply: Grice gives the normative mechanics of implicature; Lucullus
provides a high-status Roman demonstration of how a single small linguistic
trigger can generate a socially powerful implicature—one that works because
interlocutors share a background sense of what “with” normally commits you to,
and of what it means, in a culture of public display, to be one’s own best
guest. Grice:
“L. is a good example of what I mean by philosophy – philosophy ain’t a
profession, and it’s not an ‘extra’ to your life. L. was a philosopher, not a
tutor thereof!” -- Grice: “It has to be remembered that philosophers of my
generation met philosophy through the classics. I would never have even
considered philosophy had I not won a ‘classics scholarship’ at Clifton for
Corpus. Therefore, L. is second nature to me!” Si distingue nella
guerra sociale come tribunus militum. Avendo avuto quale pro-questore sotto
SILLA nella guerra mitridatica l’incarico di recarsi dalla Grecia in
Cirenaica e in Egitto e di raccogliere una flotta, L. volle avere presso di sè
Antioco d’Ascalona in quel pericoloso viaggio sul mare. Pretore,
propretore in Africa, e console, ottenne il governo proconsolare della Cilicia
e il comando della guerra contro Mitridate e sconfisse prima questo, poi il suo
alleato Tigrane re di Armenia. Negl'anni del suo comando, batiè con poche
forze grossi eserciti nemici. Ma per il malcontento dei soldati le cose
peggiorarono, sicchè i suoi avversari lo fanno richiamare a Roma ove soltanto
gli e concesso il trionfo. L. contribuì potentemente alla diffuzione della
filosofia in Roma. L. e oratore, storico -- scrive una storia della guerra
socriale -- e si interessa vivamente per la filosofia, tanto che volle compagno
Antioco sia da pro-questore che da pro-console e cogli studi filosofici si
consola degli insuccessi politici. A rich Roman who
makes a career in public and military life. A friend and pupil of Antioco, his
philosophical tastes appear to have been quite eclectic. He spends his last
years quietly going insane. LIVIO. 20 Oct 1928,
Clifton. Today the Latin master marched us through the intrinsics of cum, that
small word with the large life. He produced, as if it were a model of lucid
Latin, the line: Lucullus cenat cum Lucullo. The class took it as the obvious
joke (Lucullus dining alone, yet “with” himself), but I could not help feeling
there is a mild categorial impropriety hidden in it, as if cum demanded
plurality of persons and here is being made to do duty for the one and the
same. I nearly objected that the “with” is not a relation a thing can bear to
itself except by a sort of grammatical indulgence; but I remembered that Mother
is set on Oxford, and that I may have years at Corpus to quarrel with small
words and their pretensions. Still, it is a good joke, and not merely because
it plays on reflexivity. It relies on what cum ordinarily carries: company, a
second agent, a table with more than one place-setting; Lucullus exploits that
ordinary presumption to make “alone” sound convivial. Perhaps that is the point:
the Latin lets you say “with” and quietly invite the hearer to supply the
rest—the implied contrast between dining as a public performance and dining as
private appetite. One begins to suspect that half of Latin style is this art of
letting a preposition do what a whole subordinate clause would do in English.
If so, then cum is already a lesson in how much can be meant without being
said, and Lucullus—famous for dinners that did not need an audience—has become,
unintentionally, the day’s tutor in implicature. The quip is commonly reported
in Plutarch’s Life of Lucullus as an anecdote about Lucullus ordering a lavish
dinner when dining “alone”; when questioned, he replies, in effect, “Today
Lucullus dines with Lucullus,” i.e., he is his own guest and deserves the same
splendour. The Latin is often given as Lucullus hodie apud Lucullum cenat or
Lucullus hodie secum cenat; cum/se(c)um/apud vary in retellings, but the
pragmatic point is stable: the preposition triggers an expectation of company
which the punchline cancels and redirects toward self-addressed dignity. GRICEVS:
LVCVLLE, si vis rationem conversationis discere, noli quaerere artem:
philosophia non est professio neque vitae accessorium; tu ipse philosophus
eras, non paedagogus philosophiae. LVCVLLVS: GRICE, ego quidem proquaestor
inter mare et piratas Antiochum mecum duxi; nunc rogo: si dico “intelligo,” num
aliquid praeter dicta significo, an tantum me ipsum laudo? GRICEVS: Saepe, mi LVCVLLE, “intelligo” plus quam dicit: implicat “desine
longius pergere.” Id est: verba modesta, sed gladius tacitus—et plerumque sine
sanguine. LVCVLLVS: Ita ergo: in bello Mithridatico classis parva, in sermone
verbum parvum—utraque magna facit; sed cave, ne miles ingratus sit aut auditor:
tum etiam maxima tua ad Romam revocabuntur. Lucullo, Lucio Licinio (a. u. c. DCLXXX). Dicta. Roma.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Luporini: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale, i corpi di VINCI, LEOPARDI
fascista – leopardi fascisti – ultra-filosofico Cesare Luporini (Ferrara,
Emilia-Romagna): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale, i
corpi di VINCI, LEOPARDI fascista – leopardi fascisti – ultra-filosofico. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats
implicature as an inferential product of rational cooperation: what a speaker
means beyond what is said is recoverable because interlocutors presume an
orderly, reason-sensitive exchange (a kind of pragmatic contract) and can
justify the extra step by appeal to shared maxims. Luporini, by contrast, is
best read as relocating “reason” from the micro-norms of conversational
inference to the broader historical and material conditions of human agency:
moving from early exposure to Heidegger and Hartmann to a Marxist orientation,
he emphasizes bodies, practices, and non-teleological history, and his celebrated
work on Leopardi frames philosophy as inseparable from the lived, somatic and
political situation of the human animal rather than as primarily a calculus of
what is implied by an utterance. On this comparison, Grice is interested in how
rationality shows itself in the fine structure of saying and meaning (including
psycho-somatic vs purely psychic ascriptions), whereas Luporini treats
rationality as something that must be diagnosed at the level of culture,
ideology, and the embodied subject—so that what is “implied” in discourse is
often not a speaker’s tidy communicative intention but the pressure of
historical forces and forms of life that speak through the individual. The
overlap is that both oppose crude reductions: Grice resists reducing meaning to
convention or mere behavior, while Luporini resists reducing persons to
disembodied mind or to a finalistic story of progress; but they diverge on
where the governing explanation lives—Grice in publicly criticizable
inferential norms of conversation, Luporini in the thick material-historical
account of how minds and bodies come to have the kinds of reasons (and the
kinds of language) they can deploy at all. Grice: “I like L.’s
ultraphilosophical. Austin used paraphilosophical, at most!” Grice: “In my
‘Personal identity’ I consider ‘someone’ statements which are only corporal (o
somatic): “I fell down the stairs” – others which are psycho-somatic, and
others which are purely psychic! ‘Psycho-somatical’ is a good Hellenistic
formation. I don’t think CICERONE could come up with aa just as good Roman
formation! I like L.; I lerarned from him how silly Austin is when talking of
‘material object’ – a contradiction in terminis for Kant who uses ‘materie’
very strictly; L.’s study of Leopardi is brilliant – and he has explored the
genius of Vinci, which is good!” Si reca a
Friburgo, dove frequenta le lezioni di Heidegger, e poi a Berlino, dove poté
seguire le lezioni di Hartmann. Si laurea a Firenze. Insegna a Cagliari, Pisa e
Firenze. Dopo un in interesse per l'esistenzialismo, aderì al marxismo,
iscrivendosi al Partito Comunista, per il quale fu eletto senatore nella terza
legislature. Tra le altre iniziative parlamentari, fu firmatario di un progetto
di legge, "Istituzione della scuola obbligatoria statale. Fonda la rivista
Società. Collabora ai periodici politico-culturali del PCI, Il
Contemporaneo, Rinascita, Critica marxista. Durante il dibattito che, a seguito
degli eventi, porta alla trasformazione del PCI in PDS, si schierò decisamente
contro la "svolta" di Occhetto, aderendo alla mozione "due"
di opposizione interna, in un'orgogliosa difesa e per un rilancio della
prospettiva e degli ideali comunisti. Il marxismo di Luporini si fonda su una
critica radicale allo storicismo, sul rifiuto di ogni concezione finalistica
dello sviluppo storico: il comunismo, quello marxista in particolare, non è
assimilabile con la tematica tipicamente storicista del progresso come traccia
dell'evoluzione umana. Corpo e mente, corpo animato, l’anima di VINCI, la mente
di Leonardo. Grice: Caro Luporini, mi
hai insegnato che Austin, quando parla di “oggetto materiale”, rischia di
inciampare in un paradosso peggio di quello di Kant. Però, se scivolo dalle
scale, è colpa del mio corpo o della mia anima? Luporini: Grice, se scivoli dalle
scale, direi che è il corpo a cadere, ma la mente che si chiede: “Perché
proprio oggi?” Leonardo avrebbe già studiato il problema e Leopardi ne avrebbe
scritto un verso malinconico! Grice: Ecco, allora il corpo animato di Vinci
risolve gli errori pratici e la mente di Leopardi trasforma la caduta in
filosofia ultra-filosofica. Ma Austin avrebbe chiesto se la scala è davvero una
scala o solo un’idea di scala! Luporini: Grice, a questo punto, meglio
affidarsi alla ragione conversazionale: se la conversazione funziona, la scala
può diventare persino un trampolino per nuove idee. Tanto, tra corpo e mente,
la vera implicatura è che si cade sempre con stile! Luporini, Cesare (1940). Filosofia e politica. Firenze: Sansoni.
Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Luzzago: la ragione
conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Alessandro Luzzago (Brescia,
Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats
implicature as an accountable inference: interlocutors assume a cooperative,
rational orientation to the exchange, so what is meant beyond what is said can
be derived (and challenged) by appeal to shared conversational norms rather
than to private inspiration or sheer rhetorical effect. In the Luzzago passage,
“ragione conversazionale” is recast as a civic-spiritual discipline: Alessandro
Luzzago, a Brescian patrician educated in Jesuit philosophical culture
(publicly disputing hundreds of theses, moving between Padua, Milan, and Rome)
and deeply involved in post‑Tridentine institutions of charity, mediation, and
concord (Monti di Pietà, religious congregations, civic reconciliation), treats
conversation as a practical technology for repairing the city—speech as a
vehicle of concordia sustained by habits of listening, prudence, and
beneficence. The comparison therefore contrasts Grice’s primarily explanatory
project (how rational norms make indirect meaning intelligible and criticizable
in talk) with Luzzago’s primarily formative project (how disciplined talk,
underwritten by charity, creates the social conditions in which concord is
possible at all). Where Grice’s maxims and implicature illuminate the logic of
interpretation inside a conversational episode, Luzzago’s “conversational
reason” functions as an ethic of dialogue and institutional practice—closer to
civic rhetoric and pastoral governance—so that charity is not merely something
that can be implied but something that must be enacted as the background
commitment that keeps conversation from collapsing into faction, insult, or
sterile disputation. In that sense Luzzago can be read as supplying a
moral-political grounding for the cooperative stance that Grice typically
models as a rational presumption: cooperation is not just a convenient default
for deriving implicatures, but a cultivated virtue and a civic program, without
which the very rationality of conversation would fail to take root in communal
life. Grice:
“I like L.” -- A retrsopective of an important philosopher. Keywords. implicatura. Filosofo italiano. Brescia, Lombardia. Nato da
Girolamo e da Paola Peschiera, in una delle più importanti famiglie del
patriziato cittadino, e educato alla pratica devota e all'apostolato. Nel
convento di S. Antonio dei gesuiti si impegna in un corso di filosofia. Dibatte
in pubblico 737 argomenti filosofici! Con l'aiuto di Borromeo partecipa a
Milano ai corsi di teologia dei gesuiti di Brera. Si laurea a Padova.
Desideroso di entrare a far parte della Compagnia di Gesù, le difficoltà
economiche della famiglia, causate da alcune transazioni inopportune del padre,
glielo impedirono. Conservatore dei Monti di Pietà, e protettore
della Compagnia delle Dimesse di S. Orsola e di altri due istituti caritativi
bresciani: il Soccorso e le Zitelle. Ri-organizza e da nuovo impulse a un'altra
istituzione sorta dopo il Concilio di Trento: la Scuola della dottrina
cristiana. Fonda la Congregazione di S. Caterina da Siena. Per far sì che il
suo operato continuasse, fonda la Congregazione dello Spirito Santo, che
raccolse i membri della classe dirigente cittadina con l'obiettivo di
co-operare più efficacemente e concordemente al sostegno di tutte le buone
istituzioni e mantenere un clima di Concordia. Infatti, intercede per la
conciliazione delle famiglie nobili bresciane spesso in conflitto. La sua
indole caritativa emerse soprattutto quando venne a far parte del Consiglio di
Brescia, dove sa armonizzare le strutture governative ed organismi canonici.
Nelle opere scritte vi sono indicazioni per i cavalieri di Malta, sulla carità,
ispirati al modello della Compagnia di Gesù. Durante il suo viaggio a Roma
esamina le strutture di beneficenza per poi proporle a Brescia. Ha la
possibilità di conoscere F. Neri. In un'epistola a Morosini, e informato che
Clemente, prende in considerazione il suo nome per la carica di arcivescovo di
Milano. Implicatura. Grice: Caro Luzzago, mi ha sempre colpito il modo in cui
riesci a intrecciare la ragione conversazionale con la carità. Secondo te, la
filosofia ha davvero il potere di creare concordia nelle città? Luzzago:
Gentile Grice, penso che la filosofia debba essere vissuta come pratica
quotidiana, soprattutto nel dialogo. La conversazione, se fondata sulla
comprensione reciproca, è il primo passo per sanare i conflitti e promuovere la
concordia, proprio come ho cercato di fare a Brescia. Grice: Mi piace questa
tua visione. A Oxford, spesso dibattiamo su implicature sottili, ma forse è nel
concreto agire, come tu suggerisci, che la ragione conversazionale trova il suo
vero senso. La carità, allora, diventa una vera implicatura filosofica?
Luzzago: Esattamente, Grice! La carità non è solo un gesto, ma un principio
filosofico che si manifesta nel dialogo e nell’azione. Credo che la filosofia debba
essere utile: armonizzare, ascoltare, proporre soluzioni. Dopotutto, come
insegna la Compagnia di Gesù, senza compassione il ragionare resta arido.
Luzzago, Alessandro (1598). Discorsi politici. Venezia: Franceschi.
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